进境苹果果实中苹果牛眼果腐病菌的检疫鉴定

对来自美国的苹果进行了病原菌分离,结果在果实中分离到1株疑似苹果牛眼果腐病菌的菌株Nk-2968。对其进行了病原菌形态学观察、致病性测定并结合分子生物学方法检测,实验结果表明,菌株Nk-2968在PDA培养基上生长良好,能产生大量的分生孢子;经真菌通用引物(ITS4/ITS5)及β-tubulin引物(Bt-T2m-Up/Bt-LVL-Lo)分别扩增和测序,菌株Nk-2968与Gen Bank中登录号AF281462.1、HG793110.1和HG793112.1的菌株序列同源性达到100%;病菌接种苹果8 d后开始发病。根据上述实验结果,将分离获得的菌株Nk-2968鉴定为苹果牛眼果腐病菌(Neofabraea kienholzii)。这是我国口岸首次在进境的苹果果实上截获该危险性有害生物。     

进境新西兰苹果中欧洲枝溃疡病菌的分离和鉴定

从新西兰进境苹果的褐腐组织中分离得到1株新丛赤壳属菌株3072,对该菌株进行形态学特征观察、PCR检测、序列比对分析和致病性测定。结果表明,在PDA培养基上菌落乳白色至黄白色,气生菌丝茂密,边缘规则;在MEA培养基上菌落为白色、平铺生长。菌株为异宗配合。利用欧洲枝溃疡病菌(Neonectria ditissima)特异检测引物对Bt-fw135/Bt-rw284扩增菌株的基因组DNA得到150 bp的预期目标条带。菌株的β-tubulin序列与GenBank中N.ditissima的序列相似性为99.43%100%。基于β-tubulin序列构建的系统进化树显示菌株3072与N.ditissima聚在同一个分支,亲缘关系最近。菌株接种苹果,接种处组织14 d后出现典型褐腐症状。根据上述检测结果,将菌株3072鉴定为欧洲枝溃疡病菌(N.ditissima)。     

EF-1α基因作为苹果牛眼果腐病菌DNA条形码的评价研究

苹果牛眼果腐病菌(Neofabraea malacorticis、N. perennans、N. kienholzii和N. vagabunda)是我国重点关注的进境水果检疫性有害生物,相似的形态和生理特征使该类真菌的鉴定非常困难。本研究在EF-1α基因区域设计了一对通用引物(NS1/NS4),对不同地理来源的苹果牛眼果腐病菌及其近缘种菌株进行序列分析,考察EF-1α基因是否具备成为苹果牛眼果腐病菌条形码的特征与条件。结果显示, EF-1α基因在苹果牛眼果腐病菌上的PCR扩增和测序成功率均为100%,具有明显的种间和种内遗传变异间距(Barcoding Gap),系统树分析显示该基因片段对4种苹果牛眼果腐病菌及其近缘种具有很好的区分能力,因此认为EF-1α基因可作为苹果牛眼果腐病菌理想的DNA条形码候选片段。     

进境澳大利亚大麦上葡萄茎枯病菌的检疫鉴定

自进境澳大利亚大麦样品上,采用常规平板分离法获得1株疑似葡萄茎枯病菌菌株74919。通过形态学特征观察、β-tubulin和actin序列比对分析以及致病性测定,对该菌株进行了种类鉴定。结果表明:菌株74919在PDA培养基上生长良好,可产生大量分生孢子器和厚垣孢子;基于β-tubulin和actin序列构建的系统发育树中,菌株74919和其他葡萄茎枯病菌相关序列划分在同一分支;菌株74919接种大麦叶片,在接种部位引起叶斑症状。根据上述实验结果,将菌株74919鉴定为葡萄茎枯病菌(Didymella glomerata),这是我国口岸首次从进境澳大利亚大麦中截获葡萄茎枯病菌。     

