重组禽流感病毒(H5+H7)二价灭活疫苗免疫效果评估

对崇左市2017年10月至2018年9月家禽实施免疫重组禽流感病毒(H5+H7)二价灭活疫苗(H5N1亚型Re-8株+H7N9 H7-Re1株)的免疫效果进行了评估,旨在为崇左市家禽禽流感防控决策提供参考。结果表明,H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为90.35%,H7亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为84.94%,禽流感病毒核酸均为阴性。H5+H7免疫抗体水平较高,抗体合格的血清中,H5平均效价为8.33log2,H7平均效价为7.41log2,疫苗安全稳定,可有效抵抗当前禽流感流行毒株的侵袭。     

安徽省规模禽场高致病性禽流感血清学横断面研究与风险因素分析

为掌握安徽省禽群的禽流感免疫抗体水平以及引起免疫不合格的主要风险因素,在2018年春季集中免疫前,对安徽省7个市开展了H5和H7亚型禽流感血清学检测和问卷调查。按照分层随机抽样方法,在7个市选择种禽场、蛋禽场和肉禽场,共140个养禽场,在每个养殖场内随机抽取35份血清样品,进行HI抗体检测,并根据检测结果,计算群体水平的真实免疫合格率/阳性率;将H5或H7亚型禽流感抗体群体合格率低于70%的养禽场定义为免疫不合格场,进行单因素风险分析。结果显示:安徽省7个市H5(Re-8株)和H7N9(Re-1株)的场群真实抗体合格率/阳性率分别为67.7%(95%CI:60.0%～75.4%)和39.8%(95%CI:31.7%～47.9%),62个养禽场的H5或H7亚型抗体未达标(70%);存栏量越小(P=0.046)、免疫次数越少(P=0.016),H5或H7亚型免疫抗体不合格的可能性越高(P 0.05);存栏量小于4 000羽、免疫后时间≤21 d或≥91 d、家禽日龄≤26或≥2 200、免疫次数≤1、规模化饲养鹅,以及不使用"H5+H7"二价灭活疫苗(OR=2.66,95%CI:1.34～5.35)、周边3 km内有野禽栖息地(OR=2.78,95%CI:1.10～7.65)的养禽场的H5或H7亚型免疫抗体不合格风险相对较高。结果表明:2018年春季安徽省7个市H5、H7亚型禽流感免疫抗体保护率下降幅度明显,需要及时开展春季集中免疫;养禽场规模、类型以及家禽种类、是否免疫疫苗、免疫次数、养禽场周边是否有野禽栖息地等,均与群体的禽流感免疫抗体合格率显著相关,因此在制定强制免疫计划时,应视情况进行分类指导,实时补免或增加免疫次数。此外,养禽场选址时应尽量避开野禽栖息地。本研究为决策部门制定禽流感免疫方案提供了技术支撑。     

H5亚型禽流感Re-4毒株疫苗免疫效果调查与分析

为了解H5亚型禽流感Re-4毒株疫苗免疫效果,采用血凝-血凝抑制试验(HA-HI)方法对16个县区102个规模场/散养户送检的1621份鸡血清,进行H5亚型禽流感Re-4毒株免疫抗体检测。结果:Re-4毒株免疫血清抗体合格率为72.9%(抗体滴度≥5log2),Re-4毒株免疫抗体合格率高于50%的蛋鸡场户占80.4%,免疫抗体滴度≥7log2的血清份数占合格数的76.2%;发生过H5亚型禽流感疫情和疑似H5亚型禽流感疫情地区的17个养鸡场户,鸡群抗体滴度≥7log2的血清比例占到免疫合格数90%以上。     

