海南坡鹿疾病发生的一般规律与防治对策

掌握海南坡鹿疾病发生与发展规律,有利于开展防治工作,促进种群恢复.根据多年的实践经验与观察,阐述了海南坡鹿普通疾病发生的一般规律:不同年龄的坡鹿个体多发性疾病存在差异;不同季节坡鹿的多发性疾病类型和发病率也不相同,并提出了相应的疾病防治措施与保护建议.     

中国大鸨研究进展及保护对策

通过统计1959-2005年关于大鸨的研究文献，分别从就地保护、迁地保护两个方面进行分析。结果表明：有关大鸨的研究虽从1959年开始，但直到80年代才逐渐形成系统，其中，就地保护研究数量（67．2％）多于迁地保护的研究数量（32．8％）。迁地保护和就地保护都存在研究内容比较基础的问题。在大鸨的就地保护中，保护区没有真正发挥其功效；大鸨迁地保护工作虽取得一定成就，能够保持人工饲养种群数量的基本稳定，但人工繁育技术只在部分地区取得成功，另外，应激和疾病仍是影响大鸨迁地保护工作的主要因素。本文针对目前中国大鸨现状提出保护对策，着重强调环境保护和科研合作。     

蟒蛇种群动态、空间分布对海南坡鹿种群动态的影响

蟒蛇是中国产的最大的蛇之一,是国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,海南坡鹿是中国特有的国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,它们和其他野生动物及其栖息地组成了海南大田保护区区域生态系统,蟒蛇是处于生态系统食物链顶端的捕食者,要更好地保护海南坡鹿,不能仅针对坡鹿物种本身进行保护,还要对这一生态系统中的其他野生动物和栖息地进行保护。本研究结合有关调查数据分析保护区蟒蛇的种群动态以及空间分布规律,同时探讨蟒蛇的捕食行为对海南坡鹿种群的影响,可为制定有效的、科学的系统保护对策和措施提供依据。     

海南坡鹿野放种群的社区共管

社区共管是二十世纪90年代以来国际上兴起的一种自然资源管理模式,其基本目的是促进自然资源保护与农村经济的可持续发展.基于对海南坡鹿野放种群的社区共管进行的调查与分析,本文提出了成立坡鹿共管小组、完善坡鹿采食补偿机制和科技扶贫等进一步开展社区共管的措施.     

川金丝猴圈养种群繁殖健康度的比较分析

川金丝猴圈养种群大多饲养在中国的动物园中。根据《川金丝猴国际谱系簿2009》记录,到2009年12月31日种群存活数量227只,包括野外出生个体、圈养出生个体。种群中圈养出生个体数量占主要部分,2009年占80.0%,种群的增加更多地依靠圈养出生个体数量的增加,近年种群发展出现停滞状态,种群的繁殖率下降、死亡率上升。主要是由于圈养出生个体的繁殖率低于野外捕获个体的繁殖率;育龄动物中圈养出生个体的死亡多发生在12 a以前,而野外捕获个体的死亡多发生在13 a以后。1 a以下幼仔的死亡原因与近亲繁殖、世代数、南北饲养地点无关。应该研究川金丝猴野外幼仔的出生、亚成体生长问题,为人工饲养管理提供依据,同时加强妊娠母兽的饲养管理,以解决圈养出生个体低繁殖率和高死亡率的问题,保证圈养种群持续健康发展。     

海南坡鹿资源及保护利用

海南坡鹿(Cervus eldi hainanus)又名“梅花鹿”、眉角鹿、泽鹿。种的分布范围局限于越南、泰国、缅甸和印度。海南坡鹿为我国海南岛所特有,是我国珍稀的热带鹿种。但是,长期以来,由于人类经济活动,特别是过度的猎杀,其种群数量急剧减少以致濒危,亟待挽救。我们自1964年以来,曾多次对坡鹿的分布、数量以及生活习性等进     

圈养金丝猴饲养管理刍议

迁地保护是挽救濒危野生动物的重要手段，加强圈养金丝猴饲养管理，对扩大种群和拯救这个物种有着重要意义。本文对成都动物园金丝猴的饲养管理进行了阐述，旨在改进圈养金丝猴的饲养管理和改善生活条件，加强保护。     

鹿属动物的驯化要点

鹿属(Cervus)。在我国有梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)、马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、白唇鹿(Cervus dlbirostris)海南坡鹿(Cervus eldi)、水鹿(Cervusunicolor)等五种,都是国家保护对象。到目前为止,这五种鹿都有野生的和人工驯养的种群,只是数量相差十分悬殊而已。自1963年以来曾先后从事过水鹿、梅花鹿、海南坡鹿以及引进的爪哇鹿(Cervus hippe—     

海南坡鹿栖息地的外来植物调查

海南坡鹿是中国特有的国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,其栖息地的稳定和发展对该物种种群有重要意义。潜在的外来入侵植物会对栖息地产生长期不可恢复的影响。因此,我们于2009—2011年采用样方调查和线路调查相结合的方法对海南坡鹿的栖息地海南大田国家级自然保护区内的外来植物进行了调查,共记录外来植物40科95属115种。其中,草本植物80种,占总物种数的69．6％;不论从科区系还是属区系上看,外来植物的区系分布都具有热带性;50．4％的外来植物产自美洲,在草地中分布最多。保护区内分布广泛的外来植物已对乡土物种产生一定的影响,也将可能对坡鹿的食物资源产生不利影响。根据调查结果,我们提出了一些保护管理建议。     