南疆骏枣黑斑病症状表现及病原菌鉴定

为明确南疆骏枣黑斑病的症状表现及病原菌种类,2013—2014年在新疆建设兵团第一师选取具有代表性的5个骏枣园,对枣叶、花、果等组织上黑斑病的症状进行了系统调查,采用组织分离法和回接试验分离病原菌及测定其致病性,并根据病菌形态特征、ITS序列和β-tubulin序列分析对病原菌进行了鉴定。结果表明:枣叶、花和果均可感染黑斑病菌,室内接种和田间骏枣黑斑病症状相同,叶、花和果中的病原菌可以相互侵染,并在枣果上均表现出黑斑病典型症状;不同发病组织中分离纯化得到357株菌株,形态观察表明,侵染叶、花和果的菌株均为链格孢属链格孢菌Alternaria alternata(Fr.)Keissler;通过ITS序列和β-tubulin序列分析,并结合形态学特征进一步确定引起骏枣不同组织的黑斑病病原菌为链格孢菌A.alternata。     

智利苹果中牛眼果腐病菌的分离鉴定研究

天津检验检疫局从智利进口的腐病苹果中分离了一株真菌,通过菌落、分生孢子形态特征比较,ITS序列比对分析,并通过科赫氏法则验证,确定该菌株为牛眼果腐病菌(Neofabraea alba),该病菌是导致苹果牛眼果腐病的4种病原真菌之一,该有害生物为我国首次截获。     

智利首次报道由Neofabraea perennans引起的苹果牛眼果腐病

苹果牛眼果腐病病原包括明孢盘菌属多种真菌:Neofabraea perennans、N.malicorticis、N.kienholzii和N.vagabunda(Phlyctema vagabunda),在欧美苹果产区广泛存在,我国尚未发现。根据《Plant Disease》2020年3月发表的文章,2018年7月,智利中部奥希金斯地区(O'Higgins)的苹果('Cripps Pink')上观察到苹果牛眼果腐病症状,经鉴定引起苹果牛眼果腐病的病原为苹果牛眼果腐病菌(Neofabraea perennans)。     

进境新西兰猕猴桃中猕猴桃果腐病菌的检测与鉴定

对来自新西兰的猕猴桃进行了病原菌的分离培养,结果在果实中分离到2株疑似猕猴桃果腐病菌的菌株Na-3419和Na-4756。对其进行了病原菌形态学观察、致病性测定并结合分子生物学方法检测,实验结果表明,菌株Na-3419和Na-4756在PDA培养基上生长良好,能产生大量的分生孢子;经真菌通用引物(ITS4/ITS5)扩增和测序,菌株Na-3419与Gen Bank中登录号EU482221.1和EU482220.1的菌株序列同源性达到100%,菌株Na-4756与Gen Bank中登录号AY359230.1、AY359226.1和KR859079.1的菌株序列同源性达到100%;病菌接种猕猴桃3 d后开始发病。根据上述试验结果,将分离获得的菌株Na-3419和Na-4756鉴定为猕猴桃果腐病菌(Neofabraea actinidiae)。这是上海口岸首次在进境的猕猴桃果实上截获该有害生物。     

TaqMan探针实时荧光PCR快速检测苹果牛眼果腐病菌方法的建立

苹果牛眼果腐病菌(Neofabraea malicorticis、N.perennans、N.alba和N.kienholzii)是我国检疫性植物病原真菌,为建立该病菌的实时荧光PCR检测法,根据病菌及其近缘种的翻译延伸因子(EF-1α)的保守序列设计了特异性探针,分别以苹果牛眼果腐病菌菌株和本研究构建的EF-1α重组质粒DNA为阳性标准品检验探针的特异性和灵敏度。结果显示探针MAL-P、PER-P、ALB-P和KIE-P分别对N.malicorticis、N.perennans、N.alba和N.kienholzii表现特异性阳性扩增,而与近缘种及其他常见的果腐病菌无交叉反应,单重探针和4种探针混合液的灵敏度分别达1 fg/μL和10 fg/μL DNA。总计从美国、智利、新西兰、法国进境截获的29批可疑病果的分离物中检测到PCR阳性荧光信号,包括20批N.perennans、8批N.alba和1批N.kienholzii。该方法在6 h内即可完成整个检测流程,其特异性强、灵敏度高,适用于实际样品中苹果牛眼果腐病菌的快速检测。     

