3种除草剂对水稻旱直播阔叶杂草防效及安全性研究

为明确不同除草剂茎叶处理对旱直播水稻田旱生阔叶杂草防除及安全性的影响,采用随机区组试验设计,选用30% 2,4-滴丁酸钠盐AS、84%氯酯磺草胺WG、480 g/L灭草松AS 3种除草剂在水稻4叶期、5叶期施用,施药后每间隔7 d测定杂草株防效、鲜重防效和水稻目测药害,同步测定水稻生长指标和抗逆酶活性。结果表明:30% 2,4-滴丁酸钠盐AS 900.0 g/hm2在水稻4叶期的杂草防效最佳,第28天杂草株防效及鲜重防效仍可达93.55%和96.42%,且对大龄鸭跖草防效显著,施药后水稻生长与人工除草相比无显著差异。叶片SOD、POD活性和MDA含量均先升后降,至施药后28 d恢复正常。30% 2,4-滴丁酸钠盐AS 900.0 g/hm2可高效防除阔叶杂草,该药剂在水稻4叶期和5叶期施用对旱直播水稻安全。     

四川省玉米田杂草化学防除技术研究

翻耕地玉米进行土壤封闭处理,33%二甲戊灵EC、999 g/L乙草胺EC对马唐等禾本科杂草防效优良。38%莠去津SC对马唐防效差,对其他杂草防效优良。40%甲草.莠SC对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草防效优良;苗期除草,80%烟嘧磺隆WP对铁苋菜防效差,对其他杂草防效优良。38%莠去津SC对除马唐以外的禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草防效优良。25%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津SC对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草防效优良。42.5%氯氟比氧乙酸.2甲4氯EC对辣子草、凹头苋、荠菜防效优良。玉米植株较大(7叶期以上)时,用灭生性除草剂41%草甘膦AS具有传导作用,持效性好。20%百草枯AS除草具触杀性,速效性好。     

4种除草剂对黄芩田间杂草的防除效果

为筛选出适用于防除黄芩田杂草的除草剂,进行黄芩田施药试验,调查土壤处理除草剂二甲戊灵、氟乐灵播前土壤喷雾、播后苗前土壤喷雾的除草效果,以及茎叶处理除草剂精喹禾灵、高效氟吡甲禾灵对茎叶喷雾的除草效果。结果表明,二甲戊灵和氟乐灵于播后苗前处理土壤后对黄芩田杂草的防效最高,在黄芩出苗后第50天,上述两处理对杂草的鲜质量防效分别为93.99%和94.30%,株防效分别为77.89%和73.33%;二甲戊灵和氟乐灵于播前处理土壤的防效次之;精喹禾灵和高效氟吡甲禾灵处理茎叶的防效最低。     

几种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草的防除效果及其安全性评价

为明确几种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草的防除效果及其安全性, 采用土壤处理和茎叶喷雾处理的方法, 开展了5种土壤处理除草剂和13种茎叶喷雾处理除草剂在推荐剂量下防治百合田杂草的田间药效试验和对兰州百合的安全性评价。土壤处理试验结果表明:药后60 d, 5种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草具有较好的防除效果, 且对兰州百合安全。对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别达83.23%和89.15%以上, 对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为87.28%和89.58%以上。其中, 50%异丙隆WP 1 350 g/hm2(有效成分用量, 下同)和240 g/L乙氧氟草醚EC 180 g/hm2的防效最好, 表现出很好的除草活性。茎叶喷雾试验结果表明:15%硝磺草酮OD 150 g/hm2、30%苯唑草酮SE 27 g/hm2、15%噻吩磺隆WP 33.75 g/hm2、56%2甲4氯钠SPX 840 g/hm2、24%氨氯吡啶酸AS 108 g/hm2、30%二氯吡啶酸AS 180 g/hm2和30%氨氯·二氯吡啶酸AS 150 g/hm2喷雾处理, 药后45 d, 这7种除草剂对兰州百合田阔叶杂草具较好的防除效果且对兰州百合安全, 株防效在77.99%～93.48%, 鲜重防效在81.62%～95.05%, 但对禾本科杂草基本无效。70%嗪草酮WP 735 g/hm2能有效防除兰州百合田杂草且对兰州百合安全性高, 对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为96.95%和99.52%, 对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为91.81%和95.21%。研究结果可为兰州百合田除草剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。     

