叶面肥对‘巨峰’葡萄光氧化胁迫的缓解效应

【目的】探究光氧化胁迫条件下叶面肥对葡萄叶片的保护及缓解效应。【方法】以设施栽培的‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,叶面喷施CaCl_2、NaHSO_3、氨基酸钙叶面肥、氨基酸钙叶面肥+NaHSO_3,然后叶片涂抹甲基紫精(MV)模拟光氧化胁迫,研究叶面肥对光氧化条件下葡萄叶片的光合、荧光参数、超氧阴离子(O_2~)产生速率、H_2O_2含量及MDA含量等的影响。【结果】叶片涂抹MV后发生光氧化胁迫,各处理的相关指标均发生改变,其指标表现均不如仅喷清水的对照,但与喷清水+MV处理相比,喷施叶面肥处理指标变化幅度均变小,不同程度地缓解了光氧化对葡萄叶片的伤害。喷清水+MV处理的净光合速率(P_n)下降幅度最大,比清水对照下降了47.9%,喷施氨基酸钙肥600倍液以及氨基酸钙肥600倍液+NaHSO_3的效果好,P_n下降幅度小,分别比喷清水+MV处理的低34.8个百分点和33.7个百分点,差异显著;气孔导度(G_s)变化趋势同P_n。初始荧光(F_0)指标,喷清水+MV处理增幅最大,为22.0%;喷施氨基酸钙600倍液+NaHSO_3处理的增幅最小,为5.1%,比前者低16.9个百分点;最大荧光F_m、PSⅡ最大光化学效率F_v/Fm、F_v/F_0、实际光化学效率Φ_(PSⅡ),喷施叶面肥处理下降幅度均小于喷清水+MV处理。各处理的超氧阴离子(O_2~)产生速率、H_2O_2含量、MDA含量增加幅度不同,其中喷清水+MV处理增加幅度最大,分别为56.0%、83.8%、34.8%;喷施叶面肥处理增加幅度均变小,其中喷施氨基酸钙600倍液+NaHSO_3处理的增加幅度最小,分别为19.4%、15.1%、0.99%,明显减轻了光氧化胁迫。【结论】综合各项指标,喷施叶面肥对葡萄光氧化胁迫有明显的缓解效应,以喷施氨基酸钙600倍液+NaHSO_3效果最好,建议在生产中选择应用。     

两种钙肥对赣南纽荷尔脐橙果皮内裂的影响研究

以赣南内裂严重的10年生枳砧纽荷尔脐橙为材料,研究CaCl2和Ca(NO3)22种钙肥对赣南纽荷尔脐橙内裂果率、树体钙含量和果实品质的影响。结果表明:0.3%、0.5%和0.75%浓度的CaCl2、Ca(NO3)2处理均能显著降低脐橙裂果率,提高叶片和果皮钙含量,对果肉钙含量和果实品质的影响较小;其中0.5%CaCl2处理矫治裂果效果最好,其次是0.3%Ca(NO3)2处理。     

不同浓度硒对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及几项生理指标的影响

以"中蔬4号"番茄为试材,采用营养液栽培法,研究了不同浓度外源硒(Se)对75mmol·L-1 Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、根系活力、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明:施用0.010mmol·L-1的外源硒通过提高Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下番茄叶片根系活力、光合色素含量和活性氧清除能力、降低膜脂过氧化,保护膜结构的完整性,从而有效缓解了Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫对番茄幼苗生长的抑制和伤害;0.200mmol·L-1的高浓度硒处理显著降低了Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下番茄叶片根系活力、光合色素含量,从而加剧了Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫对番茄幼苗生长的抑制,而过高的外源硒浓度(0.500mmol·L-1)则直接导致了番茄幼苗植株的死亡。     

外源Ca~(2+)对莲藕幼苗盐胁迫的缓解效应

以莲藕H_2(花藕品种,盐敏感)为材料,利用NaCl与Ca(NO_3)_2处理3片立叶的幼苗,研究外源Ca~(2+)对缓解植株盐胁迫的生理作用。结果显示:采用NaCl处理后,叶片中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量和SOD活性显著降低,而细胞膜透性、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量升高;利用不同浓度的Ca~(2+)进行缓解处理,发现外源施加低浓度的Ca~(2+)后,叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量和SOD活性均显著提高,脯氨酸含量较之前升高幅度更大,而细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量后期显著降低,说明Ca~(2+)对缓解莲藕盐胁迫具有较好的效果。当Ca~(2+)浓度增加时,缓解作用不明显,甚至出现抑制效果。     

叶面喷施不同铁肥对苹果叶片缺铁黄化的防治效果

为探究不同复配铁肥对苹果幼苗缺铁黄化的防治效果，选用2年生“红星”苹果苗木，设置7个处理：0.3%FeSO₄(T1)、0.3%FeSO₄+0.3%柠檬酸铁(T2)、0.3%FeSO₄+0.3%尿素(T3)、0.3%FeSO₄+0.3%SNP(T4)、0.3%FeSO₄+0.5%乙氧基改性聚三硅氧烷(T5)、0.3%FeSO₄+0.1%碧护可湿性粉剂(T6),以清水处理为对照(CK),分析各处理苹果叶片的叶绿素含量、荧光参数、叶片活性铁及全铁含量等。结果表明，与对照相比，叶面喷施铁肥可显著提高“红星”叶片的叶绿素含量，增加叶片生长量，同时具有提高叶片最大光化学量子效率Fv/Fm、实际光化学量子效率ΦPSⅡ值、叶片活性铁及全铁含量等效果。综合分析各项指标，T6处理(0.3%FeSO₄+0.1%碧护可湿性粉剂)效果较好。     

