基于分子标记COI、28S和18S对新菠萝灰粉蚧与菠萝灰粉蚧的识别鉴定

新菠萝灰粉蚧(Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley)是我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,与近似种菠萝灰粉蚧(Dysmicoccus brevipes(Cockerell))从形态上很难区分,给口岸快速准确鉴定带来了困难。本研究尝试采用快速、易于操作的DNA条形码技术对两种粉蚧识别鉴定。实验选择两种粉蚧的不同地理种群共65个样本,选用3个分子标记(COI、28S和18S)进行引物筛选、基因扩增、序列分析。结果表明:引物(18S_2880_F/18S_B_R;28S_S3660_F/28S_A335_R;Pco_F/C1-12342_R)能够成功扩增所有测试样品;3个分子标记都存在条形码间隔,COI最大,28S次之,18S最小;结合Gen Bank数据库中的同源序列进行系统发育分析,28S的NJ树图与COI相似,均以高支持率(97%和100%)将所有样本分成2个独立分支,分析结果与形态鉴定结果一致。与28S和COI相比,18S基因序列矩阵构建的聚类树含低支持率分支。本研究扩增的COI及28S基因区段均可作为快速准确鉴定新菠萝灰粉蚧与菠萝灰粉蚧的有效分子标记。     

新菠萝灰粉蚧辐照检疫处理研究初报

探讨辐照处理对新菠萝灰粉蚧的辐射不育效应,为其在进境香蕉的检疫处理实际应用中提供技术参考。本文利用Co~(60)-γ射线对新菠萝灰粉蚧各虫态进行了不同剂量的辐照处理。结果表明:(1)随着剂量的增加,各虫态继续发育的比例明显降低;(2)新菠萝灰粉蚧的最耐受虫态为带卵成虫;(3)初步认为150Gy可阻止新菠萝灰粉蚧F_1代继续繁殖。     

新菠萝灰粉蚧雌成虫空间分布型的初步研究

本文通过对新菠萝灰粉蚧的雌成虫进行田间调查,应用David和Moore的聚集性指标、Cassie的指标C和Kuno的指标CA、Lloyd的平均拥挤度m*及聚块性指标m*/m 3个聚集性指标及Taylor的幂法则和Iwao的m* m的回归法对新菠萝灰粉蚧雌成虫的空间分布型进行了分析和检验。结果表明,其在剑麻株内的空间分布为聚集分布,且具有密度依赖性,引起聚集的原因主要是新菠萝灰粉蚧雌成虫自身习性,与环境因素也有一定关系。     

杀虫剂对新菠萝灰粉蚧的室内毒力测定

在室内采用浸叶法测定了氧化乐果、杀扑磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、吡虫啉、高效氯氰菊酯、阿维菌素及矿物油对新菠萝灰粉蚧若虫的毒力,结果表明处理24h后,对1龄若虫的毒力大小顺序为:毒死蜱>灭多威>高效氯氰菊酯>氧化乐果>吡虫啉>杀扑磷>阿维菌素>矿物油;对2龄若虫的毒力大小顺序为:毒死蜱>灭多威>吡虫啉>氧化乐果>杀扑磷>高效氯氰菊酯>阿维菌素>矿物油;对3龄若虫的毒力大小顺序为:毒死蜱>灭多威>吡虫啉>杀扑磷>高效氯氰菊酯>氧化乐果>阿维菌素>矿物油。测定了氧化乐果、杀扑磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、吡虫啉及高效氯氰菊酯对新菠萝灰粉蚧雌成虫的毒力,结果表明处理24h后,对雌成虫的毒力大小顺序为:杀扑磷>毒死蜱>吡虫啉>高效氯氰菊酯>氧化乐果>灭多威。结果表明毒死蜱、灭多威、吡虫啉和杀扑磷等可作为控制新菠萝灰粉蚧发生的药剂。     

