谷瘟病菌交配型基因克隆和不同地区交配型基因检测

为明确我国谷子产区谷瘟病菌交配型基因及其分布情况对谷瘟病菌群体结构分析的重要意义。根据已知稻瘟病菌交配型基因MAT1-1-1(Gen Bank登录号AB080672.2)和MAT1-2-1(Gen Bank登录号AB080673.2)的部分序列设计3对特异性引物,利用PCR技术对186株谷瘟病菌交配型基因进行扩增检测,比对分析谷瘟病菌和稻瘟病菌的交配型基因MAT1-1-1的alpha盒子部分氨基酸序列和MAT1-2-1高迁移率蛋白盒子氨基酸序列。结果显示,引物JPX1-1-S3/JPX1-1-A3对谷瘟病菌交配型基因MAT1-1-1的扩增效果较好,而JPX1-2-S1/JPX1-2-A1对谷瘟病菌交配型基因MAT1-2-1的扩增效果较好。序列比对发现谷瘟病菌与稻瘟病菌交配型基因极为相似,但并不完全相同。对2010-2016年采自河北、山东、山西、陕西、吉林、黑龙江、辽宁、内蒙古、新疆和海南等采集地点的共186株谷瘟病菌单胞菌株的交配型基因进行检测,发现夏谷区交配型为MAT1-1的谷瘟病菌占69.15%,而交配型为MAT1-2的菌株仅占26.60%,其余4.25%菌株为双交配型菌株。春谷区交配型为MAT1-1的谷瘟病菌占38.55%,而交配型为MAT1-2的菌株仅占56.63%,其余4.82%菌株为双交配型菌株。建立了谷瘟病菌交配型基因PCR检测体系,通过该方法检测多数谷子种植区存在MAT1-1与MAT1-2 2种交配型的谷瘟病菌菌株,且总体上2种交配型菌株比例接近1∶1。但不同地区交配型菌株所占比例有一定差异,并且自然界中存在谷瘟病菌两性菌株。快速检测谷瘟病菌的交配型等位基因和不同区域谷瘟病菌交配型基因分布对研究谷瘟病菌群体结构与遗传分析具有重要意义。     

玉米大斑病菌StCHS6的基因结构及表达规律分析

为了阐明玉米大斑病菌几丁质合成酶基因StCHS6在病菌生长发育及致病过程中的作用,克隆并解析了该基因及其编码蛋白的结构特征,明确了该基因在病菌生长发育过程中的表达模式。在玉米大斑病菌1号小种菌株01-23中克隆StCHS6,利用生物信息学手段分析该基因的结构特征,并利用已有的病菌重要发育阶段的RNA-Seq数据库信息,明确该基因的表达模式。结果发现,StCHS6位于病菌基因组scaffold_1:2066293-2069876(-)的位置,基因全长为3 584 bp,含有4个内含子和5个外显子;CDS序列大小为2 703 bp,编码900个氨基酸,脂肪指数为81.86,亲水性平均值为-0.178,等电点(PI)为8.36,不稳定指数为36.94,属于碱性稳定型蛋白;保守结构域分析表明,StCHS6蛋白含有几丁质合成酶催化结构域Chitin_synth_1和多个跨膜结构域;亚细胞定位分析推测该蛋白定位于细胞膜上;RNA-Seq数据分析表明,StCHS6在菌丝、分生孢子、芽管、附着胞和侵入钉5个发育时期均有表达,但其表达量有所差异。以芽管时期的表达量为1,菌丝、分生孢子、附着胞和侵入钉时期的表达量分别为芽管时期的3.80,4.97,3.40,2.60倍。为阐明玉米大斑病菌StCHS6的基因结构特征、表达模式及功能奠定了基础。     

梯棱羊肚菌单孢分离、交配型基因鉴定及其菌丝融合杂交研究

选用3个梯棱羊肚菌(Morchella importuna)的栽培菌株(F0),采取显微操作法从其正常出菇的子囊果获得F1单孢群体,研究F1单孢群体交配型基因分型及菌丝生理特性,进行不同交配型的F1单孢平皿混合配对试验,筛选出杂交子。结果表明:显微操作可以有效获得单孢菌株,成功率达35.34%;相比较MAT1/MAT2引物对,利用P8/P6引物对可以较好地扩增出MAT1-1-1、MAT1-2-1基因,从而区分出单孢的交配型基因类型,检出率达87.5%;选取部分不同交配型的F1单孢进行平皿混合配对,筛选出1株杂交菌株,为羊肚菌单孢杂交育种奠定了基础。     

玉米大斑病菌StRTG2基因结构、原核表达及表达模式分析

为明确玉米大斑病菌StRTG2基因功能以及其在病菌不同发育时期的表达模式。利用酵母ScRTG2基因编码的氨基酸序列进行BlastP,在玉米大斑病菌中得到了其同源基因序列,将其命名为StRTG2;分别以玉米大斑病菌野生型01-23的全基因组DNA及cDNA为模板,对该基因进行克隆;利用生物信息学技术对该基因编码的蛋白StRtg2进行理化性质分析、结构域预测、亚细胞定位预测;利用MEGA 7.0对Rtg2进行进化关系分析;扩增目的片段的ORF序列,构建该基因原核表达载体,通过转化大肠杆菌BL21后,使用IPTG进行诱导表达;最后利用RNA-Seq数据库分析StRTG2基因在玉米大斑病菌关键生长发育时期(菌丝、分生孢子、芽管、附着胞和侵入钉)的表达模式。主要研究结果如下:克隆了该基因发现其长度为1 695 bp,不含有内含子;该基因编码的蛋白由564个氨基酸组成,理论等电点值(pI)是6.96,具有典型的Ppx-Gppa保守结构域,亚细胞定位预测结果显示,该蛋白在细胞各部位均有分布,分布于细胞质中的可能性最大;对该蛋白进行进化关系分析表明,玉米大斑病菌StRtg2蛋白与番茄匍柄霉菌中同源蛋白的同源性最高,其次是酿酒酵母;原核表达该基因,SDS-PAGE胶显示该蛋白的大小约为62 ku,与预期大小相符;表达模式分析发现,该基因在病菌发育的5个时期均有表达,其中芽管和侵入钉时期表达量显著降低。为进一步解析StRTG2基因的功能研究奠定基础。     