重组禽流感病毒（H5+H7）三价灭活疫苗免疫鸡群的临床效果评价

为评价重组禽流感病毒（H5+H7）三价灭活疫苗（H5N1 Re-11株+Re-12株，H7N9 H7 Re-2株）免疫鸡群的临床应用效果及当前禽流感免疫程序的合理性，对河南省使用重组禽流感病毒（H5+H7）三价灭活疫苗免疫的940个存栏500只以上的养鸡场开展临床应用效果调查，并抽取328个场开展免疫抗体检测。结果显示：免疫后1周内出现不良反应的养鸡场190个，占20.21%（190/940）；发病的养鸡场140个，占14.89%（140/940）；出现死亡的养鸡场51个，占5.43%（51/940）。免疫后1周内出现不良反应的鸡只占0.11%，发病的占0.09%，死亡的占0.04%。血清样品的血凝（HA）和血凝抑制（HI）试验结果显示：H5亚型Re-11株场群合格率为97.56%，免疫抗体阳性率为94.20%；H5亚型Re-12株场群合格率为96.34%，免疫抗体阳性率为92.70%；H7亚型Re-2株场群合格率为98.17%，免疫抗体阳性率为94.67%。结果表明：重组禽流感病毒（H5+H7）三价灭活疫苗的鸡群免疫效果较好，免疫后的临床不良反应率极低。但在免疫过程中，应尽量消除影响疫苗临床效果的不利因素，定期开展免疫效果监测，及时调整免疫程序。本研究为全国高致病性禽流感疫苗的应用提供了参考。     

H5亚型禽流感(Re-4+Re-5株)疫苗对不同禽群的免疫效果比较

为了摸清H5亚型禽流感(Re-4+Re-5株)疫苗对不同禽群的免疫效果,以及时发现、分析免疫中存在的问题,发现免疫不合格的及时进行补免,确保山东省不发生疫情,本研究使用H5亚型禽流感(Re-4+Re-5株)灭活疫苗免疫鸡、鸭、鹅等不同家禽,测定其免疫抗体合格率。结果表明,加强免疫H5亚型禽流感(Re-4+Re-5株)灭活疫苗可使鸡群达到100%免疫抗体合格率,但鸭群的免疫抗体合格率不理想。     

重组禽流感病毒（H5+H7）三价灭活疫苗免疫效果评估

为了解重组禽流感病毒（H5+H7）三价灭活疫苗免疫效果,2022年对河南省1 303个禽群免疫的不同厂家生产的重组禽流感病毒（H5+H7）三价灭活疫苗进行临床安全性调查,并对从其中615个禽群中采集的17 207份禽血清进行疫苗免疫有效性评估。7家重组禽流感病毒（H5+H7）三价灭活疫苗的临床安全性调查结果显示：禽群应激减蛋率为2.80%～4.17%,应激反应率为0.02%～0.34%,应激发病率为0.004%～0.200%,应激死亡率为0.001 1%～0.002 7%。7家重组禽流感病毒（H 5+H 7）三价灭活疫苗的免疫有效性评估结果显示：禽群H 5-Re 13抗体合格率为89.54%～94.45%,H5-Re14抗体合格率为88.82%～93.74%,H7-Re4抗体合格率为87.64%～94.59%。结果提示：7家重组禽流感病毒（H 5+H 7）三价灭活疫苗临床安全性和免疫有效性整体良好,但不同厂家生产的疫苗在临床安全性指标和免疫抗体合格率上存在一定差异,建议根据家禽品种及其生长阶段选用合适的疫苗。     