应用重组酶介导核酸扩增技术快速鉴定新菠萝灰粉蚧

本文建立了基于重组酶介导核酸扩增(RAA)技术快速鉴定新菠萝灰粉蚧(Dysmicoccus neobrevipes)反应体系,并利用该技术开展了口岸截获粉蚧的检测与鉴定。通过分析河南口岸常截获的17种粉蚧线粒体COI基因序列,设计筛选了基于RAA技术的新菠萝灰粉蚧的特异性引物,并对其进行条件优化。结果表明线粒体COI基因能准确区分新菠萝灰粉蚧与其他16种粉蚧;新菠萝灰粉蚧RAA特异性引物能稳定扩增出片段大小为323 bp单一条带,最适宜扩增温度为恒温39℃,扩增时间为20～30 min,检测DNA浓度限值为1.6×10~(-3)μg/mL。本文利用RAA技术建立的新菠萝灰粉蚧快速鉴定方法,耗时短,灵敏度高,重复性好,适用于一线口岸初筛鉴定。     

新菠萝灰粉蚧在中国目前及未来的潜在地理分布研究

新菠萝灰粉蚧(Dysmicoccus neobrevipes(Beardsley)),属同翅目(Homoptera)粉蚧科(Pseudococci-dae),被列为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物。该虫主要分布在美洲地区,特别是墨西哥到巴西之间,另外欧洲、非洲和亚洲也有少量分布。新菠萝灰粉蚧于1998年在我国首次发现,随后在广东省的部分地区大量暴发,造成严重经济损失。本研究利用CLIMEX 3.0与ArcGIS 9.3结合的方法研究该虫在我国目前以及未来的潜在地理分布。研究结果发现当前气候条件下,新菠萝灰粉蚧在我国的适生范围主要分布在18.3°N～27.3°N,包括海南、广东、广西、云南、贵州、台湾、香港、澳门、福建、湖南、江西、四川、重庆、浙江、西藏等省市,适生区面积占全国总面积的13.03%。其中整个海南、广东和广西的大部分地区、云南南部、福建东南部和台湾西南部高度适生。基于我国未来气候变化的预测结果显示,2020年,适生区向北扩展,面积将增加至全国总面积的18.97%;到2050年,适生区北界将向北移至32.8°N,上海、江苏和安徽南部均将成为适生区。鉴于新菠萝灰粉蚧在我国的潜在地理分布研究结果,应进一步加强针对该虫的检疫、根除措施,完善疫情监测体系,预防其新的进入和扩散。     

从进境泰国香蕉上截获新菠萝灰粉蚧

2009年上半年,佛山澜石口岸3次从进口泰国香蕉上截获我国进境植物检疫性害虫新菠萝灰粉蚧.现对该虫作一简单介绍,供口岸参考.     

不同基因型菠萝灰粉蚧种群竞争与其分布的关系

正菠萝灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus brevipes(Cockerell)是我国菠萝凋萎病的主要传播媒介,防治该虫是控制菠萝凋萎病的有效途径。该虫在我国为孤雌生殖,遗传结构简单,根据COI序列差异可分为3个基因型,即南宁型、琼海型及万宁型(He et al.,2012)。随着菠萝种苗及果实的调运,不同基因型菠萝灰粉蚧在果园可能混合发生。为探索该虫不同基因型之间是否存在种群竞争,及这种竞争与其分布的关系,本     

从进口泰国、印度尼西亚和马来西亚山竹上截获重要害虫李比利氏灰粉蚧

李比利氏灰粉蚧(Dysmicoccus lepelleyi(Betrem))寄主广泛,是灰粉蚧属为害较为严重的种类之一。本文将该虫的形态、分布、寄主等方面进行较为详细的描述,为各口岸检疫提供参考资料。     

厦门口岸进口水果截获蚧虫概况

蚧虫是进口水果中最重要害虫类群。厦门口岸截获的检疫性蚧虫主要有大洋臀纹粉蚧、南洋臀纹粉蚧、新菠萝灰粉蚧,一般性蚧虫有橘臀纹粉蚧、椰圆盾蚧、芒果白轮蚧等。携带蚧虫较多的水果有火龙果、番荔枝、莲雾和菠萝等。本文详细介绍了重要蚧虫的分布与为害、传播途径和检疫方法,以期为一线口岸检疫查验提供指导,严防检疫性蚧虫随水果传入。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.