北方产区花生品种黑斑病抗性鉴定

为筛选花生黑斑病抗源材料，以50个花生品种为材料，在山东省莱西市田间开展黑斑病抗性调查，并在温室条件下对其中7份材料进一步开展抗性鉴定。结果表明，不同花生品种在田间对黑斑病抗性存在差异，共获得4份中等抗病材料；在温室接种条件下，3份材料鉴定为中等抗病。综合田间自然发病和温室人工接种鉴定结果，获得冀农G94、豫花47号和晋花10号3份中抗黑斑病的材料。     

花生对根结线虫病的抗性鉴定

对自然病田—人造病圃鉴定入选的２ 份高抗花生根结线虫病的材料和３ 份中抗材料及新搜集的９ 份花生种质资源进行了温室与微区接种鉴定;提出了不同试验条件下花生抗病程度的划分标准。在温室和微区鉴定中,２ 份入选的高抗材料中的１ 份表现为中抗,１ 份入选的中抗材料表现为中感。新搜集的９ 份资源中Ｄ１３ 表现高抗,Ｄ７ 在温室试验中表现中抗,Ｄ１４ 在微区试验中表现为耐病。有４０％的材料在不同试验条件下所表现出抗病程度不完全一致。     

野生大豆抗花叶病毒病研究

通过对800余份野生大豆对大豆花叶病毒抗性的接种鉴定,总结出适合于野生大豆抗花叶病毒病的鉴定方法。筛选出植株抗病材料2份,中抗材料11份,其余的材料都表现中等以上的感病。植株抗性与种籽传病率有一定关系但不呈正相关,选出5份种籽传病率稳定表现为零的材料。没有发现能抗大豆花叶病毒东北三个株系的材料。探讨了野生条件下不发或很少发生花叶病毒病的原因。     

小麦成株期抗条锈病种质筛选与评价

为了给培育持久性抗条锈病小麦品种提供抗源,利用此前温室鉴定的48份小麦抗病种质于2006~2010年利用多个小麦条锈菌流行小种在陕西杨凌进行分小种、混合小种人工接种抗条锈病鉴定,并在甘肃天水自然发病条件下进行了抗条锈病鉴定。结果表明,供试材料中26份有较好的成株期抗性;结合农艺性状和白粉病抗性的综合表现以及天水自然发病鉴定圃的抗病表现,筛选出16份具有成株期广谱抗条锈性的小麦抗源,其它部分农家种和国外引进种质虽然具有良好的成株期抗条锈性,但其农艺性状、生育期及抗白粉病等需要进一步改造。     

花生白绢病温室接种技术的建立和苗期抗病性鉴定

为探索温室条件下适宜花生白绢病人工接种的技术体系,对花生白绢病人工接种技术进行了系统的研究。通过比较5种接种技术,发现带菌燕麦粒贴茎法和撒表土法的发病效果较好,可以作为花生白绢病温室抗性鉴定的接种方法,其中带菌燕麦粒撒表土法比贴茎法更易操作;不同量(1~5粒)的带菌燕麦粒撒表土法接种花生幼苗的病情指数差异不显著,但以接种4粒燕麦粒病害发展速度最快;15~35d苗龄的花生幼苗接种带菌燕麦粒后,病情指数差异不显著。本研究建立的接种技术白绢病发病快,发病率达到100%,最大病情指数为89.2。利用该技术在温室内对19个花生品种/系进行了苗期白绢病抗病性鉴定,大部分材料中感或高感,仅中花16表现相对抗性。     

茉莉花白绢病露天接种技术及盆栽抗病性鉴定

为了鉴定茉莉花资源对白绢病的抗性,从主产区广西横县的病株分离白绢病菌株,以横县双瓣茉莉花为材料,对露天条件下茉莉花白绢病接种方法进行了研究,并对盆栽的不同茉莉花品种（系）进行接种,采用相对抗病程度评价法鉴定供试材料的抗病性。结果表明：（1）在5种接种方法中,带菌燕麦粒埋土法的病情指数、发病率最高,分别为47.93%、86.67%,可以作为茉莉花白绢病露天接种方法;以此法接种后0~24 d期间,随着苗龄增加,发病率及病情指数呈降低趋势,1年生盆栽发病最迅速,病情指数也一直最高,20年生的发病最慢,病情指数一直最低;（2）供试的18份茉莉花品种（系）中,有抗病品种（系）5个、中感品种（系）6个、高感品种（系）7个,其中J0718的相对抗性指数最高,虎头茉莉和J1836最容易感染茉莉花白绢病,横县双瓣茉莉属中感品种;（3）供试的其他8份素馨属资源中,迎春花的相对抗性指数为0.93,为高抗品种;抗病品种4个,包括耳叶茉莉、扭肚藤、厚叶素馨及浓香茉莉,高抗及抗病品种占62.50%,可为茉莉花抗性育种提供种质资源;（4）在抗病及高感种质资源中,都有单瓣、双瓣及多瓣类型,不宜仅依据瓣型来判断抗性强弱。     