6种除草剂对春玉米田杂草的防除效果

杂草严重威胁春玉米生产,为筛选出除草效果好、成本低的苗前封闭除草剂和苗后茎叶除草剂,选择6种除草剂开展田间施药试验,调查各药剂处理对杂草的株防效和鲜质量防效,并测定各处理区玉米产量。结果表明,播后苗前喷施70%乙·莠·滴丁酯悬浮剂对春玉米田杂草防效较高,药后15 d总草株防效和药后45 d总草鲜质量防效分别是98.96%和98.76%;用药成本较低,为86.7元/hm~2;增产率为8.27%。在玉米2～5叶期喷施30%烟嘧·莠·氯吡可分散油悬浮剂的控草效果也较高,药后15 d总草株防效为98.96%,药后45 d总草鲜质量防效为100%;用药成本也较低,为90.0元/hm~2;增产率为7.40%。综合考虑防效、产量与成本,推荐上述两处理应用于春玉米田除草实践。     

4种茎叶处理除草剂对半夏田杂草的防除效果

为有效解决半夏田草害问题, 选择4种茎叶除草剂进行半夏田杂草防除田间药效试验。结果表明:10%乙羧氟草醚EC 50~60 mL/667m2 (制剂用量,下同)处理与240 g/L乳氟禾草灵EC 20~30 mL/667m2处理能有效防除半夏田金腰箭、辣子草、土荆芥、金荞麦、紫花香薷、针筒菜、尼泊尔蓼等阔叶杂草, 且对半夏安全, 药后21 d对阔叶杂草株防效、鲜重防效均达90%以上, 与禾本科除草剂8.8%精喹禾灵EC 40 mL/667m2或108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 30 mL/667m2搭配使用对半夏田大部分杂草能实现较好防除。但两种阔叶除草剂持效期较短(30 d左右), 生产上可根据施药后期田间杂草发生情况, 采用人工拔除或进行第2次化学防除; 施药应避开中午高温时刻, 以免造成此类阔叶除草剂药害。研究结果可为半夏田除草剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。     

10种茎叶处理剂对小麦田阔叶杂草的防效

为了筛选出适合江苏省句容地区防除小麦田阔叶杂草的除草剂品种,采用茎叶喷雾法,在田间比较了10种常用除草剂对小麦田阔叶杂草的防效。施药后18 d调查结果表明,2%吡草醚EC对黏毛卷耳、10%唑草酮WP和4%啶磺草胺OD对猪殃殃防效均在90%以上;供试10种除草剂对大野豌豆的防效均在70%以下;而对总杂草的防效仅2%吡草醚EC为72.67%,其他品种的防效均在60%以下。施药后34 d调查结果表明：4%啶磺草胺OD、56%2甲4氯钠SP、80%唑嘧磺草胺WG、20%氯氟吡氧乙酸EC和2%吡草醚EC对黏毛卷耳株防效均在90%以上;50 g/L双氟磺草胺SC、10%唑草酮WP、35%氯吡嘧磺隆WG、20%氯氟吡氧乙酸EC、2%吡草醚EC对猪殃殃的株防效均在90%以上;3%甲基二磺隆OD、50 g/L双氟磺草胺SC、56%2甲4氯钠SP对大野豌豆的株防效均在90%以上;2%吡草醚EC、20%氯氟吡氧乙酸EC、4%啶磺草胺OD、50 g/L双氟磺草胺SC、80%唑嘧磺草胺WG、35%氯吡嘧磺隆WG对小麦田总阔叶杂草的株防效在80%以上,对其鲜重防效在95%以上,在供试除草剂中防效较高。     

