甲酸乙酯对三种主要仓储害虫的熏蒸作用

为明确甲酸乙酯对仓储害虫的实际控制效果,避免二氧化碳对熏蒸作用的影响,该研究利用循环熏蒸系统(FTFS),测定甲酸乙酯对米象、赤拟谷盗、谷蠹三种主要仓储害虫混合虫态的熏蒸作用.结果表明:在25℃、70%RH条件下,甲酸乙酯43.34、80.72、99.08、117.74、146.49mg/L 熏蒸处理6 h,对赤拟谷盗和谷蠹混合虫态有很好的控制作用,死亡率大于95.96%;甲酸乙酯80.72、99.08、117.74、146.49mg/L处理对米象混合虫态的杀虫效果较好.甲酸乙酯对米象蛹的杀虫效果较差.     

肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗的熏蒸作用及对成虫保护酶活性的影响

为明确肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum各发育阶段的杀虫活性及对成虫几种保护酶活性的影响, 本试验采用三角瓶密闭熏蒸法测定了肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗低龄幼虫、高龄幼虫、蛹和成虫的熏蒸作用及24 h致死中浓度熏蒸后成虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。结果表明, 肉桂醛的熏蒸效果与其浓度和赤拟谷盗发育阶段有关, 肉桂醛2.5 μL/L熏蒸72 h对赤拟谷盗成虫的熏蒸效果最好, 幼虫次之。在24 h致死中浓度处理下, 赤拟谷盗成虫体内SOD、POD、CAT活性分别在48、12 h和36 h达到最高, 其活性分别为对照的2.70、1.03倍和1.96倍。随着熏蒸时间的延长, 成虫POD活性在处理36 h后低于对照, SOD、CAT活性分别在处理36~60 h和24~48 h显著高于对照。综上所述, 经肉桂醛熏蒸处理后, 赤拟谷盗成虫体内动态平衡受到破坏, 进而产生毒害作用。因此, 肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗的生物防治有较高的应用价值。     

臭氧对不同磷化氢抗性储粮害虫作用效果研究

为探明臭氧对主要储粮害虫的熏蒸效果及其与磷化氢抗性的关系,本研究采用臭氧发生装置测定浓度为0.84 g/m^3臭氧对5种主要储粮害虫(赤拟谷盗、杂拟谷盗、玉米象、锈赤扁谷盗、谷蠹)的熏蒸效果,及对具有不同磷化氢抗性的赤拟谷盗(抗性系数为1.7~862.7)和杂拟谷盗(抗性系数为2.3~144.7)的毒力效果,并统计分析了试虫经臭氧熏蒸1 h后在不同时间内的行为状态差异。研究结果表明:在0.84 g/m^3臭氧浓度下,5种害虫对臭氧均具有较强敏感性,其LT50在0.58~1.53 h,其中谷蠹对臭氧的耐受性相对最强;赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗的不同磷化氢抗性品系对臭氧的敏感性差异较小,表明磷化氢与臭氧无交互抗性。经臭氧熏蒸1 h后,试虫有正常爬行、非正常爬行和死亡3种行为状态,其中较大比例的试虫(24%~66%)处于非正常爬行状态,且持续时间较长,约10 d后此部分试虫恢复正常或死亡。结果表明,臭氧对储粮害虫具有高效性和广谱性,且与磷化氢无交互抗性,可作为储粮害虫防治及磷化氢抗性治理药剂。     

甲酸乙酯熏蒸菜豆象的初步研究

本文利用广口瓶密闭熏蒸法,测定了不同浓度、时间和温度条件下甲酸乙酯对菜豆象的熏蒸效果。结果表明:选用浓度为45μL/L处理24 h或50μL/L处理12 h,均能使其成虫达到90%以上的死亡率,说明甲酸乙酯具有良好的速效性;菜豆象的熏蒸效果随熏蒸浓度的增加、温度的升高和时间的延长而逐渐增强;各虫态耐药性比较表明:甲酸乙酯浓度的高低对菜豆象各虫态耐药性影响较大,低浓度下卵的耐药性最差,而高浓度下成虫和卵的耐药性最差。     

