Parameter estimation of the carbon oxidation process of the activated sludge model using respirometry

A new hybrid respirometer is used to measure the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of COD aerobic biodegradation process. Parameter identification and estimation of carbon oxidation process of an Activated Sludge Model are studied by combining the OUR data and mathematical fitting of curves. Coefficients of variation (CVs) for the three combined parameters estimated are below 13% for activated sludge from a laboratory and below 8% for activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. For single parameter estimation, the CVs are below 25% and below 10%, respectively. High measurement frequency and precision of the hybrid respirometer can improve the precision of parameter estimation. Initial concentrations of the substrate and the activated sludge of the respirometric experiment are key conditions that must be optimized to obtain high precision parameter estimation due to their effect on OUR curve characteristics.     

Study on Factors Affecting the Activated Sludge Bulking and Its Control

In this paper,the concept,types and mechanism of activated sludge bulking were introduced.The factors affecting the sludge bulking were discussed from the aspects of wastewater quality,such as wastewater with high content of carbon hydrate,decayed wastewater,wastewater with toxic substance,wastewater with unbalanced content of N and P and wastewater with low pH value;the environment conditions such as flowing state of the flow,operation manner,variation of water quality and other factors(pH,temperature,nutrition) etc.And also,the emergency controlling,environment controlling and process operating controlling methods are put forward for controlling activated sludge bulking.     

Advance in New Technology of Biological Nutrient Removal

General situation studying on new technology of biological nutrient removal is summarized, such as the principle of denitrifying dephosphataion and factors affecting it , such as pH, DO, SRT, MISS etc. The principle of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification and factors affecting it are given, such as carbon source, DO, the property of activated sludge ect. The principle of shortcut nitrification -denitrification and factors affecting it is also given such as temperature, pH, the concentration of ammonia, DO etc. The principle of anaerobic ammonium oxidation and factors affecting if is proposed such as stayer, pH, temperature etc. The technics and its peculiarity of these new technology of biological nutrient removal is commented.     

污泥膨胀的原因及其控制方法

污泥膨胀不仅影响出水水质,增大污泥的处理费用,而且极易引起大量污泥流失,严重时可导致整个处理工艺失败。污泥膨胀分为丝状菌性污泥膨胀和非丝状菌性污泥膨胀,主要影响因素有污水水质、溶解氧、污泥负荷、冲击负荷以及运行方式和处理工艺等。通过临时控制措施、工艺设计控制措施、工艺运行控制措施可有效解决污泥膨胀问题。尽管当前有一些理论解释污泥膨胀问题,如表面积/容积比(A/V)假说,动力学理论,饥饿假说理论、NO假设,但缺乏充分的实验证明模型适用与否。需进一步完善污泥膨胀理论,为控制污泥膨胀提供严谨的理论依据。     

HA的存在对活性污泥吸附Cu2+的影响

为探讨HA、金属Cu²⁺以及活性污泥三者间的相互作用关系,研究了在HA存在下,不同吸附时间、pH值、Cu²⁺质量浓度以及温度对活性污泥吸附Cu²⁺的影响,并从热力学、吸附前后活性污泥性状以及红外光谱等角度分析了活性污泥吸附Cu²⁺机理。结果表明,当活性污泥为2 g/L、HA质量浓度为50 mg/L、pH=6,Cu²⁺质量浓度为50 mg/L时,经过90 min达到吸附平衡,Cu²⁺吸附量为45.98 mg/L,吸附率达到91.96%。研究发现,HA可以削弱Cu²⁺对活性污泥的毒性,活性污泥吸附Cu²⁺主要依靠氢键力和偶极间力,而多糖类、脂类C-O及苯环C-H等官能团在吸附过程中发挥着主要作用。     

活性污泥降解植物纤维容器的研究

生物可降解塑料的开发已经成为目前的研究热点之一,而活性污泥法是常用的评价高分子材料的生物可降解性的方法。以活性污泥的干燥固体总质量(TS)和活性污泥的挥发性固体含量(VS)为考察指标,分析活性污泥对于聚丙烯(PP)、纸制、植物纤维(稻壳)餐具的降解能力。实验结果表明,在降解期间(21 d),纸制餐具降解速度最快,且降解程度最大,植物纤维餐具降解程度低于纸制,而聚丙烯餐具基本不降解。增加降解物的表面积和提高活性污泥与降解物的比值,有利于降解物的降解。     

