日粮中添加延胡索酸对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵的影响

利用体外培养试验,通过测定培养24h后培养液pH值、BCP、NH3-N、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和TVFA等各项指标,综合评定了奶牛日粮中添加延胡索酸后对瘤胃发酵功能的影响。结果表明,与对照组比较,添加4mmol/L、7mmol/L的延胡索酸试验组的培养液pH值显著提高(P<0.05);添加4mmol/L和10mmol/L延胡索酸试验组BCP含量显著提高(P<0.05)。添加各剂量延胡索酸对培养液NH3-N含量均没有显著的影响。添加4mmol/L、7mmol/L处理组均提高了培养液的乙酸(P<0.05)和丙酸(P<0.05),添加10mmol/L处理组提高了丙酸(P<0.05)浓度,降低了丁酸(P<0.05)。     

日粮中添加延胡索酸对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵的影响

利用体外培养试验,通过测定培养24h后培养液pH值、BCP、NH3-N、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和TVFA等各项指标,综合评定了奶牛日粮中添加延胡索酸后对瘤胃发酵功能的影响.结果表明,与对照组比较,添加4mmol/L、7mmol/L的延胡索酸试验组的培养液pH值显著提高(P＜0.05);添加4mmol/L和10mmol/L延胡索酸试验组BCP含量显著提高(P＜0.05).添加各剂量延胡索酸对培养液NH3-N含量均没有显著的影响.添加4mmol/L、7mmol/L处理组均提高了培养液的乙酸(P＜0.05)和丙酸(P＜0.05),添加10mmol/L处理组提高了丙酸(P＜0.05)浓度,降低了丁酸(P＜0.05).     

苹果酸对内蒙古白绒山羊瘤胃发酵的影响

试验选用4头带有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊作为瘤胃液供体羊,以2种不同精粗比(2:8和3:7)的粗料型日粮为培养底物,研究不同苹果酸添加量(0、3、6、9和12 mmol/L)对内蒙古白绒山羊瘤胃发酵的影响.结果表明,不同精粗比日粮下,产气量、氨氮浓度、TVFA浓度及干物质(DM)降解率均是3:7日粮的较高,而pH以2:8日粮略高,差异均不显著.添加苹果酸后,3:7日粮在培养2和18h后,各试验组产气量、TVFA浓度、DM降解率均比对照组高,差异显著;而氨氮浓度是6和9mmol/,L组均显著高于对照组;2:8日粮在培养24 h后,各试验组的产气量、TVFA浓度、DM降解率和氨氮浓度均高于对照组,但差异不显著;pH在2种日粮下均降低,培养2和4 h,差异显著,但最终pH都超过6.30,适合正常瘤胃内环境的pH.     

粗料日粮下添加苹果酸对内蒙古白绒山羊瘤胃TVFA浓度的影响

选用4头带有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊作为瘤胃液供体羊,以两种不同精粗比的粗料型日粮为培养底物,研究不同苹果酸添加量(0、3、6、9、12mmol/l)对内蒙古白绒山羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸动态变化的影响。结果表明:不同精粗比日粮下乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及TVFA浓度均以3:7日粮组较高,乙丙比以2:8日粮组较高,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。添加苹果酸后,3:7日粮组乙酸、丙酸浓度在培养4、8、18和24h后显著升高(P<0.05);丁酸浓度3mmol/l组高于对照组,9mmol/l组低于对照组,差异均不显著(P>0.05);而2:8日粮组乙酸、丙酸浓度在培养8、18h后显著升高(P<0.05);丁酸浓度在培养8、12和24h后升高,但差异不显著(P>0.05);乙丙比在两种日粮下均极显著降低(P<0.01);TVFA浓度在两种日粮下均升高,培养4、8、18h差异是显著的(P<0.05)。     

粗料日粮下添加苹果酸对内蒙古白绒山羊瘤胃TVFA浓度的影响

选用4只带有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊作为瘤胃液供体羊,以2种不同精粗比的粗料型日粮为培养底物,研究不同苹果酸添加量(0,3,6,9,12 mmol/L)对内蒙古白绒山羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸动态变化的影响.结果表明:不同精粗比日粮下乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及TVFA浓度均以3:7日粮组较高,乙酸和丙酸之比以2:8日粮组较高,差异均不显著(P >0.05).添加苹果酸后,3:7日粮组乙酸、丙酸浓度在培养4,8,18和24 h后显著升高(P<0.05);丁酸浓度3 mmol/ L组高于对照组,9 mmol/L组低于对照组,差异均不显著(P >0.05);而2:8日粮组乙酸、丙酸浓度在培养8,18 h后显著升高(P<0.05);丁酸浓度在培养8,12和24 h后升高,但差异不显著(P >0.05);乙酸和丙酸之比在2种日粮下均极显著降低(P<0.01);TVFA浓度在2种日粮下均升高,培养4,8,18 h差异是显著的(P<0.05).     