58g/L双氟磺草胺+唑嘧磺草胺SC对麦田阔叶杂草的防效

小麦拔节期进行了不同除草剂防除田间阔叶杂草的筛选试验。结果表明,58g/L双氟磺草胺+唑嘧磺草胺SC 204 mL/hm2对麦田阔叶杂草的防除效果最好,58 g/L双氟磺草胺+唑嘧磺草胺SC150 mL/hm2防效次之。     

产品推介

芽前要除草广佳安效果好!!!广佳安是美国富美实公司新近开发的高效旱田土壤封闭除草剂,能有效防除多种一年生禾本科及阔叶杂草,可广泛用于油菜、花生、大豆及移栽棉花田的杂草防除。对多年生的阔叶杂草有强力的抑止作用。该公司为了进一步探讨广佳安对棉花田杂草防效及安全性,为新型除草的推广应用提供科学依据。2005年湖北省天门市植保站通过棉田除草试验的结果表明,广佳安在棉田移栽前施药防除以阔叶杂草为主的杂草有效好的效果。现将试验方法和结果公布如下:1材料与方法1.1供试药剂广佳安(50EC)美国富美实公司生产;50%乙草胺(EC)大连瑞…     

黑龙江水直播稻田前期杂草的化学防控

选择了12种除草剂,在黑龙江水直播稻田开展苗前、苗后封闭施药除草试验,调查并比较不同处理对水直播稻田前期杂草的防除效果。结果显示,在苗前封闭施药处理中,25%噁草酮微乳剂+25%丙炔噁草酮可湿性粉剂+10%吡嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂对杂草总体防效最高,施药21、42 d后总草株防效为71.35%、63.33%;苗后封闭施药处理中,2%双唑草腈颗粒剂+33%嗪吡嘧磺隆水分散粒剂对杂草总体防效最高,施药21、42 d后总草株防效为82.42%、88.03%。     

背负式静电喷雾器静电喷施对2种玉米田除草剂的减量效应

为了明确背负式静电喷雾器静电喷施对玉米田除草剂的减量效应,以土壤处理除草剂40%乙·莠SE和茎叶处理除草剂30%苯唑草酮SC+90%莠去津WG+专用助剂作为参试除草剂,测定了背负式静电喷雾器在不同施药剂量下的静电喷施效果。结果表明:背负式静电喷雾器静电喷施对40%乙·莠SE和30%苯唑草酮SC+90%莠去津WG+专用助剂均有明显的减量效应。当40%乙·莠SE和30%苯唑草酮SC+90%莠去津WG+专用助剂中90%莠去津WG的施用量分别降至2 850 mL/hm 2和825 g/hm 2时,较各自推荐施用量分别减少用药量36.67%和21.43%,对玉米田主要杂草仍有理想的控制效果,株防效超过64%,鲜重防效超过95%;并可最大限度地改善玉米茎、穗部性状,减轻对玉米产量的影响,较人工除草分别减产1.96%和0.29%。可见,背负式静电喷雾器在玉米田土壤处理除草剂和茎叶处理除草剂喷施中具有较大的应用价值。     

酿造用高粱土壤处理除草剂筛选

酿造用高粱田土壤处理除草剂种类较少,常用的除草剂配方中多数含有莠去津,筛选不含莠去津且药效较好的除草剂配方,具有较好的实践意义和现实意义。本文选取72%异丙甲草胺乳油、38%莠去津悬浮剂、25%二氯喹啉酸悬浮剂、33%二甲戊灵乳油、48%麦草畏水剂、75%噻吩磺隆水分散颗粒剂、15%硝磺草酮悬浮剂6种除草剂进行混配。通过田间试验进行安全性、除草效果及对高粱产量影响的研究。结果表明,38%莠去津悬浮剂+72%异丙甲草胺乳油、72%异丙甲草胺乳油+48%麦草畏水剂、38%莠去津悬浮剂+48%麦草畏水剂对高粱具有安全性高、除草效果好、提高产量的特点,30 d除草株总防效分别为96.5%、97.4%、93.4%,增产23.9%、23.6%和22.2%。在效益方面,莠去津+异丙甲草胺略高于异丙甲草胺+麦草畏。考虑到莠去津的长残留性及对生态的影响,建议使用72%异丙甲草胺乳油+48%麦草畏水剂。     