甲酸乙酯对不同磷化氢抗性水平赤拟谷盗的毒力比较

参考FAO推荐的熏蒸剂毒力测定方法,测定了甲酸乙酯对4种不同磷化氢抗性水平的赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum(Herbst))品系的毒力.主要结果为甲酸乙酯对4个磷化氢抗性系数分别为1、3、170和247倍的赤拟谷盗品系的LD50值相应地为17.354L/m3、18.776L/m3、20.464L/m3和21.470 mL/m3.结果表明,不同磷化氢抗性的赤拟谷盗品系对甲酸乙酯的敏感相似,对磷化氢具有明显抗性的赤拟谷盗对甲酸乙酯未表现出抗性.     

两种亚菊属植物挥发油及主要成分对赤拟谷盗幼虫的活性研究

本文旨在研究川甘亚菊和灌木亚菊挥发油及其主要成分(1,8-桉叶油醇、樟脑、马鞭草烯醇、冰片和桃金娘烯醇)对赤拟谷盗幼虫的活性作用。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油并通过熏蒸、触杀和驱避等测试方法评价两种挥发油及其主要成分对赤拟谷盗幼虫的生物活性。结果表明,川甘亚菊挥发油、灌木亚菊挥发油和1,8-桉叶油醇均具有一定的熏蒸活性(LC₅₀分别为94.60、81.17 mg/L和18.42 mg/L)和触杀活性(LD₅₀分别为216.93、100.50μg/头和52.69μg/头)。同时,在高测试浓度(78.63 nL/cm~2和15.73 nL/cm~2)时,分别处理2 h和4 h后川甘亚菊和灌木亚菊挥发油以及桃金娘烯醇对赤拟谷盗幼虫均表现出较明显的驱避活性,冰片驱避活性接近于阳性对照避蚊胺。因此,川甘亚菊和灌木亚菊挥发油对赤拟谷盗的幼虫有一定的防治作用。     

芥末精油对锯谷盗成虫的生物活性

本文研究了芥末精油对锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis成虫的室内杀虫活性.结果表明,芥末精油对锯谷盗成虫具有很强的熏蒸、驱避和触杀活性.在不同时间0.1μL·L-1芥末精油的熏蒸活性均最强,24h熏蒸毒力最大,锯谷盗成虫的校正死亡率达99.38%;方差分析表明不同处理时间和不同处理剂量对试虫的熏蒸活性均有极显著影响.随着时间延长,驱避作用逐渐增强;同一时间处理浓度越高驱避作用越强,8d时0.1μL·L-1驱避活性最强,达100%.在同一时间随着处理浓度的增大,芥末精油对锯谷盗触杀校正死亡率呈上升趋势,但18h后各处理间校正死亡率无显著差异.     

丁香对赤拟谷盗卵和幼虫的致死作用

在室内条件下,研究了丁香干燥花蕾粉末对赤拟谷盗卵和幼虫的影响。结果表明:丁香对赤拟谷盗卵孵化有明显的抑制作用,对赤拟谷盗幼虫有致死作用并且全部致死时间随着赤拟谷盗幼虫龄期的增大而延长,龄期越小的幼虫其全部致死时间越短。     

溴甲烷减压熏蒸出口白蒜效果好

1988年8月,我们以溴甲烷熏蒸一批57t 的徐州白蒜(受同仓堆放的嘉定白蒜感染咖啡豆象),采用减压措施,效果好于常压熏蒸。该批白蒜装瓦楞纸箱,有通气孔。堆垛糊封后,先开启320～420w 的抽气泵6分钟,聚乙烯帐幕收缩后贴住堆垛表面,后投溴甲烷9.35kg,浓度为48.4g/m~3,帐内温度32～33.5℃,密闭3小时。散气后即将全部虫样取走。于散气后2个半小时检查一批虫样:(1)谷蠹,赤拟谷盗成、幼虫,长角扁谷盗,姬拟谷盗等仓虫共27头,全部死亡;(2)     