棉油泥的综合开发利用

随着棉花产能和市场对棉油需求的增加,棉油加工企业在棉油精炼过程中产生出数量十分可观的下脚料———棉油泥,因此,充分开发利用棉油泥已成为研究的焦点。以分析棉油泥的化学成分为入口,论述了脂肪酸钠、甘油三酯、脂肪酸、磷脂和棉酚的开发和利用现状。结果表明,棉油泥可以用在食品、医药、日用品、能源和采矿等领域,是一种蕴含巨大价值的天然资源,值得大规模综合开发。     

Activated Sludge Settling Process in the Batch Settling Tests

Based on the batch settling tests,the discipline of zone and compression settling activated sludge are studied.The parameters of Vesilind form used for estimation of stirred zone settling are determined by the experimental measurement and experiential formula,and the significant differences between them are found.According to the regression relation between height of the sludge blanket(SBH) and time,a mathematical model describing compression settling is(advanced) and the methods for its parameters estimation are structured.Furthermore,the validation of the model is(approved) by the experiments. From the model,the authors deduce a theoretical equation for determining the change-over point where the compression settling commences,and a new experiential velocity function of compression settling related to the settling time,initial sludge concentration and SBH.     

Sludge Treatment and Energy Consumption of Urban Water Plant

This paper introduces the composition and the treatment process of sludge and energy consumption of dewaterizers in urban water treatment plant, the new development of sludge treatment techniques and the comprehensive uses of the sludge are evaluated. The calculation formulas for power consumption and economical benefit of wastewater recovery are presented with examples, offering a basis for economical evaluation to energy consumption of the technology of wastewater recovery in water works .     

Thermogravimetric study on the pyrolysis performance and its impactfactors of several kinds of typical industrial sludge

Thermogravimetric analysis is used to determine the pyrolysis performance of three types of industrial sludge and their mixed samples at different pyrolysis temperature,sample diameter,heating rate,pyrolysis pressure and adding different metal element compounds.At the same time,the pyrolysis mechanism equations and pyrolysis reaction parameters are obtained.The results indicate that the pyrolysis temperature,sample diameter,heating rate,pyrolysis pressure play an important role in the pyrolysis process for industrial sludge.The metals element compounds can improve the pyrolysis performance of industrial sludge.The pyrolysis reaction progression is respectively 1,1.5,and 2.0 in low,medium and high temperature segment for three types of industrial sludge,the pyrolysis character of mixed sludge isn't obviously changed.The pyrolysis characters of the industrial sludge are alike as the coal residue,the activation energy and the frequency factors are smaller at the initial pyrolysis process,they are increased with the increase of the pyrolysis temperature.The activation energy and the frequency factors are enhanced at the end of pyrolysis.     

Influence of DO on Nitrification of Municipal Wastewater with Low C/N Ratio

Through the test on activated sludge in SBR reactor,the influence of DO on nitrification is studied.First,through a 195d continuous test,to maintain the DO concentration of nitrifying system at a low level,if the DO is in range between 0.2 mg/l(start) ~0.6 mg/l(end) there will be high NH+4-N reduction and the nitrification ratio will reach 50~90%;Second,according to the regularity of DO in a cycle,12h as a react time is proper.If the react time of 16h is taken,it will be a traditional nitrification.At last,through bottle reactors,it can be concluded that when the DO concentration of system rise,NH+4-N the reduction ratio will rise too,but the nitrification ratio will drop,the NH+4-N reduces and the nitrification ratio can be calculated from a formula.     

苎麻骨纤维餐具降解性能研究

为了了解苎麻骨纤维餐具的降解规律,为其规模化生产提供依据,采用活性污泥法对其生物降解性能进行了研究。以生物降解率为考察指标,分析活性污泥对于聚丙烯(PP)、滤纸、苎麻骨纤维餐具、纸浆模塑餐具和塑料淀粉餐具的降解能力。结果表明,在降解期间（28天）,滤纸降解速度最快,纸浆模塑餐具次之,苎麻骨纤维餐具降解程度低于纸制,生物降解率达到60.59%。而聚丙烯餐具和塑料淀粉餐具基本不降解。增加降解物的表面积和提高活性污泥与降解物的比值,有利于苎麻骨纤维餐具的降解。     