2种增效剂对春玉米田除草剂的减量增效作用

为了明确2种增效剂对除草剂的减量效应,为除草剂科学减施及增效剂安全使用提供数据基础,2019年在西北荒漠绿洲生态区春玉米田,以38.5％硝·精·莠去津CS和26.7％噻隆·异噁酮SC作为茎叶处理剂,测定了激健和辉丰2种增效剂在不同施药剂量下的除草效果.结果 表明:在38.5％硝·精·莠去津CS 2310 mL/hm和2...     

Assessment of Chemical and Manual Weed Control Approaches for Effective Weed Suppression and Maize Productivity Enhancement Under Maize-Wheat Cropping System

Effective weed management in maize-wheat (M-W) cropping systems are accountable for higher yield and plant biomass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of manual weeding and chemicals (pre- and post-emergence herbicide) for actual weed control to enhance maize yield and M?W system productivity. Herbicides were treated as pre-emergence (sole), post-emergence (sole) and its combined application (pre- and post-emergence) for weed eradication and suppression. Sole pre-emergence herbicide (acetyclour?+?atrazine) and sole post-emergence herbicides (nicosulfuron), and its mixed application were used in the experiments. The experiment was comprised on 6 treatments with one weedy check or control plot: W1?=?weedy check, W2?=?acetyclour?+?atrazine, W3?=?atrazine, W4?=?nicosulfuron, W5?=?nicosulfuron?+?atrazine, W6?=?acetyclour?+?atrazine?+?nicosulfuron and W7?=?manual weeding. Main weeds were Cyperus rotundus, Tribulus terrestris, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Cynodon dactylon. Experiential findings revealed that manual weeding was found most effective in terms of controlling weed and suppression. Among the herbicides application, promising results in terms of weed destruction and suppression were shown by combined application of acetyclour?+?atrazine?+?nicosulfuron which effectively controlled weeds as compared to other treatments. It was concluded that manual weeding drastically reduced weeds frequency and biomass while among the herbicides application acetyclour?+?atrazine and nicosulfuron could be promising for weeds suppression and clamp downing as compared to all other treatments under M?W cropping system.

     

Conservation tillage systems for sorghum production under semi‐arid conditions in India

Abstract

Field research was conducted near Hyderabad, India, during 1981 and 1982 to investigate zero‐tillage and reduced‐tillage systems for production of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) under semi‐arid tropical conditions. Part of the investigation compared post‐seeding hand weeding and herbicide treatments for weed control efficacy. The results showed that shallow pre‐seeding tillage was just as effective as deep cultivations in producing high sorghum fodder and grain yields provided weeds were controlled after crop emergence. Both tillage regimes were more effective than a no tillage regime which received only a mixture of glyphosate and 2,4‐D prior to seeding. Post‐seeding weed control practices were essential to maintain high fodder and grain yields of sorghum. Hand weeding and inter‐row blade harrowing were more effective than atrazine applied pre‐emergence or 2,4‐D applied post‐emergence.     