甲酸乙酯对米象不同虫态的熏蒸作用

针对储粮害虫抗药性日趋严重、粮食熏蒸剂品种越来越少的现状,采用密闭熏蒸法,系统研究甲酸乙酯（EtF）在不同条件下对米象Sitophilus oryzae（L.）卵、低龄幼虫、高龄幼虫、蛹以及成虫的致死作用.在25℃条件下以40和45μL/L的药剂浓度处理米象成虫12h,其校正死亡率分别为90.541%和99.324%;以30μL/L的浓度在19、25和31℃下处理24h,校正死亡率分别为83.108%、62%和42%,表明甲酸乙酯具有良好的速效性,且在相对低温时比在相对高温时熏蒸效果好.在20、25和30℃条件下,熏蒸处理米象成虫24h,其LC50分别为25.094、28.650和30.875μL/L;处理48 h时则分别为23.101、25.805和27.316μL/L.30g/m^3的甲酸乙酯熏蒸处理米象卵、低龄幼虫、高龄幼虫和蛹24 h,对应死亡率为96.930%、99.333%、97.768%和93.386%,表明甲酸乙酯对米象低龄幼虫的熏蒸效果最好,蛹和卵对甲酸乙酯具有较高的耐药性.     

Improved efficacy of ethyl formate against stored grain insects by combination with carbon dioxide in a 'dynamic' application

Ethyl formate is being evaluated as a fumigant for stored grain as it is a potential alternative to the ozone-depleting fumigant methyl bromide and to phosphine, which is under pressure owing to the development of strong resistance in stored grain insects. However, use of ethyl formate faces significant challenges, such as poor penetration through grain, significant losses to grain sorption, high concentrations of fumigant required to control insects, and flammability risks, which have limited its further development. In this study it was found that the combination of carbon dioxide (5-20%) with ethyl formate significantly enhanced efficacy of the fumigant against external living stages of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica F., and the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Dynamic application of ethyl formate and carbon dioxide mixture (100 mg litre-1 ethyl formate, 20% CO2) pumped through a model silo containing wheat (50 kg) for one gas exchange was also investigated. A flow rate of 6 litres min-1 gave a relatively even distribution of fumigant throughout the grain column and similar mortality levels among cultures of S. oryzae and T. castaneum placed at three positions, the top, middle and bottom of the column. Mortality of 99.8% of mixed stage cultures of T. castaneum and 95.1% of S. oryzae was achieved in 3 h exposures to 111 and 185 mg ethyl formate h litre-1 respectively applied by the dynamic method. It is concluded that the combination of carbon dioxide with ethyl formate and dynamic application enhances distribution and efficacy of the fumigant against stored grain insects.     

Effectiveness of allyl acetate as a fumigant against five stored grain beetle pests

Five esters, butyl acetate, allyl acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, isopropyl acetate and propyl acetate, were screened as fumigants in the laboratory for 24 h at 27 (+/-2) degrees C against the adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F), Sitophilus oryzae (L) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Of the compounds tested, allyl acetate was the most toxic, with LD(99) values of 7.56, 12.81 and 11.42 mg litre(-1) against R dominica, S oryzae and T castaneum, respectively. Tests with allyl acetate against mixed-age cultures of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L), R dominica, S oryzae and T castaneum revealed that doses of 50-150 mg litre(-1) with 24-120-h exposures were necessary to achieve 100% mortality of all life stages. Cryptolestes ferrugineus was the most tolerant insect tested, whilst R dominica was highly susceptible. The insect toxicity data indicates that allyl acetate has potential as a fumigant of stored food grains.     