Effect of Nitrite on Anaerobic Metabolism of Phosphate Accumulating Organisms

Two enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) sludges were used to investigate the effect of nitrite on anaerobic metabolism of phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs). It is found that tolerance of PAOs to nitrite in two sludges were different. In the sludge with enriched PAOs cultures treating synthetic wastewater, when nitrite is above 10 mg/L, it inhibits VFA-uptake of PAOs, leading to decrease of PHA synthesis and increase of phosphate release. In the sludge with nitrogen and phosphorus removal by shortcut nitrification treating real domestic wastewater, anaerobic metabolism of PAOs is not inhibited even when nitrite is 30 mg/L; however, the presence of nitrite in anaerobic period causes denitrifying bacteria compete for limited carbon sources with PAOs, resulting in decrease of PHA synthesis and phosphate release. For the enriched PAOs cultures, the ratio of P/VFA obviously increases when nitrite is added in the reactor, indicating increased energy requirement for PAOs to take up VFA. The quantification results for PAOs in two sludges using fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) show that the PAOs level is 55% in the enriched PAOs cultures, and 7.6% in the sludge with nitrogen and phosphorus removal by shortcut nitrification.     

Effects of Free Ammonium and pH on Partial Nitrification Process

Through an activated sludge SBR reactor,the authors study the influence of FA concentration and pH on the partial nitrification of low C/N nitric wastewater.It can be known that low C/N nitric wastewater can realize stable nitrite accumulation to 90%.Maintaining the pH between 6.5~8.5 is suitable for the growth of ammonium oxidation bacteria.While FA rising,the inhibition of ammonium oxidation bacteria is quick,but nitrite oxidation bacteria's is slow.By(adapting) for some time,ammonium oxidation bacteria gain the dominance,and nitrite oxidation bacteria in pessimum,which leads to the nitrite accumulation.Relatively high FA concentration is avail for the competition of ammonium oxidation bacteria.Suitable FA concentration is 7~10 mg/L.Process with long MCRT can not realize stable partial nitrification.The bacillar sludge is its typical feature.     

Effect of UPC on Energy Distribution and Blast Furnace Smelting Process

The effect of UPC on energy distribution and each smelting index of blast furnace smelting process under a large amount of injection coal with oxygen enriched by an energy management optimizing and expert prognosis system is discussed.[WT5HZ]     

绿色低碳约束下重庆能源DEA效率实证分析

客观评价重庆能源投入产出效益,探究环境污染、能源消费和经济增长之间的关系,进行能源结构优化,是当前重庆能源消耗走向绿色低碳方向发展面临的重大问题,也是重庆制定节能减排政策、能源发展战略和经济规划的重要基础。本文将能源投入和经济社会等产出因子科学分组,运用数据包络分析技术（DEA）,通过构建的能源需求结构方程以及DEA模型,对重庆能源消费进行了一系列DEA实证研究,得到了重庆能源投入产出规模效率在不同历史时期、不同阶段的变化规律,获取了能源冗余投入（径向改进和松驰改进）值、规模效应值、综合技术效率值和纯技术效率值,确定了DEA弱有效、DEA强有效、DEA完全有效的生产前沿面,并在此基础上对2016-2020年重庆能源结构进行了优化。研究成果可以为确定重庆能源绿色低碳发展方向、优化“十三五”重庆能源消费结构提供科学依据。     

Comparison and Improvement of SBR Dynamic Method

SBR method is the short for intermittent sequencing batch freatment that is an ideal techmology to order a certain amount of intermittent operation of the activated sludge treatment process. SBR which is currently an in-depth study of the biological wastewater treatment technology is a simple process, the effect of stability, small footprint, and strong resistance to shock load and has good advantages of nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacity. This study first analyzes and discusses substrate degradation process of SBR method , compares among several different SBR methods, and then derives microbial growth and substrate degradation kinetics relationship with a view to promoting the progress of the work in this area.     

Simulation Analysis on Decreasing Vibration of Motorcycle Engine Suspension System

With the development of high-speed and high-power, the motorcycle vibration from engine become one of the major factors affecting the performances of motorcycle. Elastic suspension structure is adopted between the engine and frame for the vibration during the process of designing a certain type of motorcycle with 200 cc engine in some enterprise.Through optimization of the suspension system performance parameters, inherent frequency of suspension system keeping away from the activated frequency of engine in common use is essential. Isolation performance is improved and the vibration is solved. As a result, the comfort is improved.     

Improved AHP Assessment and Grey Relational Analysis Model for Optimizing Waterworks Sludge Treatment Process

The goal of AHP Grey Relational Analysis model is to solve problems during selecting the best waterworks sludge treatment process.And grey Relational Analysis is to confirm the compactness between the ideal process and candidate process.Moreover, weighting system was determined by the three mark matrix and consistency analysis of judgment matrix for traditional AHP was improved by the optimum transfer matrix.Base on these theories, AHP GRA model was established.A case study was addressed with the selection of waterworks sludge treatment process in Chongqing.It is found that this model is legitimate and credible.