植保无人机喷施对玉米田土壤处理除草剂的减量效应

在陇东旱塬条件下,以40%乙·莠SE为指示除草剂,测定了植保无人机喷施对玉米田土壤处理除草剂的减量效应。结果表明:通过植保无人机喷施,40%乙·莠SE的控草效果随施药量的减少呈逐渐降低的趋势,玉米果穗有效长度、果穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重、产量及纯收益均随施药量的减少呈先增后降的态势,当施用量降至2 400 mL/hm~2,即较推荐用量(4 500 mL/hm~2)减少用药46.67%时,对藜、狗尾草和总草的株防效仍分别高达93.31%、65.51%和86.40%,鲜重防效分别高达99.12%、78.61%和93.44%;对玉米穗部性状、产量及纯收益的影响程度亦降至较低或最低,其产量较人工除草和背负式喷雾器以药剂常用量喷施分别减产0.17%和增产5.61%,其纯收益较人工除草和背负式喷雾器以药剂常用量喷施分别增加652.08元/hm~2和1 076.85元/hm~2。可见,植保无人机喷施对玉米田土壤处理除草剂的减量效应显著,具有大面积推广应用的价值。     

九种除草剂对玉米田杂草的防除效果及其安全性评价

为明确9种常用除草剂对玉米田杂草的防除效果及其安全性。在福建省甜玉米制种田,采用茎叶喷雾法开展了9种除草剂在推荐剂量下的田间药效试验,并测定了除草剂对甜玉米及其后茬花椰菜和萝卜的安全性。结果表明,施药后25 d,9种除草剂的杂草株防效和鲜重防效均在92%以上;施药后50 d,27%烟 ? 硝 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂[有效成分(下同) 810 g/hm2 ] 和25%硝磺 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂 (750 g/hm2 ) 处理的杂草防除效果最好,以20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油 (180 g/hm2 ) 处理的杂草防除效果最差,杂草覆盖表现为重度。供试的9种除草剂对甜玉米生长安全,无明显药害症状,且部分药剂有明显的增产效果,其中以25%硝磺 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、20%烟嘧 ? 辛酰溴苯腈可分散油悬浮剂 (300 g/hm2 )、80%莠去津可湿性粉剂 (1 440 g/hm2 ) 和27%烟 ? 硝 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂处理的玉米产量较高,与对照相比,增产率分别为21.03%、19.26%、18.74%和16.84%。10%硝磺草酮悬浮剂 (150 g/hm2 )、27%烟 ? 硝 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、33.5%硝磺 ? 异丙草胺 ? 莠去津悬浮剂 (1 005 g/hm2 ) 和30%苯唑草酮悬浮剂 (27 g/hm2 ) 处理对后茬花椰菜和萝卜均有较好的增产效果,增产率分别为18.05%和13.68%、3.37%和12.67%、15.45%和11.06%、8.21%和11.67%,但40 g/L烟嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂 (60 g/hm2 ) 对后茬花椰菜和萝卜的生长有抑制作用,与清水对照相比,分别减产9.74%和3.57%。研究结果可为甜玉米田杂草防除有效药剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。     

喹草酮与莠去津复配防除杂草效果及对高粱的安全性

为明确对羟基丙酮酸双氧化酶抑制剂类新型除草剂喹草酮应用于高粱田的可行性,于2018-2019年在温室和田间测定喹草酮与莠去津复配的除草效果及对高粱的安全性。温室试验结果表明,喹草酮与莠去津复配对狗尾草Setaria viridis和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti均有很好的防除效果,两者按有效成分用量比1：4~1：7配比对狗尾草的GR₅₀在134.40~168.92 g （a.i.）/hm²之间,明显好于喹草酮和莠去津单独施用时的GR₅₀,分别为150.53g （a.i.）/hm²和589.30g （a.i.）/hm²;两者复配对狗尾草的共毒系数在234.80~311.03之间,远大于120.00,显示出明显的增效作用;对苘麻的共毒系数在140.16~168.38之间,也表现出增效作用;对马唐Digitaria sanguinalis也有较好的防除效果;喹草酮与莠去津按有效成分用量比1：5复配的制剂在最高用量3 600g （a.i.）/hm²处理下,3个高粱品种生长均正常,且对高粱和杂草之间的选择性指数远大于6.59,对高粱的安全性高。田间试验结果表明,喹草酮与莠去津复配应用于高粱田对高粱安全,且对田间杂草野稷Panicum ruderale、虎尾草Rabdosia eriocalys、稗Echinochloa crus-galli、反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus和藜Chenopodium album等均有极好的防除效果,2018-2019年对高粱田杂草的总株防效分别为94.2%和92.8%,鲜重防效分别为95.6%和94.2%,明显高于药剂对照50%异甲·莠去津悬浮剂土壤处理和37%二氯·莠去津悬浮剂茎叶处理的防除效果。表明喹草酮与莠去津复配应用于高粱田防除杂草效果良好。     