苹果施用硝酸钙的效果

通过对苹果树叶面喷和土施试验证明:(1)叶面喷(包括盆栽和田间试验)0.3％Ca液2次,能促进树体生长、增加叶干重、提高树体N、K、Ca等营养元素水平,并明显提高果实产量和品质。在年生育期的前期或后期喷Ca,均能进入果实中,前期进入量高于后期。(2)土施Ca(NO_3)_2,同施用筹N量的尿素相比,叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Fe、Zn等元素含量,均有明显提高,并有增产和提高品质作用。在土施方式中,以Ca(NO_3)_2与有机肥混施为佳,但土施Ca(NO_3)_2对提高果实中Ca含量未显出明显效果。(3)总体效果,土施不如叶喷。     

不同叶面肥处理对日光温室“87-1”葡萄生长发育的影响

以日光温室"87-1"葡萄为试材,设置叶面喷施氨基酸系列肥(AA-S)、氨基酸硒肥(AA-Se)、氨基酸硒肥+微量元素(AA-Se+T)和喷清水(CK)4个处理,研究了不同叶面肥处理对日光温室葡萄生长发育的影响,以期为日光温室葡萄叶面肥的选择及改良研发提供参考依据。结果表明:与CK相比,喷施叶面肥处理显著提高了葡萄的成花枝率、结果系数、比叶干质量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量和成熟期果实的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Mo等矿质元素含量,以及果实的可溶性固形物含量。其中,AA-Se+T处理的成花枝率、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量、成熟期果实的N、P、K、Fe、Mn、B、Cu和Mo含量,以及可溶性固形物含量均显著高于AA-S处理和AA-Se处理,成熟期果实的Ca和Mg含量则以AA-S处理最高。Topsis综合评价分析,CI指数表现为AA-Se+T处理>AA-S处理>AA-Se处理>CK。综上所述,喷施叶面肥可以提高日光温室"87-1"葡萄的成花能力、叶片质量、果实矿质元素含量和果实品质,以AA-Se+T处理效果最佳。AA-S处理显著提高了成熟期果实的Ca、Mg含量,可用于解决果实缺钙问题和高钙果品的生产。     

油菜素内酯对Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下黄瓜叶绿体AsA-GSH循环及叶黄素稳态的影响

研究了外源油菜素内酯(24–表油菜素内酯,EBL)对Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下黄瓜光合器官的调控作用。在Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫条件下,外源EBL显著提高了叶绿体中还原型抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的含量,分别是对照的2.44倍和1.40倍。AsA-GSH循环中的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性比胁迫处理增加了36.27%和105.83%。外源EBL的施用显著增加了紫黄质(V)、玉米黄质(Z)和总叶黄素含量,减少了花药黄质(A)的积累,叶黄素脱环氧化态比胁迫处理增加了9.60%。胁迫条件下,EBL显著提高了植株叶片的非光化学猝灭(NPQ),缓解了PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))的下降。EBL处理后,叶绿体膜多种不饱和脂肪酸的水平比对照明显增加。试验结果表明,外源EBL能够通过调控AsA-GSH循环及热耗散,增强叶绿体抗氧化能力,从而抵抗Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫。     

不同喷施频率外源γ?氨基丁酸对Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生长的影响

以甜瓜品种"金辉1号"(耐盐型)和"一品天下208"(盐敏感型)为试材,采用深液流水培栽培,研究了不同频率(每天、每2d、每3d喷1次)喷施50mmol/Lγ?氨基丁酸(GABA)对80mmol/L Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生长、可溶性总糖和脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明:Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫显著降低了甜瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、地上部干鲜重、根系干鲜重、叶片和根系的可溶性总糖含量,显著提高了脯氨酸(Pro)含量,严重抑制了甜瓜幼苗的生长;Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下,外源喷施GABA可明显增加甜瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、地上部干鲜重、根系干鲜重和可溶性总糖含量,降低叶片和根系脯氨酸(Pro)含量,对Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫引起的甜瓜幼苗生长的抑制作用有所缓解,且喷施频率为每2d1次时,这种缓解抑制作用的效果最佳;同时,试验研究发现,外源喷施GABA对盐敏感品种"一品天下208"的盐胁迫缓解效果更好。由此表明,每2d叶面喷施1次50mmol/L GABA最有利于提高甜瓜幼苗对Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫逆境的适应能力,且对盐敏感品种"一品天下208"缓解效果更好。     

不同叶面肥对“金手指”葡萄叶片黄化的影响

以产生叶片黄化的"金手指"葡萄为试材,研究喷施不同的叶面肥对其叶片叶绿素含量、物候期、枝梢生长量及果实品质的影响。结果表明:喷施叶面肥能有效地改善葡萄叶片黄化状态,与叶面喷水空白对照相比,叶面喷施叶面肥后植株的叶片中叶绿素含量增长更快,枝梢生长量显著提高,果实转色、成熟期更早,果实品质也显著提高,其中以喷施0.5%N肥+0.3%FeSO4的处理效果为最佳。     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。     

陕西冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及特征比较

以大荔县冬枣种植区采集的发病枣果为试材,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离纯化,通过柯赫氏证病法则、形态学观察及分子生物学分析,研究鉴定了冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病的病原菌种类,并采用田间调查法对2种病害为害特征进行比较分析,以期为田间有效区分冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病为害症状,并快速判断其病原类型,及进一步深入开展精准防控提供参考和指导.结果表明:陕西大荔冬枣黑斑病的病原菌为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).2种病害均主要为害枣果实,在枣果果腰或果肩上形成黑褐色病斑,可能同时存在且症状相近极易混淆,但在病斑表面、皮下及久置表型3个方面存在明显区别.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量