茶树菇单孢菌株的单一性分析

为了研究担子菌单核菌株单一性，通过形态与分子鉴定比对，以期为食用菌的杂交育种及遗传研究提供参考。用单孢稀释法涂布孢子，挑选单孢菌株进行锁状结构观察，判定的“单核菌株”用A和B交配位点进行扩增分析。结果表明：（1）随机挑选的11个单孢菌株中，10个菌株缺少该结构，被判定为单核体，而剩下的1个菌株具有明显的锁状结构，被判定为异核体；（2）依据交配位点A和B设计的引物扩增结果表明3个“单核体”为非单一性菌株，有两种A交配位点，但只有一种B交配位点。根据锁状结构认定的部分“单核体”可能会混有相同A或B交配型的异源菌株，建议单核体的分离采用单孢分离法，并且要结合分子鉴定。     

玉米大斑病菌漆酶活性测定及基因片段的克隆

为明确玉米大斑病菌中是否存在漆酶以及影响酶活性的因素,以ABTS为底物采用分光光度计测定了420nm下不同Cu2+浓度和不同缓冲液pH值条件下的玉米大斑病菌胞内漆酶活性.根据子囊菌已知漆酶Cu2+结合位点的保守区域设计简并引物,以玉米大斑病菌cDNA为模板扩增漆酶基因的特异片段.结果表明,玉米大斑病菌中存在漆酶,且漆酶...     

东北地区玉米大斑病菌生理分化研究

为明确东北地区玉米大斑病菌的生理分化及小种动态情况,分析玉米大斑病加重的原因。采用常规Ht单基因(Ht1、Ht2、Ht3、HtN)鉴别寄主鉴定技术,对2010年采自辽宁、吉林、黑龙江省22个县(市)88份玉米大斑病菌的菌株进行了生理小种鉴定,共鉴定出0、1、2、N、12、1N、23、2N、3N、12N、123N、123、23N和12N号14个生理小种;东北地区大斑病菌生理分化明显,出现了能够克服多个抗性基因的小种,其中,0号和1号生理小种分别占供试菌株的37.5%和20.5%,为优势小种;所鉴定的88个菌株对Ht1、Ht2、Ht3和HtN抗性基因的毒性频率分别为45.5%,30.7%,15.9%,23.7%。研究结果表明,东北地区玉米大斑病菌生理小种组成及种间的变异频率开始趋于复杂化,不断有新小种出现。玉米大斑病菌新小种出现0号和1号以外其他小种,出现频率升高和品种抗性丧失是导致玉米大斑病发生的重要原因。     

冬瓜枯萎病菌核糖体rDNA ITS区的克隆与序列分析

采用镰刀菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS)通用引物,PCR扩增冬瓜枯萎病菌核糖体基因ITS区,并对产物进行克隆和序列分析;利用Mega 4.1软件对序列及GeneBank中以葫芦科为寄主的镰刀菌不同专化型ITS序列进行聚类。冬瓜枯萎病菌ITS全长1 063 bp,其中包括18S rDNA一部分序列,5.8S rDNA,ITS1和ITS2全部序列及28S rD-NA部分序列。聚类结果将15个菌株ITS序列划分为2个类群,类群I包括4个菌株,分别为2个西瓜枯萎病菌株和2个甜瓜枯萎病菌株;类群II包括11个菌株,其中冬瓜枯萎病菌株就在该类群中,其余为甜瓜枯萎病菌株5个、西瓜枯萎病菌株3个、黄瓜枯萎病菌株、丝瓜枯萎病菌株和葫芦枯萎病菌株各1个。     

玉米中QM同源基因的克隆及其差异表达分析

利用cDNA-AFLP技术和5'' RACE技术在玉米自交系黄早四Ht2上分离并克隆了QM（编码核糖体蛋白L10）同源基因(命名为ZmQM)。其cDNA全长为967 bp, 开放阅读框为738 bp,。该基因编码245个氨基酸的ZmQM蛋白,分子量为27.78 kD, 等电点(pI)为10.69, 预测含蛋白酶C磷酸化位点、N-酰基化位点和酰胺化等位点。玉米ZmQM蛋白与包括人类等l3个物种QM蛋白的同源性比较发现, 氨基酸序列相似性为66%~92%。RT-PCR分析表明, 在接种玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcicum) 1号小种12 h后, 黄早四Ht2中ZmQM基因表达量较黄早四中明显上调,推测ZmQM基因可能参与黄早四Ht2对玉米大斑病菌1号小种的抗性反应。     

玉米大斑病菌完整染色体DNA的制备方法

为建立一套全面的制备玉米大斑病菌完整染色体的制备体系,以玉米大斑病菌菌株F124为供试菌株,比较了冷冻液氮研磨法、直接包埋法、原生质体包埋法制备玉米大斑病菌完整染色体的效果。结果发现:使用直接包埋法不能从玉米大斑病菌中提取染色体;冷冻液氮研磨法得到的染色体是不完整的;原生质体法提取出了完整的染色体,是最适合制备完整染色体的方法。并且用原生质体法提取该菌株的染色体脉冲场电泳技术初步分离,首次得到了2条大于2200 kb的染色体条带。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.