大豆对紫斑病抗性鉴定方法的研究

本研究通过自然发病和人工接种鉴定了不同大豆品种对紫斑病的抗性，旨在建立大豆对紫斑病抗性鉴定方法，为大豆品种资源抗性筛选创造条件。对不同成熟期的37个大豆品种在自然条件下对紫斑病的抗性调查结果表明，大豆紫斑病的发生受气候条件、大豆成熟期和品种抗性的影响，由于避免了病害发生的有利时期，晚熟大豆品种紫斑病发生很轻或不发病。1998年和1999年，分别在防虫网室和温室人工接种鉴定45份大豆种质，两次的鉴定结果均表明大豆品种间对紫斑病的抗病性存在显著差异，但在温室条件下大豆紫斑病平均病情指数显著低于网室条件下的试验结果。为提高大豆对紫斑病抗性鉴定的准确性，建议不同成熟期的品种同期鉴定时可对早熟品种进行摘花，保证接种时接种荚荚龄一致；对接种荚进行标记；设立高感对照；鉴定为抗病的材料进行重复鉴定。     

156份小麦种质资源的纹枯病抗性鉴定与评价

为筛选在育种和生产上可利用的纹枯病稳定抗源,采用温室牙签接种法对156份小麦种质资源进行了纹枯病抗性鉴定。结果表明,供试材料存在纹枯病抗性差异,共筛选出36份两年表现稳定中抗及以上的种质材料,包括10份国内改良品种,16份美国引进小麦材料和10份小麦-华山新麦草后代材料。其中,Y-83-1和Y-83-3两年表现稳定抗病,且农艺性状较好,可作为抗小麦纹枯病育种的稳定抗源。     

2009-2018年陕西省小麦区试品种(系)抗主要病害趋势分析

为了解2009-2018年陕西省区试小麦品种(系)对条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病三种主要病害的抗性变化趋势,对来自陕西省各育种单位提供的1 200份小麦品种(系)进行三种病害的成株期人工接种鉴定。结果表明,1 200份材料中,879份材料对条锈病表现抗病,303份材料对白粉病表现抗病,295份材料对赤霉病表现抗病,分别占鉴定材料总数的73.25%、25.25%和24.58%。其中,对条锈病表现免疫(近免疫)、高抗和中抗的分别有136份、223份和520份,分别占鉴定材料总数的11.33%、18.58%和43.33%;对白粉病表现免疫(近免疫)、高抗、中抗的分别有7份、111份和185份,分别占鉴定材料总数的0.58%、9.25%和15.42%;对赤霉病表现高抗、中抗的分别有107份和188份,分别占鉴定材料总数的8.92%和15.67%,没有发现对赤霉病免疫的品种(系)。供试材料除抗条锈病频率10年间保持基本平稳外,抗白粉病和赤霉病以及兼抗频率均表现先上升后下降的趋势。西农837、XC-29、西农223、9916、9925、陕943、惠麦286等20个品种(系)对1～3种病害具有较好抗性,可作为抗病品种推广或作为抗源材料。鉴定结果表明,2009-2018年陕西省区试小麦品种(系)对条锈病的抗性水平整体较高,对赤霉病与白粉病的抗性整体较差,应当加强综合抗病育种。     

玉米种质抗灰斑病鉴定与评价

对40份常用玉米自交系和22份回交群体(导入系)进行抗灰斑病鉴定与评价,筛选出对灰斑病表现高抗自交系1份、抗病自交系3份、中抗自交系9份及多份抗病回交导入后代。研究结果表明,在供试玉米种质中多数自交系表现为感病,抗病种质较少。采用回交育种方法进行玉米灰斑病抗性改良,在受体与供体均为抗病材料的后代中抗病株率较高;在受体为感病材料、供体为抗病材料的后代中存在一定数量的抗病株。     

Donors for Resistance to Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens(St?l) from Wild Rice Species