重庆市部分地区H5和H7重组禽流感病毒二价灭活苗免疫效果监测

2017年7月7日,农业部决定对全国家禽开展H7亚型流感免疫。为了掌握重组禽流感病毒(H5+H7)二价灭活苗的免疫效果,2017年8—9月,重庆市动物疫病预防控制中心进行了控制性试验和大面积临床监测。控制试验结果表明:首免15 d后,H7亚型禽流感抗体合格率可达70.00%,H5亚型抗体合格率仅为10.00%;首免22 d后,H7亚型禽流感抗体合格率达到93.33%,H5亚型抗体合格率达到60.00%;该疫苗未出现严重免疫副反应;H7亚型禽流感抗体产生的时间早于H5亚型。随机选取5个区县,采集414份免疫血清进行监测。结果显示:二价灭活苗免疫21 d后,H5和H7亚型禽流感抗体平均合格率分别为92.27%和76.00%;5个区县的抗体水平存在差异;蛋鸡抗体水平高于肉鸡。控制试验及临床监测结果提示,该疫苗免疫效果确实,但部分区县仍存在免疫抗体水平不高的养禽场。因此,在新旧疫苗交替使用期间,各地应高度重视高致病性H5和H7亚型禽流感防治工作,尤其是肉鸡。     

安徽省合肥市家禽高致病性禽流感血清学调查

2017年秋,我国开始采用高致病性禽流感(H5+H7)二价灭活疫苗,对家禽实行强制免疫。为评价该疫苗在合肥市家禽中的免疫效果,科学制定该地区免疫计划和防控措施,2017年10月—2018年10月,在春季和秋季集中强制免疫后,分别随机抽取养殖场、交易市场和自然村散养户家禽血清样品,进行3次集中抗体监测;在2018年春季集中免疫前和免疫后,选取22个固定家禽养殖场,开展定点抗体监测。集中监测结果显示:高致病性禽流感抗体场点合格率从2017年秋季的48.0%,分别提高到2018年春季的96.6%和秋季的95.5%,2018年的H5、H7亚型个体合格率均高于2017年秋季水平,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。定点监测结果显示:免疫后21d,H5亚型禽流感抗体个体合格率由92.6%降到58.2%,但60d后又大幅回升到90.8%,差异极显著(P<0.01);而H7亚型抗体合格率却直线上升,个体合格率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。上述结果表明,高致病性禽流感(H5+H7)二价灭活疫苗防护效果较好,可显著提升H5和H7亚型抗体场点合格率和个体合格率,使其达到免疫保护水平,因此应继续加强该疫苗的免疫、监测,根据实际情况及时补免。     

重组禽流感H5+H7二价灭活疫苗的免疫效果评估与分析

为了客观评价重组禽流感H5+H7二价灭活疫苗(H5N1Re-8株+H7N9Re-1株)的免疫效果及当前禽流感免疫程序的合理性,提高本地区禽流感防控工作水平,采用血凝抑制试验(HI)和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对某养殖场免疫的100羽蛋鸡进行不同时间段H5、H7亚型禽流感抗体水平检测。结果:在免疫后21～252 d,HI和ELISA检测禽流感H5亚型抗体合格率均为74%～100%;禽流感H7亚型HI检测抗体合格率为78%～100%,ELISA检测抗体合格率为76%～100%。结果表明:HI与ELISA抗体检测结果基本相符,在免疫后21～252 d免疫抗体合格率均达到国家规定≥70%的要求,重组禽流感H5+H7二价灭活疫苗免疫效果良好。     

滁州市2018年春季禽流感免疫抗体监测分析

为评估禽流感H5+H7二价灭活疫苗临床免疫效果,2018年春季高致病性禽流感集中免疫前后,在滁州市固定的17个规模禽场2次随机采集共1170份家禽血清样品。采用血凝和血凝抑制试验检测H5、H7亚型禽流感抗体。结果,H5,H7亚型抗体阳性率分别由免疫前的65.6%、47.9%,提高到免疫后的76.8%、77.1%。表明滁州市H5.H7亚型禽流感总体免疫抗体水平达到了农业部规定的70%的标准,但合格率不高,应加强对肉禽和水禽的监测。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。     

Efficacy of parvaquone in the treatment of naturally occurring theileriosis in cattle in Iraq