Grain sorghum response and Palmer amaranth control with postemergence application of fluthiacet-methyl

Palmer amaranth is a problematic weed in grain sorghum production in central United States. Due to limited herbicide options available and ever increasing herbicide-resistant weed species, there is a demand for new mode-of-action herbicides for use in grain sorghum. Fluthiacet-methyl is a relatively new active ingredient that inhibits the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase in target plants. Field studies were conducted at three sites in central United States in 2010 and 2011 to evaluate crop response and Palmer amaranth control with postemergence application of fluthiacet-methyl in grain sorghum. Treatments included fluthiacet-methyl at 4.8 and 7.2 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha^?1 alone and tank-mixed with 2,4-D amine at 260 g acid equivalent (a.e.) ha^?1 or atrazine at 840 g a.i. ha^?1. Carfentrazone at 8.8 g a.i. ha^?1, atrazine at 840 g ha^?1, and a non-treated control were also included. Fluthiacet-methyl treatments caused 9–38% crop injury at 4 ± 1 days after treatment. Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyl seldom affected crop injury, while mixing 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl often reduced crop injury. Generally, injury caused by fluthiacet-methyl alone or in combination with atrazine or 2,4-D disappeared within 3 weeks after treatment. Grain yields were reduced in one trial, when 2,4-D mixed with 4.8 or 7.2 g ha^?1 of fluthiacet-methyl caused 18% and 13% plant lodging and 24% and 14% grain yield loss, respectively. Across site-years, fluthiacet-methyl alone at 4.8 or 7.2 g ha^?1 provided 55–95% control of Palmer amaranth. Greater Palmer amaranth control (≥75%) with fluthiacet-methyl alone was achieved when weeds were small or density was low at the time of spraying. Tank-mixing atrazine with fluthiacet-methyl increased Palmer amaranth control and sorghum yields considerably. Tank-mixing 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl also increased Palmer amaranth control, but to lesser extent and less consistently than with atrazine. Results indicated that fluthiacet-methyl has potential for use in grain sorghum to combat weeds resistant to acetolactase synthase-inhibitors, triazines, and synthetic auxin herbicides. Tank-mixing atrazine or 2,4-D with fluthiacet-methyl is desirable for effective Palmer amaranth control.     

14种除草剂对野稷的活性测定及田间防效

参照除草剂室内生物测定和田间药效防治试验准则,在温室中测定了14种除草剂对野稷的生物活性,并进行了田间小区药效评价。生测结果表明,土壤处理药剂中,异噁唑草酮、氟噻草胺、乙草胺、精异丙甲草胺、异噁草松对野稷的活性较高,其ED₉₀分别为43.08、47.14、137.09、209.93、583.74 g/hm²(有效成分用量);茎叶处理药剂中,苯唑草酮、高效氟吡甲禾灵、烟嘧磺隆和苯唑氟草酮对野稷的活性较高,其ED₉₀分别为22.21、35.95、95.64、111.43 g/hm²。田间药效试验结果表明,野稷出苗前,土壤喷雾40%氟噻草胺SC (810 g/hm²)、900 g/L乙草胺EC (1 620 g/hm²)和960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC (2 160 g/hm²)对野稷防效较高,药后40 d对野稷的株防效均在86.0%以上,鲜重防效在88.4%以上,其次是75%异噁唑草酮WG (90 g/hm²),防效...