斯氏线虫对进境原木上长林小蠹的防治试验

本文报道了斯氏线虫对进境原木上长林小蠹的生物防治试验.结果表明,斯氏线虫对长林小蠹的侵染力较强.通过毒力测定,斯氏线虫对长林小蠹3龄幼虫的LD50、LD99分别为21、432(条/头),而对蛹的LD50、LD99分别为12、230(条/头).在寄生强度测定中,斯氏线虫与长林小蠹3龄幼虫仅接触0.5h,每虫就可被侵入1.6条线虫,12h寄生的死亡率达到90%,24h寄生的死亡率为100%.斯氏线虫对长林小蠹表现出较高的致病性和寄生性.斯氏线虫在室内以浸泡法和淋施法防治长林小蠹的效果较好.     

家蚕的一种微孢子虫对小菜蛾的致病力测定

测定了从家蚕体内分离的一种微孢子虫Vairimorpha sp.对小菜蛾的致病力。室内试验结果表明,当起始侵染期为小菜蛾2龄幼虫,浓度为1×10~6孢子/ml时对当代小菜蛾的致病力最高,幼虫的死亡率可达80.00％～82.67％,蛹死亡率可达50.00％～52.94％,而小菜蛾雌成虫的产卵量由对照的249.64～278.38粒/雌下降到120.56～126.72粒/雌,产卵量下降50％左右;当起始侵染期为3龄幼虫,浓度为1×10~6孢子/ml时,当代幼虫的死亡率只有40.00％～61.33％,与起始侵染期为2龄时相差很大,蛹死亡率和成虫每雌产卵量下降率与起始侵染期为2龄时差异不大。另外,家蚕微孢子虫还可通过垂直传染方式影响下代小菜蛾幼虫的死亡率。     

溪岸蠼螋对棉铃虫的捕食能力

为明确棉田溪岸蠼螋 Labidura riparia 对棉铃虫的控害潜能, 在实验室条件下观察和测定了溪岸蠼螋不同龄期的若虫、雌雄成虫对棉铃虫幼虫、蛹和成虫的捕食能力以及其5龄若虫和雌雄成虫的捕食选择性。结果表明:不同发育阶段的溪岸蠼螋都不捕食棉铃虫完整的蛹体, 但对棉铃虫幼虫和成虫都具有较强的捕食能力。其中, 雌性溪岸蠼螋成虫的捕食能力最强, 对棉铃虫1龄幼虫日捕食量最大, 为(31.3±1.1)头。1龄溪岸蠼螋若虫也具有一定的捕食能力, 对棉铃虫1龄幼虫日捕食量为(1.7±0.7)头。不同龄期的溪岸蠼螋对相同龄期棉铃虫幼虫的捕食能力随龄期增加而增大。对1~3龄棉铃虫幼虫,溪岸蠼螋雌成虫捕食能力最强,其次是溪岸蠼螋雄成虫,再次是溪岸蠼螋5龄若虫。但是,对棉铃虫4~6龄幼虫和雌雄成虫,溪岸蠼螋雌雄成虫和5龄若虫的捕食量差异不显著。捕食选择试验表明:溪岸蠼螋5龄若虫和雌雄成虫对棉铃虫1～4龄幼虫均表现正喜好性, 对5～6龄棉铃虫幼虫和雌雄成虫表现负喜好性。     

平腹小蜂滞育诱导研究

平腹小蜂是果树蝽类害虫的优势天敌,对重要果树蝽类害虫具有较强的控制作用,商品化生产的平腹小蜂已广泛应用于多种果树蝽类害虫的生物防治。为精确控制平腹小蜂的羽化时间和提高防控效果,本文对室内不同温度条件下不同龄期平腹小蜂的滞育诱导进行了初步研究。结果表明：平腹小蜂的滞育虫态为预蛹,从卵期开始至预蛹前期,对其进行低温和短光照刺激均可以诱导其进入滞育。短光照（6L：18D）,17℃条件下,处于卵期、1~2龄期和2~3龄期的平腹小蜂发育至预蛹期,滞育率分别为76.37%、81.51%和60.28%,其中卵期开始诱导和1~2龄开始诱导的处理之间,滞育率无显著性差异,且卵期处理组和1~2龄处理组的滞育率显著高于2~3龄处理组的滞育率;短光照条件下,当温度降低到11℃和14℃,对1~2龄和2~3龄期的平腹小蜂诱导滞育,滞育率显著下降到20%以下。综合而言,短光照条件下,温度在诱导平腹小蜂进入滞育中起着至关重要的作用。不同龄期平腹小蜂在17 ℃持续处理后,预蛹的滞育率不同。在本研究中,17℃结合短光照,对卵期和1~2龄期的平腹小蜂进行诱导,可获得较高的滞育率。     