进境阿根廷大豆中苹果壳色单隔孢溃疡病菌的检测与鉴定

从阿根廷进境的一批大豆中分离到一株疑似苹果壳色单隔孢溃疡病菌菌株。该菌株在燕麦琼脂培养基(OA)上产生大量的分生孢子器及分生孢子;分生孢子长椭圆形,单胞,无色,继续培养3 d后变褐色,产生1隔膜,个别2隔膜;采用真菌通用引物(ITS4/ITS5)扩增和测序,该菌株与GenBank中已登录的苹果壳色单隔孢溃疡病菌16个菌株的ITS序列同源性最高,均为99%;菌株接种梨、苹果和大豆幼苗不同部位后,均发病。经形态特征鉴定、分子生物学检测及致病性测定,该菌株鉴定为苹果壳色单隔孢溃疡病菌。     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Identification,incidence and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis>on ornamental palms in Spain

During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B₁, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta.     

Relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-PAV and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cereal yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-RPV from Iran with viruses of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteoviridae</Emphasis>

Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan (96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However, RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia. The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession numbers AY450425 and AY450454     

Recent observations on leafy gall in Liliaceae and some other families

Corynebacterium fascians, which causes leafy gall, has been shown to be responsible for the unusual symptoms recently found in lilies. The symptoms are described and the different bacterial isolates compared by biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments. No evidence could be found for the existence of specialized strains even though considerable variation in virulence could be demonstrated. Although the role of variation in susceptibility of the different lily cultivars should not be underestimated, it would appear that high inoculum levels ofC. fascians in the soil may be largely responsible for these outbreaks.Also included in this study are the results of biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments ofC. fascians which has been isolated fromKalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaea, Hebe andVerbascum.Samenvatting Reeds een aantal jaren was in lelies een woekering in stengelbollen bekend, die echter sporadisch voorkwam en economisch van weinig betekenis was. Tijdens de zomer van 1977 echter trad de ziekte op één enkel perceel zo ernstig op dat zeer aanzienlijke oogstderving het gevolg was. Behalve de stengelbol kan ook de hoofdbol misvormd zijn. Bovendien kunnen misvormde stengelbollen lange spruiten vormen, zgn. sabeltandvorming. Soms is het wortelstelsel gereduceerd; in de kas zijn verdikte stengels waargenomen. De ziekte staat nu bekend onder de naam woekerziekte.Door de PD te Wageningen en het LBO te Lisse werd de bacterieCorynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dows. uit het zieke materiaal geïsoleerd. In gezamenlijk onderzoek werd nagegaan of de bacterie de veroorzaker is van bovengenoemde symptomen en of hier sprake is van een op lelie gespecialiseerde stam.Biochemische en serologische vergelijkingen tussen isolaten vanC. fascians uit lelie,Kalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaeea, Hebe enVerbascum laten zien dat er zeer weinig verschillen bestaan. Alle isolaten reageren op een standaard antiserum met titers variërend tussen 1: 640–1: 5120.Een oriënterende inoculatieproef werd uitgevoerd op het LBO in 1977. Daarna werden op de PD 10 van de 25 isolaten uit lelie en 8 uit andere waardplanten getoetst op lelie, chrysant en lathyrus. Uit de inoculatieproeven blijkt, dat de bacterie de veroorzaker is van de waargenomen symptomen. Tussen de isolaten blijkt een groot verschil in pathogeniteit te bestaan (12–100% aantasting), zonder dat dit aan herkomst gebonden is. Het voorkomen van op lelie of andere waardplanten gespecialiseerde stammen is daarom niet aan te nemen.In hoeverre de hevige aantasting een gevolg is van een opbouw van de bacterie-populatie door een te nauwe vruchtwisseling en mechanische rooimethoden moet worden nagegaan.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

Survey of Bacterial and Fungal Seedborne Diseases in Imported and Domestic Potato Seed Tubers

Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.