Water management in tertiary units in the Fayoum,Egypt

The irrigation system in The Fayoum is designed for a continuous supply of water (24 h a day, 7 days a week) to rotational units, which vary in size from about 20 to 500 fe. The Fayoum Irrigation Department is responsible for the delivery of irrigation water to the rotational units. Within the units, the farmers rotate the water in a seven days rotation.One of the characteristics of present water management of The Fayoum is the non-uniformity of the division of flow over the main canals. The purpose of this paper is: (i) to study the effects of this non-uniformity by comparing water management in tertiary units in an area with a (more than) sufficient water supply to an area subject to some water shortage; (ii) to discuss implications of the present tertiary unit water management for the water management of the entire The Fayoum.The findings are that: (i) the non-uniformity of the main system water supply has a strong effect on the water management in the tertiary units. Water shortage results in a lower cropping intensity and fallow land, no possibility to cultivate rice, and a possible trend towards salinization in the Seila area; (ii) the farmers in both research areas modify the official rotation schedule. These modifications create a high flexibility in the rotational units: The water supply for different crops and plots is adjusted almost to the minute.Glossary and abbreviations Bahar Gate-Tender - FaWMDI Fayoum Water Management and Drainage Improvement Project - fe Feddan (1 fe = 0.42 ha) - FID Fayoum Irrigation Department - Ganabiah Secondary or Sub-Secondary - IIP Irrigation Improvement Project - Kafr Satellite Village of a Larger Village with a Mayor - Mesqah Tertiary Canal - MSL Mean Sea Level at Alexandria - Nasbah Cluster of Fayoum Standard Weirs - Sheikh el Balad The Oldest of the Kafr (Elected Position)     

辽河流域农村饮用水现状及对策建议

辽河流域农村饮用水问题是我国农村饮水问题典型之一。辽河流域水资源量严重短缺,季节性变化大,农村饮用水供水量得不到保障;农村饮水水质污染问题严重,高氟水、高铁水、高砷水、低碘水、苦咸水、污染水(硝氮、总硬度、氨氮等超标)等普遍存在;供水设施落后、多数无净化设施。本文在分析辽河流域农村饮用水现状的基础上提出了相应的对策和建议:提高水资源利用率、从源头控制污染物、采取适宜的水处理技术、完善供水设施,为改善农村饮水现状提供科学依据。     

The Water Delivery Performance Within the Chivilcoy Tertiary Unit, Mendoza, Argentina

The 4th Chivilcoy tertiary unit (1630 ha)receives irrigation water from theMontecaseros canal. This canal and its 16tertiary units is managed by theMontecaseros Users Association (8531 ha),being one of the 13 UA's in the Rio TunuyanMedio irrigation system (81200 ha). The 4thChivilcoy unit was selected for performanceresearch because it is representative for amajor part of the Tunuyan system; itcontains (near abandoned) fields with waterlogging and salinity problems and fieldswith maximum attainable yields. This paperreports on performance indicatorsquantifying the water delivery to the 12quaternary units. Also the delivery ofwater to the 19 farms in the Los Saucesquaternary unit (109 ha) is quantified. Allflow data were measured with broad-crestedweirs fitted with pressure loggersmeasuring the head at 15 minutes intervals.Because of this short interval, the timingof water delivery could be monitored andcompared with the intended deliveryschedule.     

GIS user-interface based irrigation delivery performance assessment: a case study for Tanjung Karang rice irrigation scheme in Malaysia