奶牛不同品质的粗饲料日粮中添加不同浓度的异戊酸对其培养液VFA和BCP产量的影晌研究

本试验以荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物.用体外批次培养试验法.选择瘤胃调控剂异戊酸(1.25、2.50、5.00、10.00mg/g).以奶牛3种不同品质的粗饲料日粮(分别以苜蓿干草、羊草、玉米秸秆为主的粗饲料日粮)为底物进行了体外培养试验.主要研究了奶牛3种不同品质的粗饲料日粮中分别添加不同浓度的异戊酸对其培养液VFA和BCP浓度的影响.其结果为:(1)试验组培养液总VFA和BCP各时间点平均值显著高于对照组(P<0.05).试验组培养液乙酸、丙酸、丁酸各时间点平均值均高于对照组.(2)在3种不同品质的粗料日粮中,异戊酸对以玉米秸杆为主的粗饲料日粮体外发酵效果作用更明显.(3)在以苜蓿为主的粗饲料日粮中.异戊酸最适添加量为5.00mg/g;在以羊草为主的粗饲料日粮中.异戊酸最适添加量为5.00mg/g;在以玉米秸杆为主的粗饲料日粮中,异戊酸最适添加量为10.00mg/g.     

日粮中添加戊酸对奶牛体外发酵部分指标的影响

本试验以装有瘤胃瘘管的3头荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,利用体外批次培养试验法.研究了在奶牛三种不同品质的粗饲料日粮中分别添加不同浓度的戊酸(1.25、2.50、5.00、10.00mg/g)对其体外发酵pH、氨氮(NH3-N)浓度和气体产量的影响.结果表明:(1)培养液pH值均随着培养时间的延长呈逐渐下降的趋势,但各试验组和对照组均值差异不显著(P>0.05).(2)培养液NH3-N浓度的变化趋势基本一致.随着培养时间的延长,培养液NH3-N浓度在3～6 h降低,9～24 h又逐渐升高.(3)培养液气体产量的变化均随培养时间的延长呈逐渐的上升趋势.     

体外产气法研究牛至油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特性和甲烷产量的影响

本试验采用体外产气法研究在体外培养液中添加牛至油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特性和甲烷产量的影响。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,在培养液中分别添加0(对照)、100、200、300和400 mg/L牛至油,每组5个重复。发酵12 h后,测定总产气量、甲烷产量及培养液p H,总氮、氨氮、尿素氮、蛋白氮浓度及挥发性脂肪酸浓度和比例。结果表明:1)培养液中添加100、200、300和400 mg/L牛至油均显著升高了培养液p H(P0.05);高添加水平(300、400 mg/L)的牛至油显著降低了培养液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和丙酸比例(P0.05),显著升高了培养液乙酸比例和乙酸/丙酸(P0.05),抑制了瘤胃发酵。2)与对照组相比,除100 mg/L牛至油组外,其余各试验组培养液氨氮浓度均显著降低(P0.05)。3)高添加水平(300、400 mg/L)的牛至油在显著降低甲烷产量的同时也显著降低了总产气量(P0.05)。由此可知,牛至油能调控瘤胃发酵和降低甲烷产量,但过高添加水平对绵羊瘤胃发酵有抑制作用,体外条件下最适添加水平为200 mg/L。     

甲壳素的瘤胃降解率及其对人工瘤胃发酵参数的影响

试验研究了甲壳素在瘤胃中的降解率及其对瘤胃发酵参数的影响,旨在为甲壳素在反刍动物日粮中的应用提供理论依据.试验一:选用两头安装有瘤胃瘘管的奶牛为试验牛,采用尼龙袋法测定8个时间点(0、2、4、8、12、24、36、72 h)甲壳素的瘤胃降解率.结果表明,甲壳素在奶牛瘤胃中前36 h未发生降解,之后随时间的延长,其降解率有升高的趋势,在72 h甲壳素的降解率达到12.62％.试验二:采集内蒙古半细毛羯羊的瘤胃液,配制人工瘤胃体外培养液,以紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦混合干草为发酵底物,在底物中分别添加0、1％、2％、4％和8％的甲壳素,在适宜条件下体外培养24 h,研究不同甲壳素添加水平对人工瘤胃干草发酵参数的影响.结果表明,随甲壳素添加水平的升高,人工瘤胃中产气量、pH和干物质降解率均呈现不同程度的二次曲线下降趋势,而氨氮含量呈现一次线性或二次曲线变化.     

苹果酸对山羊瘤胃发酵的影响

以4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的本地山羊为试验动物,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究苹果酸(0、5、10和15g/d)对山羊瘤胃发酵的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加苹果酸显著提高了瘤胃pH和丙酸比例(P<0.05),并显著降低了NH3-N、乳酸浓度和乙丙比(A/P)(P<0.05)。添加苹果酸后8 h时,5 g/d和10 g/d处理组的乳酸浓度分别比对照组降低了31%(P<0.05)和29%(P<0.05);添加苹果酸后2 h时,10 g/d和15 g/d处理组的NH3-N浓度均比对照组降低了30%(P<0.05)。10 g/d和15 g/d处理组乙丙比日平均值分别比对照组降低了12%(P<0.05)和22%(P<0.01);但各处理组总挥发性脂肪酸浓度(TVFA)未见明显变化。结果提示,日粮添加苹果酸可以改变瘤胃发酵类型,明显提高丙酸比例,促进乳酸和NH3-N的利用。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。