花色苷稳定性及其微胶囊制备研究

采用紫外分光光度法,分析温度、光照、pH及蔗糖质量浓度4个因素对花色苷稳定性的影响;为提高花色苷的稳定性,研究以海藻酸钠为壁材,CaCl₂和壳聚糖为固化剂,制备花色苷微胶囊的工艺配方。结果表明,花色苷稳定性降低(以花色苷质量分数低于30%为限)的临界条件分别为：40℃、室内光、pH 3.0、蔗糖质量浓度100 mg/mL,其中温度对其稳定性的影响最大;花色苷微胶囊的最佳制备工艺为：使用针头孔径为0.70 mm的注射器,芯壁比1∶4(V/V),海藻酸钠质量浓度30 mg/mL,CaCl₂质量浓度20 mg/mL,壳聚糖质量浓度15 mg/mL,该工艺条件下制备的花色苷微胶囊呈球状,表面光滑,包埋率为91.54%。     

蓝莓花色苷提取工艺及其抗氧化性研究

以蓝莓为原料,采用溶剂萃取法提取蓝莓花色苷,通过单因素和正交试验确定其最佳提取工艺条件。并以VC为对照,研究花色苷清除超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)、DPPH自由基、羟自由基(·OH)和抗油脂氧化、还原力等抗氧化活性。结果表明,溶剂法提取蓝莓花色苷的最佳工艺条件为:提取溶剂80%乙醇,液料比15∶1(m L·g-1),p H 3,温度40℃,提取70 min,蓝莓花色苷的色价最高。蓝莓花色苷具有很好的抗氧化性,其抗氧化能力随浓度的增大而提高,花色苷对油脂的抗氧化能力比VC的效果稍好;花色苷的还原力低于同浓度的VC,VC的还原力是花色苷的1.7倍;0.1%和0.5%的花色苷对·OH的清除率高于相同浓度的VC,但是0.2%~0.4%浓度的VC比相同浓度花色苷的效果稍好;相同浓度下,VC对O2-·的清除能力明显好于花色苷,是花色苷的1.54倍;蓝莓花色苷对DPPH自由基的清除效果好于同浓度的VC,是VC的1.07倍。     

黑芸豆花色苷提取工艺技术研究

以东北黑芸豆为原料,研究超声提取黑芸豆中花色苷类物质的工艺和东北黑芸豆中花色苷类物质的结构初步鉴定。结果表明,超声波提取的最优参数为超声功率420 W,超声温度29℃,超声时间18.7 min,料液比1∶13(g∶m L),在此条件取得了较好的提取效果,为黑芸豆花色苷的提取加工及工业应用提供了依据。     

超声辅助法提取红豆种皮中花色苷的工艺研究

采用超声辅助乙醇溶剂法对红豆种皮中的花色苷进行了提取工艺研究。通过单因素试验考察了料液比、pH、乙醇体积分数、超声温度以及超声功率对红豆种皮花色苷提取效果的影响,在此基础上进行响应面试验,进一步优化了红豆种皮色素的提取工艺。结果表明：影响花色苷提取效果的各因素顺序为 pH＞超声温度＞乙醇浓度＞料液比,超声功率对提取率的影响不大。超声法提取红豆种皮花色苷的最适工艺条件为: 料液比1∶34（g/mL）,pH为3,乙醇体积分数30%,超声温度55 ℃,超声功率350 W。在上述最佳工艺条件下,红豆种皮中花色苷的提取效果最好,提取液中花色苷含量可达（82.35±3.28）mg/100 g。     

栀子苷减压提取工艺优化

以栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)为原料,对栀子苷减压提取工艺条件进行优化。在单因素试验基础上,通过四因素三水平正交试验优化,以栀子苷得率为指标,研究不同提取条件对栀子苷得率的影响,确定了栀子减压提取的最佳工艺参数为提取压力0.07 MPa,提取温度60℃,料液比1∶12 (g∶mL),提取次数2次,此条件下获得的栀子苷得率为2.59%。     

微波萃取法提取紫甘蓝中花色苷工艺参数的研究

利用微波萃取技术和水浴法相结合的方式提取紫甘蓝中的花色苷,以浸提液吸光度为评价指标,经过单因素试验和正交试验确定了最优提取工艺参数,以pH值2的柠檬酸为溶剂,微波功率600 W,微波萃取时间3 min,料液比1∶10(g∶mL),60℃水浴下浸泡35 min。     

红豆越橘色素的提取工艺及稳定性研究

为研究水浴浸提红豆越橘色素的工艺及其稳定性,以料液比、乙醇体积分数、浸提温度和浸提时间为因素,以红豆越橘色素提取液的吸光度为指标,采用正交试验优化最佳提取工艺,并考察了浸提温度、p H值、金属离子对色素稳定性的影响。结果表明,红豆越橘中色素提取的最佳条件为料液比1∶4,乙醇体积分数80%,浸提温度55℃,浸提时间3.5 h。随浸提温度升高,红豆越橘色素稳定性下降;在酸性条件下色素的稳定性较好;Ca~(2~+),Zn~(2~+),Cu~(2~+)对红豆越橘色素能起到一定的保护作用,而Na~+,Fe~(3~+),Fe~(2~+),Mg~(2~+)会降低色素的稳定性。     

洛神花总黄酮提取工艺及其稳定性研究

采用Box-Behnken响应面试验设计方法优化超声波提取洛神花总黄酮工艺条件,并对其稳定性进行研究。结果表明,超声波提取洛神花总黄酮最佳工艺条件为:乙醇浓度60%,液固比50∶1(mL/g),提取时间50 min,提取温度60℃,超声波功率350 W,此条件下,洛神花总黄酮得率为3.69%。稳定性试验结果表明,洛神花总黄酮在30~60℃下较稳定;在暗室和室内自然光照下较稳定,室外强光照下其含量明显下降;pH过高或过低均会降低洛神花总黄酮稳定性,在pH 3.0~6.0下稳定性最好;常见金属离子K+、Na+、Zn2+、Ca2+、Ni2+、Mg2+对洛神花总黄酮稳定性没有影响,但Cu2+、Fe2+、Al3+会降低洛神花总黄酮的稳定性。     

运用逆流技术高效提取紫薯花青素

花青素具有较强的抗氧化和清除人体氧自由基的能力。紫薯块根中富含花青素,是工业提取花青素的主要来源之一。目前有多种提取紫薯花青素的技术,采用逆流提取方法提取紫薯花青素,通过单因素试验和正交试验探究逆流提取法提取紫薯花青素的最佳工艺。正交试验得出最佳反应条件为体积分数30%的酸性乙醇,料液比1∶25,提取温度80℃,提取时间3.5 h。与最适条件下的超声波提取试验比较,逆流提取的花青素含量为1.245 mg/g,超声波法的含量为0.513 mg/g。     

响应曲面法优化核桃青皮色素提取工艺的研究

以核桃青皮为原料,以提取的色素在510 nm处的吸光值为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用Plackett-Burman试验和响应曲面法优化核桃青皮色素的超声辅助-醇提工艺。结果表明,乙醇体积分数、液料比和提取温度是影响核桃青皮色素提取效果的三个主要因素;核桃青皮色素提取的最佳工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数40%,液料比20∶1(m L/g),提取温度70℃,超声功率150 W,提取时间80 min;所得模型预测值与验证试验的实际值相近,色素的平均吸光值为0.64,平均提取率为2.32 mg/g,说明对核桃青皮色素提取工艺的分析结果可靠、精密度高、重现性好,可用于实际工业化生产。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.