Various indicators are used for evaluating the performance of different aspects of an irrigation system, and assessments also differ in terms of the types of performance indicators used. This paper describes a GIS-based assessment system which utilizes a new concept and evaluated the inadequacy of a widely used Relative Water Supply (RWS) concept to characterize the irrigation delivery performance for a rice irrigation system as the season advances. Development of this GIS-based assessment system resulted in the creation of new indicators, viz., the Rice Relative Water Supply (RRWS), Cumulative Rice Relative Water Supply (CRRWS) and Ponding Water Index (PWI). These indicators were determined from field tests and evaluated in a Malaysian Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Scheme (TAKRIS). The RWS concept was found to be inaccurate for characterizing the oversupply condition on irrigation deliveries for rice irrigation; and difficult to correctly quantify the oversupply condition for irrigation supplies. Besides, it was found that the RRWS indicator can distinctly characterize the oversupply condition for RRWS > 1.0 and undersupply condition for RRWS < 1.0 on irrigation delivery for any given period. A value of 1.0 for RRWS indicates an irrigation delivery that matches perfectly the actual field water demand. This study presents a cumulative RRWS plot that provides important information on irrigation supplies for any given time interval for management decisions. An increasing slope in the actual CRRWS curve with CRRWS = 1.0, means that irrigation supply can be slightly curtailed in the next period. On the other hand, if the slope is negative, supply has to be increased. If a computed CRRWS line follows the CRRWS = 1.0 line, it means that irrigation deliveries are perfectly matched with the field water demand. A graphical user-interface was developed for structuring the assessment tool within an ArcGIS platform. The system can instantly provide information on the uniformity of water distribution and the shortfall or excess, and provides vital information in terms of decisions that need to be made for the next period. The system helps to maintain continuous updating of input and output databases on real field conditions. Results are displayed on the computer screen together with color-coded maps, graphs and tables in a comprehensible form. The system is likely to be adopted for evaluating various water allocation scenarios and water management options. It can also be used as an analytical and operational tool for irrigation managers.     

作物双节给水研究

针对有压节水灌溉的高耗能,提出并试验了用无压负压给水器为作物即节水又节能的双节给水理念,针对间歇灌溉时土壤湿度忽高忽低提出连续适度给水理念,给水理念特点是利用植物水分生理水势特性,与土壤张力特性,利用给水器将水分以无压或负压形式与土壤和植物根系连接成负压水分运动系统,与有压节水灌溉对比节省了加压耗能,与灌溉理念差别是变间歇式灌溉为连续向作物供水,供水过程与作物需水过程平行,具有精准给水特点。简介了双节给水的理论基础、方式方法以及负压给水、超微压给水、毛细给水、寝润给水技术的试验研究数据。     

Statistical methods for irrigation system water delivery performance evaluation

There are several different parameters that can be measured and used to describe the performance of water delivery service; flow rate, volume, duration, pressure, and frequency. The proper one(s) to consider depends on the project conditions and objectives. The overall performance of an irrigation water delivery system can be broken down into two components; the delivery schedule and operations. The performance of the delivery schedule can be evaluated by looking at the ratio of intended to required water (volume, rate, duration, etc.) and the performance of operations by the ratio of actual to intended water. The overall performance is expressed by the product of these two ratios; the actual divided by the required water. Statistical relations are provided to express equity, adequacy and reliability from measurement of these ratios.     

白石水库水源富营养化评价及供水可靠性分析

本文在对白石水库水源富营养化进行评价的基础上,对水库供水可靠性进行了分析.从现状水质评价结果看,白石水库的水质满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中的Ⅲ类用水水质要求,可以作为集中式生活饮用水水源地和工业用水水源地.经过水量调节计算,可知白石水库供水水质是可靠的.     

Modelling seawater intrusion in the Burdekin Delta Irrigation Area,North Queensland,Australia

The Burdekin Delta is a major irrigation area situated in the dry tropics of North Queensland. It is unique in that (i) it overlies shallow groundwater systems that serve as a major water supply for the irrigation of sugarcane, and (ii) it is adjacent to the world heritage listed Great Barrier Reef. Water management practices include large recharge pits and surface spreading of water to assist with replenishment of the groundwater. This has been useful in maintaining groundwater levels to help control seawater intrusion. This technique, however, can be costly and ineffective in unconfined aquifer systems, which are subjected to large amounts of groundwater pumping for irrigation. There are more than 1800 production bores currently used for irrigation in the Burdekin Delta and the large volumes of water extracted have at times lowered the regional water tables and made it difficult to control seawater intrusion.     

