麦茎蜂幼虫休眠越冬期间环境条件对其生存的影响

麦茎蜂(Cephus sp.)是春小麦的主要蛀茎害虫。本世纪以来,国内外已有大量有关麦茎蜂发生与为害的报道。麦茎蜂的生活周期为1年1代,除成虫羽化出土进行交尾产卵的3～5d外,其余时间均在小麦茎腔内生活。以老熟幼虫在小麦根茬内结茧休眠越冬,幼虫休眠期为300余d。本文着重研究麦茎蜂幼虫在休眠越冬期间,环境条件对其生存的影响,探讨有效的生态及耕作防治措施。     

灰翅麦茎蜂成虫羽化出茧规律

灰翅麦茎蜂(Cephus fumipennis Eversmann)是甘、青两省春小麦主要蛀茎害虫。近年来,麦茎蜂为害日趋严重,受害面积不断扩大,年损失小麦数千万kg。关于麦茎蜂的防治,国内主要采取成虫期药剂防治的方法。为了掌握最佳防治时期,提高药剂防治效果,作者对不同地区麦茎蜂成虫羽化出茧规律进行了研究。     

河南邓州麦茎蜂的测报和防治

麦茎蜂（ＣｅｐｈｕｓｐｙｇｍａｅｕｓＬｉｎｎａｅｕｓ）是南阳地区小麦主要害虫之一。８０年代以来,邓州市植保站的有关技术人员对其发生规律及其生物学特性等进行了研究,现将研究结果报告如下,以期为麦茎蜂综合防治提供参考。一、麦茎蜂的预测预报１．根据其化蛹进...     

烟翅麦茎蜂生活习性与综合防治研究

烟翅麦茎蜂是取食冬、春小麦的单食性害虫，在甘肃、青海一年发生１代，以４龄老熟幼虫在根茬中滞育越夏、越冬。经研究明确了此虫的生活习性及防治方法，以大面积轮作倒茬最为有效，药剂防治以４０％甲基异柳磷乳油每ｈｍ２３．７５～４．５ｋｇ或３％颗粒剂６０～７５ｋｇ配制为毒砂土，在成虫羽化盛期地面撒施防治幼虫效果好，对成虫效果很差。     

青海省麦茎蜂的初步观察及防治对策

自70年代后期以来麦茎蜂在青海、甘肃等地区危害越来越严重,影响了春小麦产量的提高。为此,我们对该虫进行了初步观察并探讨了防治对策。 一、形态特征及危害 麦茎蜂(Cepbus pygmacus L.)成虫体长10—12mm,全身呈黑色,触角丝状,前胸长,翅膜质透明,幼虫浅黄色,体长9—10mm左右,呈“S”形,口器褐色,足退     

麦茎蜂发生情况及其天敌调查初报

对甘肃、青海地区春、冬小麦麦茎蜂及其天敌发生情况进行调查,发现灰翅麦茎蜂(Cephus fumipennis Eversmann)在甘肃地区的平均危害率为7.9%,在青海地区平均危害率为12.5%。调查发现,灰翅麦茎蜂天敌以镜面茎姬蜂(Collyria catoptron Wahl)为优势种,甘肃地区天敌寄生率为9.6%,青海地区仅为1.6%。有针对性地对麦茎蜂的发生原因进行了分析,提出了以天敌保护利用、抗虫育种为主的综合防治措施。     

机械粉碎小麦根茬防治麦茎蜂试验示范

麦茎蜂（ＣｅｐｈｕｓｆｕｍｉｐｅｎｎｉｓＥｖｅｒｓｍａｎｎ）是为害青海省春小麦的主要害虫之一。由于其卵和幼虫均生活在小麦茎秆中,老熟幼虫在土壤根茬中越冬和化蛹,隐蔽性强,化学农药难以触及,成虫羽化期不整齐,且羽化当天即交配产卵,防治效果一直不理想。因此探索简便易行、经济有效的防治方法就成为麦茎蜂防治的重要研究课题。作者从改变麦茎蜂生存环境的思路出发,在手扶拖拉机牵引旋耕器翻耕土壤的启发下,将旋耕器刀片换成自制的能锤打粉碎根茬的刀片,制成了根茬粉碎灭虫器,以此来锤打粉碎根茬,破坏了麦茎蜂的越冬环境…     

陕西关中梨茎蜂生活史及成虫发生动态

为明确陕西关中酥梨产区梨茎蜂的发生规律,为有效防治提供依据,2019年-2021年,通过田间定期取样结合黄色粘虫板监测,系统调查了梨茎蜂生活史和成虫发生动态。结果表明,梨茎蜂在陕西关中一年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在梨树被害枝条内越冬。春季梨芽萌动时,梨茎蜂越冬幼虫开始化蛹,3月中旬成虫陆续羽化出枝,3月中下旬达到高峰,雌蜂造成的折梢高峰期紧随成虫发生高峰期;4月下旬幼虫为害枝梢髓部,8月下旬幼虫老熟后在被害枝条内越冬。黄色粘虫板不仅诱杀梨茎蜂成虫,同时也诱杀蜜蜂、瓢虫、草蛉、食蚜蝇和寄生蜂等有益昆虫。因此,应抓住梨茎蜂出枝盛期诱杀防治,一旦成虫数量大幅降低,及时解除黄板。     

麦茎蜂发生规律及其防治研究

麦茎蜂属膜翅目茎蜂科,是南阳地区小麦的重要害虫之一,以幼虫取食小麦茎内组织,使麦株提前枯死形成白穗,被害株千粒重下降48—61％。我们在邓州市及有关县、市,通过人工饲养观察和田间调查,对该虫的发生规律、预测预报和防治方法进行了初步研究,现将结果整理如下。1 形态特征 成虫:体黑色,后胸背板有一梨形淡黄斑;触角丝状,长5—6mm,顶端几节略大;雌成虫     

麦茎谷蛾生物学特性及防治

麦茎谷蛾在山西南部麦区普遍发生，丘陵旱塬地区为害较重。大发生时，孕穗～灌浆期小麦被害穗率达３０％以上。药剂防治试验表明，３月上旬卵态幼虫孵化时用４０％甲基异柳磷、２０％菊马乳油等进行一次性防治，均有较好的效果。     

灰翅麦茎蜂对不同品种春小麦穗粒重的影响

在青海省湟水流域民和、西宁、大通３地田间播种１２个春小麦品种以测定灰翅麦茎蜂幼虫蛀茎危害对各品种单株穗粒重性状的影响。结果表明，各供试春小麦品种被害单株穗粒重显著下降，损失率为９．４％～３７．３％。辐阿１号损失率低，显示一定的耐虫性。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.