Summary Parvaquone was tested in cattle infected withTheileria annulata when they were presented at clinics in the vicinity of Baghdad. Out of over 200 cases presented with suspected theileriosis between July 1984 and July 1985, the drug was used in 45 cases where theileriosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of blood and lymph node biopsy smears. Twenty seven of the cases were considered mild and 18 cases severe. Weights of the cattle were estimated and parvaquone was administered by intramuscular injection at a nominal dose of 20 mg/kg. A single treatment with parvaquone was used in 25 cases and 20 cases were treated twice but there was no correlation between severity of disease and the number of treatments given. Twelve cases (27%) also received antibacterial therapy. All cases were in exotic cattle or cattle born from exotic (imported) cattle and 64% of the cases were in cattle under six months of age. Temperatures dropped immediately after treatment and the majority were normal (below 39.5°C) by two to three days after the first treatment. Of the 45 cases treated 43 recovered. This compares very favourably with a previously reported mortality of 66% in untreated imported cattle in Iraq.

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Eficacia Del Parvaquone En El Tratamiento De La Theilerosis Natural En Ganado En Iraq

Resumen Se trató ganado infectado conTheileria annulata en forma natural con parvaquone, en clínicas veterinarias localizadas en la vecindad de Baghdad. De 200 casos admitidos con sospecha de theileriosis, entre julio 1984 y julio 1985, la droga se usó en 45 casos confirmados mediante el examen microscópico de frotis de sangre y biopsias de ganglios linfáticos. Veintisiete de los casos se consideraron moderados y 18 casos severos. Se estimaron los pesos de los animales enfermos, suministrandoles parvaquone vía intramuscular en dosis nominales de 20 mg/kg (rango 16–35 mg/kg). Se utilizó un solo tratamiento con parvaquone en 25 casos clínicos, mediante la aplicación de una sola inyección y se aplicaron dos inyecciones en 20 casos (doble tratamiento), sin que se encontrara correlación alguna entre la severidad de la enfermedad, recuperación y número de tratamientos. Doce casos (27%) recibieron también algún tratamiento antibacteriano. Todos los casos de theileriosis se presentaron en ganado exótico o nacido de ganado exótico (importado) y 64% de los casos ocurrieron en ganado bajo los seis meses de edad. La temperatura bajó inmediatamente después del tratamiento, normalizándose dos o tres días después de tratamiento (bajo 39.5°C). De los 45 casos tratados 43 se recuperaron. Se informa una mortalidad previa de 60% en ganado importado no tratado contra theileriosis en Iraq.

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Efficacite De La Parvaquone Pour Le Traitement De La Theileriose Naturelle Des Bovins En Irak

Résumé La parvaquone a été essayée pour le traitement de bovins infectés parTheileria annulata lorsqu'ils étaient présentés aux cliniques des environs de Bagdad. Sur plus de 200 cas présentés pour suspicion de theilériose entre juillet 1984 et juillet 1985, le médicament a été utilisé dans 45 cas où la theilériose était confirmée par l'examen microscopique du sang et de biopsies de ganglions lymphatiques, 27 cas étaient considérés comme des atteintes modérées et 18 comme des cas graves. Les poids des animaux étaient estimés à l'oeil et la parvaquone administrée par voie intra-musculaire à la dose normale de 20 mg/kg (soit 16 à 35 mg/kg). Un traitement unique à la parvaquone a été pratiqué dans 25 cas et il a du être renouvelé dans 20 cas mais il n'y avait pas corrélation entre la gravité des symptômes et le nombre de traitements requis. Dans 12 cas (27%) une thérapie antibactérienne a également été mise en oeuvre. Tous les malades étaient des animaux importés ou issus d'animaux importés et dans 64% des cas les animaux étaient âgés de moins de 6 mois. Les températures ont chuté immédiatement après le traitement et, pour la plupart, étaient normales (moins de 39°5) deux à trois jours après le traitement—sur 45 animaux traités, 43 ont guéri. Ces résultats apparaissent très favorables par rapport à la mortalité de 66% rapportée antérieurement et affectant les bovins non traités en Irak.