石羊河流域井灌区土壤水分深层渗漏研究

基于土壤水分亏缺、总有效水分和实际有效水分的概念,建立土壤水分水量平衡模型,通过计算作物根系层的深层渗漏量,来反映土壤水与地下水之间量的相互转化关系。研究结果表明,研究期间的总深层渗漏量为9 4.1 9 mm,占研究期间总灌水量和降雨量的2 0.1%,这部分水量通过根系层补给下层土壤,最终补给地下水。     

黑河中游地区水账户核算研究

利用国际水管理研究院的水资源核算框架,对黑河中游地区的水资源利用进行分析。研究结果表明,黑河中游地区消耗了整个流域绝大部分水量,可利用水的消耗比例为1.02,水资源利用处于不可持续状态;但消耗水量中,生产性消耗比例和有益消耗比例分别只有0.284和0.428,整个地区的无效消耗水量较多,水分生产率很低。黑河中游地区的节水方向在于尽可能地减少无效益蒸发蒸腾,提高单位消耗水量的经济产出。     

利用地下水库调蓄水资源的若干措

文章分析了国内外利用地下水库的现状，认为目前我国应从利用地下水库调蓄洪水、城市雨水、南水北调中线工程调水着手。当前我国利用地下水库调蓄水资源还存在一些技术和管理上的问题，对拟建区的可行性论证，现场试验研究，地下水库的维护与运行管理应该受到重视。建议进行两项示范工程，即利用地下水库调蓄南水北调中线工程引水，利用含水层调蓄城市雨水，取得利用地下水库调蓄水资源的系统经验和理论，在我国广泛推广。     

A Water Transfer and Agricultural Land Retirement in a Drainage Problem Area

The increasing scarcity of water in California and the rising cost of compliance with environmental regulations are motivating some farmers in the San Joaquin Valley to sell their land and water, and discontinue production of irrigated crops. In the summer of 2004, all landowners in the 3,700-ha Broadview Water District decided to sell their land to Westlands Water District. The land sales have been completed and Westlands has acquired Broadview's water supply contract. Farmland in Broadview will no longer be irrigated. We describe what motivated the purchase and sale of land and water in Broadview and discuss the potential gains to participants. We describe also the potential public benefits that include an increase in economic activity and environmental enhancement in the San Joaquin Valley. Farm workers displaced by land retirement in Broadview will find employment in the Westlands Water District. Tenant farmers in Broadview will need to find other land on which to continue farming after the land sales are completed. The challenge they face is caused partly by a regional trend toward greater production of perennial crops that is leaving less land available for annual leases.Formerly Manager of Broadview Water District, Firebaugh, California     

海水淡化设备在海岛供水工程中的应用

淡水资源紧缺一直是困扰海岛居民生产及生活的主要因素。近几年来,山东省胶南市在海岛供水工程的建设中大胆采用海水淡化设备和技术,引进了美国世界水系统公司生产的Ａ１ＱＵＡ－ＳＥＰ１５２５２１５海水淡化器,缓解了岛上军民的用水困难,为解决海岛供水问题探索出了一条新路子。     

灰色关联分析在南水北调中线澧河水质评价中的应用

澧河水质状况是南水北调中线工程河南省受水区配套工程10号口门线路选择的重要考虑因素;不同的水质评价方法,会得到不同评价结果。水环境系统是一个典型的、具有模糊性的灰色系统,灰色关联评价方法物理意义明确,计算简单,运用基于点到区间距离的灰色关联评价方法,利用澧河2008-2009年的水质监测资料,对澧河现状水质进行了评价;并将评价结果与其他方法进行对比,结果表明该方法能很好的适用于水质评价中,评价结果可为南水北调决策部门决策提供参考。     

公众参与城镇居民生活用水水价探析

水价是引导水资源合理配置,促进节水型社会建设的有效手段之一。公众参与水价制定是供水方、用水方和政府共同参与,既能够客观全面反映水资源价值、供水成本、环境成本在内的,又能充分代表用水方利益的新型水资源价格形成模式。应用公众参与水价制定理论,以新疆石河子市为例,通过抽样问卷调查、分析、综合评价等途径对研究区生活用水进行了定价探析。结果表明：公众参与制定的石河子市生活用水水价更能反映其水资源的稀缺性,通过宣传教育来逐步提高现状水价,充分利用价格杠杆的约束效应来构建节水型社会是该市当前水务改革的重点。     