Out of 1 989 wild accessions sown in seed boxes for screening, only 1 003 wild accessions with good germination were screened against brown planthopper(BPH), Nilaparvata lugens(St?l) under greenhouse conditions. The collection comprised of accessions from 11 wild species and African cultivated rice. The germplasm was screened for BPH following standard seed box screening technique in the greenhouse. As many as 159 accessions were identified as resistant during the year 2012 based on one year screening. A selected set of BPH resistant accessions were screened again during 2013. Based on the two years screening, seven accessions of O. nivara(AA), one accession of O. officinalis(CC), seven accessions of O. australiensis(EE), five accessions of O. punctata(BB and BBCC) and nine accessions of O. latifolia(CCDD) were confirmed to be resistant to BPH. So far no BPH resistance genes have been identified and designated from O. nivara and O. punctata, hence these may act as new sources of resistance.     

Phenotypic identification of peanut germplasm for resistance to southern stem rot

Southern stem rot, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., is a destructive soil fungal disease of peanut in China and other countries. To evaluate resistant germplasm, a total of 256 peanut accessions were investigated on their resistance to southern stem rot in 3 environments by artificial inoculation. Variance analysis indicated that disease index was significantly influenced by environment, genotype and genotype ​× ​environment interactions. Peanut accessions of var. vulgaris type exhibited higher resistance to southern stem rot. Disease index was significantly negatively correlated with linoleic acid content, while positively correlated with oleic acid content. Six resistant accessions were identified, including Hua 28, Shandongzai, ICG 6326, Quanhua 7, Quanhua 9 and Guihua 836, with their disease indexes under 40 and mortality were less than 30% in the three environments. The identified resistant accessions showed the great potential to be applied in resistant peanut breeding, and would be good genetic resources for enhancing the resistance to southern stem rot.     

Donors for Resistance to Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) from Wild Rice Species

Out of 1 989 wild accessions sown in seed boxes for screening, only 1 003 wild accessions with good germination were screened against brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) under greenhouse conditions. The collection comprised of accessions from 11 wild species and African cultivated rice. The germplasm was screened for BPH following standard seed box screening technique in the greenhouse. As many as 159 accessions were identified as resistant during the year 2012 based on one year screening. A selected set of BPH resistant accessions were screened again during 2013. Based on the two years screening, seven accessions of O. nivara (AA), one accession of O. officinalis (CC), seven accessions of O. australiensis (EE), five accessions of O. punctata (BB and BBCC) and nine accessions of O. latifolia (CCDD) were confirmed to be resistant to BPH. So far no BPH resistance genes have been identified and designated from O. nivara and O. punctata, hence these may act as new sources of resistance.     

Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) resistant/susceptibility of native apple germplasm from eastern Turkey

This study aimed to determine the resistance/susceptibility to fire blight of apple germplasm resources from the province of Erzincan in eastern Turkey. In total, 32 native apple accessions from four regions within the province were tested under greenhouse conditions by inoculating the shoot tips with pathogenic bacterium. Shoot tips were wounded for inoculation. Genotypical susceptibility index (GSI%) values were computed for each genotype based on the length of the lesion that developed on each shoot. Accessions were grouped into five classes of resistance/susceptibility, as follows: Class A (resistant); Class B (moderately resistant); Class C (moderately susceptible); Class D (susceptible); and Class E (highly susceptible). GSI% values differed significantly among accessions (p < 0.01). Five accessions received a rating of Class A, and 7 accessions received a rating of Class B. This was followed by 9 accessions with a rating of Class C, 5 accessions with a rating of Class D and 6 accessions with a rating of Class E. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to breeding efforts with respect to apple resistance to fire blight.     

我国大豆核心种质南方材料对SMV流行株系的抗性评价

用人工接种方法,研究我国南方大豆核心种质93份野生大豆和99份栽培品种对黄淮与南方大豆产区SMV流行株系（SC-3、SC-7）和北方大豆产区流行株系(SC-11、SC-13）的抗性。结果显示,栽培大豆樟潭大青豆对4个株系表现无症状,ZYD03715、ZYD04257、上饶青皮豆3份材料对除SC-7外的3个株系表现无症状,5份材料（ZYD04203、ZYD04856、82-16、82-24和渠县八月黄）对SC-3和SC-7两个株系表现无症状,另有8、2、4份材料分别对SC-3、SC-7、SC-13表现无症状。参试材料中,免疫、高抗和高感材料较少,中度抗性的材料所占比例较高;来自四川的17份材料抗性较好。     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper （Laodelphax striatellus） and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper (SBPH) (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén) by the modified seedbox screening test. Twenty-five rice accessions with different levels of resistance to SBPH were detected, accounting for 18.1% of the total accessions, which included 2 highly resistant, 9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties. Compared with indica rice, japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH. Antixenosis test, antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism. The resistant check Rathu Heenati (RHT), highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath, and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH, indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties. Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis. Dular, ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis, indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties. The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis, whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH, suggesting tolerance in these three varieties. Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311. Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A. Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance. The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.     

