农用林业及其与社会林业的关系

本文论述了在用林业的概念及分类,以及农用林业与社会林业的关系,农用林业是一独立学科,没有社会林业的介入,农用林业照样生存。农用林业是社会林业的基础,社会林业又是农用林业及其用户—农民的中间桥梁。     

竹和中国的农用林业

作者简要介绍了中国古代传统农用林业经营模式历史的基础上,论述了现代农用林业模式的设计原理和顺序。根据应用竹类植物在营建农用林业模式的重要性,提出了将这类模式命名为竹类农用林业模式,同时对中国竹类农用林业的六种主要模式及其营建技术作了初步探讨,认为竹类农用林业模式是世界上许多国家为解决当前面临众多问题时可采用的一种良好的土地经营体制。     

农用林业的分类和调查设计

概述了该委员会近十年来在调查设计方面的成果,并就农用林业的分类、调查设计的程序和步骤及不同尺度农用林业的调查设计方法作以介绍。     

农用林业对林区可持续发展的作用与影响

首先介绍了农用林业的概念、起源和经营方式,继而阐述了农用林业模式对现代农业和林业发展具有积极的促进作用和意义。     

生态经济型林业—农用林业

〔摘要〕本文较为系统地介绍了农用林业的概念、特点、运行机制和生态经济效益,从时间的发展和空间的分布上阐明了农用林业是一种新兴的生态经济型业,已成为当代林业发展的一个重要方向,应大力研究和推广。     

山东省几种主要农用林业模式的分析

山东省平原地区风、沙、旱、涝、碱危害严重，发展农用林业是调节气候，改善环境，促进农业稳产、高产的一条有效途径。本文介绍了山东省几种主要的农用林业模式，并对其生态、经济效益状况进行了分析。     

农用林业系统的生态学过程

农用林业系统的生态学过程１引言农用林业（ａｇｒｏｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙ）的定义是由国际农用林业研究中心（ＩＣＲＡＦ）经过近１０年的日臻完善才最后敲定，目前仍在不断提炼和升华之中。最初的定义是由Ｋｉｎｇ及其同事在１９７８年给出的：“农用林业是一种适合当地栽培...     

松滋高效林业经营模式分类及优良类型划分

对松滋17种高效林业经营模式采用系统聚类分析方法，建立组—类型两级分类系统，确立集约经营（经济林型）、速生丰产林、农用林业、庭园林业经济4种经营类型，并对综合效益指标值作相关分析，为林业生产经营细分类提供理论依据。     

述评农用林业的源与流

本文结合我国农村的具体情况论述农用林业（Ａｇｒｏｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙ）的概念、特点和类型。     

印度农用林业的研究和教学

印度全国土地面积3．288亿hm^2，其中森林面积6770万hm^2，森林覆被率为20．6％。林业在改善国家和未来粮食安全方面有着巨大和不可替代的作用。其中农用林业在印度的农业、畜牧业和渔业方面起着非常重要的作用。     

Development and validation of a simple approach to modelling tree shading in agroforestry systems

There have been a number of models developed which attempt to predict the shading patterns beneath individual tree or forest canopies. We describe a computer-based model which is able to estimate shading patterns through a discontinuous canopy of pruned trees. The model is designed to assist in the layout and management of agroforestry systems with widely spaced trees. The model was tested against data collected from a seven-year-old agroforestry system involving radiata pine, located near Canberra, Australia. The model was shown to slightly but consistently underestimate light penetration at ground level beneath the trees. However, the extent of bias (0.7% to 5%) was so small as to be of little significance in practice.     

Amazonian agroforestry: a market-oriented system in Peru

Most reports on indigenous agroforestry systems of the Amazon region have described patterns employed by tribal groups almost exclusively for their own subsistence. This article discusses a market-oriented cyclic agroforestry system practiced by non-tribal Mestizo farmers in Tamshiyacu, Peru. The system produces charcoal, as well as annual, semi-perennial, and perennial crops for local consumption, and for a regional market. The sale of these products provides a substantial cash income for many farmers. The data presented demonstrate that Amazonian cyclic agroforestry systems are capable of being commercially successful enterprises and of serving as possible models for further agricultural development.

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Resumen La mayoria de informes sobre sistemas agroforestales indígenas de la regíon amazónica han descrito formas utilizadas por grupos nativos casi exclusivamente para su subsistencia. Este artículo trata de un sistema agroforestal cíclico comercial empleado por agricultores mestizos en Tamshiyacu, Perú. Este sistema produce carbón, huertos anuales, semi-perennes y perennes para el consumo local y para el mercado regional. La venta de estos productos da un ingreso considerable a muchos agricultores. Los datos presentados demuestran que sistemas agroforestales amazónicos pueden tener valor comercial y servir de modelos eventuales para el desarrollo agrícola.