中国黑叶猴圈养种群现状分析

应用种群管理软件SPARKS 1.6及PMX对中国黑叶猴圈养种群的现状进行了统计分析。截至2012年12月31日,黑叶猴谱系记录了574只个体,目前种群存活个体数量为318只,分布在34家动物园或机构中。圈养种群野外捕获个体主要来源于20世纪70-90年代,目前保持稳定状态。圈养出生个体数则一直保持上升状态,是维持黑叶猴圈养种群增长的主要来源,2012年圈养出生数量占种群总数的87.4%。种群周期增长率λ=1.042,性比M：F=1：1.04,目前种群中能够繁殖的个体共1 10只（♂48只,♀62只）,显示为一个增长的种群;黑叶猴国内圈养种群有58个建立者,基因多样性GD=96.67%,平均近亲系数F=0.0207。建议增加各机构之间的合作繁殖,避免小种群的近亲繁殖,保证黑叶猴圈养种群的自我维持和健康发展。     

大丰麇鹿种群增长抑制因素初步探讨

大丰麋鹿种群的健康发展受到种群密度、食物资源匮乏、体表寄生虫害及近亲繁殖等因素的制约。笔者从实施易地保护、开展淘汰麋鹿鹿产品利用研究、建立野生麋鹿种群,麇鹿栖息地内草场改良、降低狼尾草的竞争优势、草场轮牧,异地交换优质雄鹿等方面,提出大丰麋鹿种群健康发展策略。     

陕西省朱鹮野化放飞试验浅析

在完成就地保护，异地保护，半野化训练及相关论证后，2007年5月31日，陕西省宁陕县放飞了22只朱鹮。在总结朱鹮放飞前研究工作的基础上，阐述了朱鹮放飞后的现状及面临的主要问题，并提出了相应的对策。     

濒危野生马麝（Moschus sifanicus）的迁地保育及分群驯养

麝类动物（Moschus spp.）雄性个体可分泌麝香,是濒危珍稀资源动物,驯养是濒危麝类动物的迁地保护（ex situ protection）和麝香生产的重要方式。我国从1958年开始麝类驯养,初期的主要驯养麝种为林麝（M.berezovskii）,从1990年开始马麝（M.sifanicus）驯养。论文总结了濒危马麝的分群驯养,归纳了麝场选址、麝场修建、圈舍设计、分圈分群及日常驯养管理等方法体系,对我国麝类驯养、资源保育及麝香生产等提供重要参考。     

Genetic structure and diversity among sheep breeds in the United States: identification of the major gene pools

Understanding existing levels of genetic diversity of sheep breeds facilitates in situ and ex situ conservation activities. A comprehensive evaluation of US sheep breeds has not been previously performed; therefore, we evaluated the genetic diversity among and within 28 US sheep breeds. Both major and minor breeds were included in the analysis and consisted of 666 animals from 222 producers located in 38 states. The level of within-breed genetic diversity was variable and not dependent upon status of a breed as a major or minor breed. Bayesian cluster analysis indicated the breeds were grouped more by physiological differences (meat vs. wool production) rather than geographic origin. Results suggest several actionable items to improve in situ and ex situ conservation. The results clearly identify breeds in need of increased in situ and ex situ management (e.g., Hog Island and Karakul) and allow several suggestions for in situ management of flocks. Conversely, several of the breeds appear genetically similar and therefore require less emphasis on collecting germplasm samples for the gene bank. Commercially important breeds (e.g., Rambouillet and Suffolk) were found to have substantial variation, which should enable breeders to proceed, unencumbered by genetic diversity concerns, with selection strategies that maximize profit.     

Evaluation of electrophoretic immunoblotting for Brucella ovis infection in deer using ram and deer serum

AIMS: Recently the first case of natural infection of deer with Brucella ovis was discovered. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an electrophoretic immunoblotting method for testing deer serum for specific B. ovis antibodies. METHODS: An existing immunoblotting method for sheep serum was altered by using a recombinant protein G-alkaline phosphatase conjugate and Tris-buffered saline containing 3% non-fat dry milk powder for the blocking step and the serum and conjugate dilutions. The method was evaluated using 106 sheep sera from B. ovis - negative, accredited flocks, 69 sera from chronically infected rams shedding B. ovis in their semen, 110 sera from a B. ovis-infected flock, 18 sera from stags from which B. ovis was isolated, and 48 sera from deer flocks free from B. ovis infections. The immunoblotting method was applied to another 85 deer sera. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the new immunoblotting method was 98.6% for sheep and 94.4% for deer, and the specificity 99.1% for sheep and 100% for deer. Sixty-nine out of 97 deer sera, originating from the property from which the first B. ovis deer case had been reported, tested positive or suspicious in the complement fixation test. Of these, 53 sera exhibited staining patterns in blots typical for B. ovis infections and also one serum which was negative in the CFT. Only six out of 1498 deer sera. from throughout New Zealand had positive or suspicious reactions in the B. ovis complement fixation test. Of these, one exhibited a staining pattern in the blot suggestive of a B. ovis infection, while four showed patterns of suspicious reactions. CONCLUSION: The new immunoblotting technique is useful as a confirmatory serological test method for B. ovis infections in deer.     

Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in wild boar and fallow deer bred in one game enclosure in the Czech Republic

The prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis between wild boar (Sus scrofa) and fallow deer (Dama dama) bred in one game reserve was investigated using the nested PCR method. In the study, 88 clinically healthy wild boars of different age categories and two fallow deer bagged in the game reserve were examined. Lawsonia intracellularis was demonstrated in the mucous membrane of the intestine of eight (9.1%) wild boars and one fallow deer. Of the nine wild boar whose tissues of corresponding lymph nodes were examined in addition to the mucous membrane of the ileum, one tested positive for the microorganism. A relationship between the occurrence of L. intracellularis and age of wild boar was demonstrated. Because wild boar and fallow deer are bred together in one game reserve, the possibility of inter-species transfer of L. intracellularis should be borne in mind.     

Annual survival and site fidelity of free‐ranging white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): comparative demography before (1983–1992) and after (1993–2005) spatial confinement

Survival and movement are important demographic variables influencing the dynamics of large herbivores with implications for management and evolution of life‐history strategies. Management practices such as spatial confinement and harvest regulation attempt to control survival and movement for the sustainability of harvested deer populations, but a paucity of long‐term data exists on these management practices. We examined annual survival and site fidelity of free‐ranging white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) over 10 years (1983–1992) to compare demographic parameters after spatial confinement (1993–2005). We used capture records (n = 174; 104 females, 70 males), marked deer recaptures (n = 42), and dead recoveries (n = 68) to estimate sex‐specific, age‐specific and time‐specific parameters. We found that annual female survival was 50% from 1983–1987 during a period of intense harvest, but increased to 93.7% after intense harvesting was eliminated. Prior to spatial confinement, annual survival of marked male deer averaged 36.7%–42.5%. After spatial confinement, annual survival increased on average for males (58%–99%) and females (77%–98%). Females showed high levels of site fidelity (>99%) prior to spatial confinement, whereas males showed much less site fidelity (≤4.5% for the 2 top‐ranking models). During spatial confinement, the semi‐impermeable fence effectively increased site fidelity of males (≥56%). These results stem from long‐term study (23 years) of a large herbivore experiencing changes to life‐history, resulting from changes in management that were applied to the population and aimed at altering population demographics, for sustainability of a harvestable population of deer.     

Performance of immunochromatographic and ELISA tests for detecting fallow deer infected with Mycobacterium bovis

Fallow deer (Dama dama) are widely distributed as natural or naturalised populations, as well as in game parks and deer farms. We used 157 fallow deer sampled in populations considered to be Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) free and 73 Mycobacterium bovis-infected fallow deer confirmed postmortem by culture to evaluate the diagnostic performance of two tests for the detection of anti-mycobacterial antibodies: the dual path platform (DPP) VetTB assay and the bovine purified protein derivative (bPPD) ELISA. We also compared their sensitivity with that of the skin test, analyzed the effect of haemolysis degree on the antibody detection and described the relationship between the test readings and presence/absence of gross tuberculosis (TB) compatible lesions. Sensitivity of bPPD ELISA was 51% at a specificity of 96%. Depending on the cut-off value selected, the sensitivity of DPP VetTB ranged from 62 to 71%, while its specificity was 88-95%. In the subgroup of M. bovis-infected deer for which the skin test data were available (33 of 73); this method detected 76% of culture-positive animals, although the specificity of the intradermal test was not determined in this study. When the DPP VetTB and skin test data were combined, the resulting sensitivity obtained in this sub-group of M. bovis-infected deer increased to 97%. Gross pathology identified TB compatible lesions (TBL) in 89% culture-confirmed fallow deer. The infected animals with visible lesions had significantly higher readings in the DPP VetTB, but not in the bPPD ELISA. Only high levels of haemolysis decreased antibody test sensitivity and this effect was more evident for the bPPD ELISA. The results allowed inferring a number of management recommendations for rapid detection of MTC infection in live fallow deer and in surveys on hunter-harvested cervids.     

黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区西伯利亚狍的冬季食性

2011年11月~2012年1月,在黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区,采用粪便显微组织学分析方法研究了西伯利亚狍的冬季食性,结果表明:西伯利亚狍冬季采食的植物类别共有17科25种,主要食物为粗茎鳞毛蕨、白桦、毛榛子、山杨和刺五加,可辨认的每种植物相对密度(RD)分别为36.01%、12.10%、7.24%、6.22%、6.07%,共占食物组成比例的65.29%。取食植物类别中,乔木植物所占比例最高,为47.76%,灌木次之,为14.94%,草本最少,为37.30%。计算出的Shannon-Wiener指数H'值为-3.25;均匀度指数J'值为-1.01;生态位宽度B值为7.12。