大豆资源抗疫霉根腐病基因分析

采取下胚轴创伤接种法鉴定156份大豆资源对13个不同毒力基因型大豆疫霉菌株的抗性。结果表明,125份资源分别抗1-13个菌株,占鉴定资源总数的80.13%。125份抗性大豆资源对13个大豆疫霉菌株共产生90种反应型。通过与13个鉴别寄主的反应型比较发现,有9份大豆资源产生的5种反应型与含有已知抗病基因的大豆资源的反应型相同;12份大豆资源产生的5种反应型与已知2个抗病基因组合的反应型一致,另外,还有至少抗1个菌株的104份大豆资源产生的80种反应型,既不同于已知单个抗病基因的反应型,也不同于2个已知抗病基因组合的反应型,推测可能含有新的抗病基因或基因组合。     

水稻种质资源抗灰飞虱评价及抗性机制分析

通过改进的苗期集团筛选法,对138份水稻种质进行了抗灰飞虱鉴定与评价。筛选出对灰飞虱具有不同程度抗性的材料25份,占总鉴定材料的181%,其中高抗种质2份,抗性种质9份,中抗材料14份,粳稻品种明显比籼稻感虫。对部分材料进行的排驱性、抗生性试验及相关分析表明,Rathu Heenati(RHT)、Mudgo、Kasalath和IR36对灰飞虱具有强的排驱性和抗生性,其抗性水平与这两种抗虫机制密切相关;道人桥、羊毛谷的抗生性强,但排驱性弱,其主要抗虫机制表现为抗生性;Dular、ASD7和密阳23对灰飞虱具有较强的排驱性和抗生性,表明排驱性和抗生性是这3个品种的重要抗性类型;DV85具有较强的排驱性,但抗生性较弱,窄叶青8号和鬼衣谷具有中等水平的抗生性和排驱性,推测这3个材料具有较好的耐害特性。中抗材料9311的抗性水平由中等排驱性和抗生性控制,V20A的抗性主要表现为排驱性,明恢63和扬粳9538的排驱性和抗生性均较弱,暗示其抗性机制主要是耐害性。上述具有强抗生性或排驱性的材料是理想的抗灰飞虱资源。     

Evaluation of an Indian collection of black gram germplasm and identification of resistance sources to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus

Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) of black gram is an important production constraint in India. Black gram germplasm, consisting of 344 accessions, originally collected from different geographic regions of India and conserved in National Gene Bank at National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, India, were evaluated for their response against YMD. None of the accessions tested was found to be immune, however, considerable variation in disease response was observed among them. Of the 344 accessions, 32 showed resistance in the field during the rainy season (June–September) 2010 as assessed by coefficient of infection (CI) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). These accessions were re-evaluated during rainy season (June–September) 2011 and 2012 for their disease resistance along with yield-associated characters. Eight accessions that exhibited consistently highly resistant (HR) or resistant (R) reaction (CI ≤ 9) along with lower AUDPC value (≤650), were further evaluated following inoculation with whiteflies or via agroinoculation. Along with the resistant trait, these eight accessions were also found either similar or even better in their yield potential as compared to check. After artificial inoculation using viruliferous whiteflies under glasshouse, of the eight field-resistant accessions, response of two (IC144901 and IC001572) were categorized as HR as <10% plants exhibited minute yellow specks after 17–22 dpi. Two accessions viz. IC011613 and IC485638 showed <20% incidence with bright yellow specks or spots after 15–20 dpi and were grouped into R category. The resistance of these four accessions was further confirmed through agroinoculation of the infectious cloned viral DNA under controlled conditions. In resistant accessions low accumulation of viral DNA was observed over a period of time. These four accessions could be used in future breeding programmes to develop black gram cultivars resistant to YMD or could be used directly as varieties to manage YMD after adaption to various agro-climatic regions.