     

Revisiting the past: an essay on agroforestry definition

Concepts used by various authors are analyzed in order to define agroforestry and discuss, in detail, some ambiguous terms often encountered (biological and economic interactions, time sequences, etc.). Only those concepts which differentiate agroforestry from other non-agroforestry forms of land use are retained as part of the definition, which is: agroforestry is a form of multiple cropping under which three fundamental conditions are met: 1) there e exist at least two plant species that interact biologically; 2) at least one of the plant species is a woody perennial; and 3) at least one of the plant species is managed for forage, annual or perennial crop production.     

Participatory technology development in agroforestry: methods from a pilot project in Zimbabwe

An on-farm agroforestry pilot project was initiated by the Zimbabwe Forestry Commission in 1988. The main objective of the project is to investigate a range of options to solve problems of woodland depletion faced by small-scale farmers. This paper describes the first two years of on-farm experimentation. The first season's trials are described, and the rationale for moving towards an approach of greater farmer participation in the research process is given. Steps taken to promote experimental tree planting on farms are described, and methods used are illustrated by examples from the project. Critical awareness-raising techniques, steamming from Freirian philosophy, have been central to the methods. The need for a partnership between formal and informal farmer-based research is discussed, as is a model for agroforestry research and development. The latter is proposed in a way that formal research develops the components of agroforestry practices, whilst farmers are encouraged to experiment with a combination of these components in order to develop practices appropriate to local conditions.     

西双版纳现有混农林系统的主要模式

本文在对西双版纳现有混农林系统进行广泛调查的基础上,根据国际混农林研究委员会(ICRAF)P.K.R.Nair的分类方法,将其进行了分类和评价。结果表明,该地区现存混农林系统的模式极为丰富,并以经济植物为主体的模式占较大优势。这些模式,有的已经发挥出较好的生态、经济和社会效益,有的仍处于实验阶段,有的则对合理利用当地自然资源造成不良的影响。提出了必须合理开发利用当地自然资源,积极创立和引进以粮食作物为主体的混农林系统模式的见解。     

Agroforestry experimentation: Separating the wood from the trees?

ICRAF has evolved and evaluated experimental approaches to agroforestry problems which will help resercchers reach practical conclusions most cost-effectively in the shortest possible time, and with only limited resources. This has meant looking into the experimental phases needed, developing the conceptual background to research problems which involve the complex spatial/temporal features of agroforestry systems, suggesting and initiating simplified field experimental designs and/or assessment methodologies, and establishing source and reference design materials about agroforestry research for distribution.These four sets of activities are outlined and briefly discussed in relation to some of the key research issues which have emerged.Suitable methods for many areas of experimental agroforestry are rapidly being defined, although some of the more complex issues (e.g. multistrata systems, on-farm research with multipurpose trees and tree/crop mixtures) still need a focused attempt to develop appropriate research methodologies.Head, Research Development Division, ICRAF     

Do socio-psychological factors matter in agroforestry planning? Lessons from smallholder traditional agroforestry systems

Most of the well planned rural development forestry programs of the 1970s, and agroforestry in particular, were either not adopted by the intended beneficiaries or failed to meet the needs and aspirations of the rural people, particularly in the developing countries. The reasons for non-adoption in some cases appear to be technical, bio-physical, social and economic (termed as rational reasons by the planners), but in other situations the reasons are not so easily recognisable and comprehended (termed irrational reasons). These irrational reasons are the perceptions and attitude of the farmer towards farm practices, and their role in agroforestry planning has remained almost completely neglected. The present study is based on a household survey of the farmers in traditional agroforestry systems of Western Himalaya and investigates the importance of perceptional and attitudinal aspects of the farmers with regard to agroforestry adoption and extension. In the present study, farmers’ perceptions of restrictions on felling of trees from their own land and attitudes towards agroforestry were the most important sociopsychological factors which influenced tree growing. This study implies a need to take into account the socio-psychological factors of the farmers for planning socially acceptable agroforestry programs. The importance of study of various de jure rules and regulations controlling the use of on-farm tree resources and related exemptions and their association with farmers’ perceptions and tree growing is highlighted to develop policies to encourage tree growing in agroforestry.     

云南山区林农结合模式的探讨

针对云南山区农村的综合治理和开发的现实,面向山区农业的两个转变及体制改革,遵照生态经济原则,从农业生态系统的生态经济协调出发,遵循林农结合系统的“整体、协调、循环、再生”的原则,把云南山区区划为冷温性湿润型、温凉性湿润型、暖温性湿润型、暖温性半湿润型、暖热性湿润型、热性湿润型、热性半干旱型7种林农结合系统,分系统论述该区域的行政范围、自然条件、资源状况、农林生产特点、林农结合的经营模式.经比较分析,归纳与发掘出80种以上的云南山区林农经营模式.每个系统中都有10种以上模式.既反映山区自然的特点,又具有地方、民族特色.     

Data recording for agroforestry experiments

Examples of typical data-sets from agroforestry trials are considered and difficulties with the recording of such data are discussed. Suggestions for efficient data recording for a number of agroforestry trials are made so that easy data-checking, efficient computer entry and accurate analysis can be produced without the need for excessive data manipulation at each stage. General recommendations for data-recording from agroforestry trials are given.