基于ET管理的土地整理水资源供需平衡分析——以河北省魏县车往镇基本农田土地整理项目为例

以土地整理中水资源供需平衡为基础,引入基于ET管理的水资源供耗分析,为缺水地区水资源供需平衡提供一种依据。以魏县基本农田土地整理项目为研究对象,建立基于ET理念的水资源平衡关系,分析项目区可利用水资源量及耗水量(即ET值),得出不同水平年下的供需结果。研究结果表明,现状水平年下水资源缺口29.81万m3,2010年项目区采取措施后综合ET值降低,盈余水量20.07万m3,实现了水资源供需平衡。     

少耕秸秆覆盖对小麦间作玉米产量和水分利用的影响

通过田间试验,探讨了小麦少耕留茬条件下,3个供水处理对小麦间作玉米的产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,留茬处理对小麦/玉米间作产量影响不显著,供水处理显著影响间作产量;留茬少耕条件下,中、高供水处理较低供水处理间作产量分别高27.24%、29.90%,未留茬条件下,中、高供水处理较低灌水处理产量分别高29.74%、35.56%。同等供水条件下,高留茬少耕处理较未留茬处理收获后土壤含水量在低、中、高供水水平下分别高4.79%、10.95%、4.28%。留茬处理对间作耗水量影响不显著,但在同种留茬方式下,间作耗水量随供水水平的提高而显著增大,高供水留茬少耕处理较中、低供水处理耗水量分别高7.73%、16.37%,未留茬高供水处理耗水量较中、低供水处理分别高9.10%、16.18%。留茬处理对间作作物水分利用效率(WUE)无显著影响,相同留茬不同供水处理的WUE在中、高供水水平之间无显著差异,而中、高供水高留茬少耕处理WUE较低供水处理分别高17.80%、11.63%,未留茬处理时中、高供水处理WUE分别较低供水间作高21.83%、16.68%。     

Farm-level perspectives regarding irrigation water prices in the Tulkarm district, Palestine

Agriculture consumes about 70% of water available in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Domestic and industrial users utilize 30% of the water supply. Water resource managers are considering the policy of reallocating a portion of the water supply from agriculture to other uses. It is believed that increasing irrigation water prices could influence water consumption and thus make water available for non-agricultural (more economic) uses. This paper examines the impacts of water pricing on agricultural water consumption and farming profitability and provides some guidelines for policy makers regarding water pricing as a tool to manage scarce water resources. We estimate a regression model describing agricultural water consumption as a function of water prices, irrigated land area, farm income, and irrigation frequency, using data collected in a survey of about 150 farmers in the Tulkarm district. We conclude that irrigation water prices are perceived as high and comprise a large portion of total farming expenses. Therefore, attempts to increase irrigation water prices in the Tulkarm district might jeopardize farming feasibility and might have substantial impacts on agricultural water consumption. Nevertheless, many farmers would continue farming even if the water prices were increased beyond their willingness to pay threshold.     

基于水足迹的云南省楚雄州水资源利用评价

传统用水量指标仅仅考虑了地表水和地下水使用量(蓝水),忽略了对人类生产贡献巨大的绿水,水足迹是指在一定的物质生活水平下,维持一定人群消费所需要的总的水资源数量,包含蓝水和绿水,水足迹真实地反映了一个地区人类消费对水资源的占有情况,为水资源科学管理提供了一个新的方法。引入了水足迹的概念和计算方法和相关评价指标,计算分析了2005年云南楚雄州生产用水量和水足迹。结果表明,楚雄州2005年的总的生产系统耗水量26.2亿m3,远远高于水资源公报中统计的蓝水消耗量,全州总的水足迹为13.257亿m3,人均水足迹516.52 m3,水足迹占生产系统耗水量的50.6%,其余49.4%的生产耗水以虚拟的形式流往其他地区。     

干旱条件下土壤扩蓄增容肥保水增产效应研究

在陕西三原县进行裂区试验,研究了不同灌水量条件下扩蓄增容肥对冬小麦产量、水分与降水利用效率的影响.结果表明:①低灌水条件下秸秆配方处理冬小麦花期到成熟期表层土壤蓄水量基本没有变化,而废料配方与普通施肥处理的蓄水量减少5.68 mm和8.56 mm;高灌水条件下秸秆配方处理营养生长期耗水速率小,但其分蘖至越冬阶段耗水分别...