螟虫长距茧蜂生物学及其利用的研究

螟虫长距茧蜂是玉米螟幼虫的重要天敌,一年发生2—3代,以卵或低龄幼虫在寄主体内越冬。自然寄生率为30—40％,最高70％。该蜂为多胚生殖昆虫,主要寄生1—4龄玉米螟幼虫,以3龄寄生率为最高。一头玉米螟(3龄)可育蜂39.12头,一头雌蜂可寄生玉米螟11.7头,繁殖子代460.05头。试验证明:人工繁殖和释放可提高田间玉米螟寄生率。     

Field evaluation of vaporised ethyl formate and carbon dioxide for fumigation of stored wheat

BACKGROUND: Vapormate? is a cylinderised non‐flammable mixture of ethyl formate (16.7% by weight) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) that has been developed as a rapid fumigant of stored grain. Four field trials were undertaken on wheat in 50 t farm silos to demonstrate the feasibility of dynamic application. To assess treatment efficacy, each trial tested mixed stages of Rhyzopertha dominica F. (>11 000), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (>1500) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (>13 000) in mesh cages positioned through the centre of the grain bulk and on the grain surface. Ethyl formate and CO₂ concentrations were measured in the silo during fumigation and in ambient air outside the 6 m fumigation zone. Application rates of 420, 660 and 940 g m^?3 of ethyl formate/CO₂ formulation and exposure times of 24, 3 and 72 h, respectively, were examined using wheat of 10.4–11.7% moisture content and grain temperatures between 2 and 32 °C. RESULTS: All life stages of R. dominica and T. castaneum were fully controlled under all conditions tested, and mortality of all life stages of S. oryzae was greater than 98%. CONCLUSION: Dynamic application of vaporised ethyl formate and CO₂ to 50 t silos proved safe to operators and rapidly effective against stored‐grain insects on cold to warm grain. Copyright © 2009 CSIRO, Australia. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

Contribution of contact toxicity and wheat condition to mortality of stored-product insects exposed to spinosad

Spinosad, a reduced-risk commercial insecticide derived from a bacterial fermentation product, possesses both contact and oral toxicities against insects. Contact toxicity of spinosad to adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F), Sitophilus oryzae (L), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was evaluated by exposure for 24 or 48 h to treated glass Petri dishes. Adults were exposed to different deposits (0.001-0.79 mg cm(-2)) of spinosad in 24-h tests and to deposits of 0, 0.0016 and 0.016mg cm(-2) in 48-h tests. Rhyzopertha dominica was most susceptible to spinosad in 24- and 48-h tests, followed by S. oryzae, and T. castaneum. The 24-h LD50 values were 0.0004, 0.077 and 0.189mg cm(-2) for R. dominica, S. oryzae, and T. castaneum, respectively. All R. dominica adults were dead following 48 h exposure to both spinosad deposits, whereas mortality of S. oryzae and T. castaneum ranged from 10 to 85% and 12 to 48%, respectively. Rhyzopertha dominica, T. castaneum, and O. surinamensis adults were exposed for 14 days to whole wheat, cracked wheat and wheat flour treated with 0, 0.1 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) of spinosad. Rhyzopertha dominica adults were highly susceptible to spinosad, followed by O. surinamensis and T. castaneum. Immatures (eggs and larvae) of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis exposed for 14 days were more susceptible on spinosad-treated whole wheat than on treated cracked wheat and wheat flour. This is the first report documenting contact activity of spinosad, and the effect of grain condition on spinosad toxicity, to stored-product insects.