石羊河下游物候季节的水热分配及变化特征

基于物候季节,分析了石羊河下游地区1971-2000年各季节的水热分配状况及多年变化特征。结果表明,石羊河下游物候季节的更迭与气候的季节性演变相吻合,稳定通过物候四季的温度界限分别为春季≥2.9℃,夏季≥19.0℃,秋季<19.0℃,冬季≤4.5℃。水热资源最丰富为物候的夏季,其≥0℃的积温和降水分别占全年的55.8%和62.5%。多年来,温度的四季变化和年际变化具有明显的增加趋势,增长幅度依次为冬季>全年>春季>夏季>秋季。年均温的升高以1986年为突变年,而冬季和春季气温的升高分别以1985年和1991为突变年;降水变化的趋势不明显,年降水的波动形态与夏季基本一致,春季则与夏季相反,有春湿夏干或春干夏湿的趋势。     

1981-2010年乌昌地区20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量变化原因分析

选用1981-2010年乌昌（乌鲁木齐-昌吉）地区20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量资料,采用气候趋势法分析其变化趋势,结果表明：30 a间中、高山带蒸发量呈增加趋势,其中高山带增加较明显;平原区、低山带蒸发量以减小趋势为主,其中平原区减小速率最大。四季中大西沟和天池蒸发量均为增加趋势,其中春季和夏季增加较显著,平原区、低山带蒸发量四季均为减小趋势,其中夏季减小最快,其次为春季和秋季,冬季减小趋势较弱。用累积距平法做突变检验,乌昌地区在过去30 a高山带蒸发量在20世纪90年代末发生了快速增加;中、低山带蒸发量突变不明显,平原区大部分站蒸发量80年代末发生突变性减少现象。[JP2]偏相关系数的显著性分析表明,高、中山带蒸发量增加的主导因子是气温升高;低山带蒸发量下降的主导因子是相对湿度增加;而平原区蒸发量减小的主导因子是风速减小。     

四种不同种植模式茶园节肢动物的群落组成

为了解浙江省不同种植模式茶园节肢动物的群落组成,于2013—2014年对松阳县4种茶园的节肢动物群落数量、时空格局和茶丛上层益害生物比及其动态进行了调查。结果表明:林间茶园害虫、天敌物种数和总物种数显著大于其它3种茶园;林间茶园天敌个体数最多,丰产茶园害虫个体数和总个体数最多。在垂直分布上,天敌个体数在母穗园、林间茶园中以上层最多,在丰产茶园和两行密植茶园中以中层最多;害虫个体数在丰产茶园、母穗园和林间茶园以中层最多,在两行密植茶园以下层最多,分别占其全株的60%、56%、42%和51%;4种茶园益害个体数比皆以上层最多。在水平分布上,害虫个体数在丰产茶园、两行密植茶园、林间茶园皆以朝北方向最多,分别占其全株的35.0%、26.0%和26.3%;害虫个体数以茶丛内层较多,天敌个体数以外层较多;地上部分林间茶园益害个体数比约是丰产茶园的2倍。表明种植模式可改变群落空间格局和益害比。     

Occurrence of Proteocephalus percae and P. cernuae in the perch and ruff in northern Finland

The occurrence of two palearctic Proteocephalus species, P. percae and P. cernuae, in the perch and ruff, respectively, was studied in two areas of northern Finland in 1977-1983. In the Bothnian Bay, 243 perch (Perca fluviatilis) and 406 ruff (Gymnocephalus cernuus) were studied, of which 60% and 40%, respectively, were infected, while in Lake Yli-Kitka the prevalences were 10% in 213 perch and 24% in 307 ruff. Higher mean intensities of infection were found in the Bothnian Bay fish than in those from the lake, but no infected fish had as many as 10 worms. Proteocephalus infection in the perch and ruff did not vary significantly according to the length of the fish in either area, except that no P. percae were found in perch smaller than 70 mm in the lake. There was a prominent seasonal variation in the occurrence of P. cernuae in the ruff in both areas, but especially in the lake, where no proteocephalids were found in the ruff in July-October. Overlapping of generations was evident in P. percae in the sea perch, although only by virtue of the lack of mature worms at the end of the summer. Some mature proteocephalids were also found in winter in both fish species in the sea and in the ruff of the lake. The higher mean intensity values in winter, especially in P. cernuae infection in the sea ruff, may be explained partly by the active feeding of the ruff at this time in spite of very low water temperatures. Feeding activity in the perch is lower in the winter, and hence a lower mean intensity of P. percae infection was seen especially in the lake material at that time.     

东北地区稻田杂草稻发生情况调查

采用七级目测法于2009年7—9月对辽宁、黑龙江、吉林3省14个地区水稻田杂草稻的相对盖度、多度、高度进行了调查。结果表明,7月杂草稻发生相对较轻,综合值为2.00%～14.00%,密度为0.58～20.91株/100 m2;8—9月辽宁省、黑龙江省大部分地区杂草稻发生普遍加重,辽宁省营口、沈阳、盘锦地区,黑龙江省黑河、佳木斯地区杂草稻综合值较高,密度较大,其中黑河地区9月杂草稻发生危害重,综合值达到52.00%。     

Appendiceal enterobiasis--its incidence and relationships to appendicitis

An evaluation was made of a bioptic material (21,916 appendices recovered from 1965 to 1974), in order to disclose relationships of the incidence of Enterobius vermicularis and the origin of appendicitis. A separate evaluation was made of a set of appendectomies (10,619 cases--from 1961 to 1970) for the purpose of detecting changes in pin worm-infested appendices by means of histological methods (683 cases). E. vermicularis was found in 6.03% of appendices. Included in our histological examination was a search for granulomas and eosinophile infiltrations. The former occurred in 1.14% of pin worm-infested appendices, the later in 1.74% and in 0.19%, or 2.18% in pin worm non-infested appendices. The results indicated a statistically highly significant difference in the incidence of granulomas. The incidence of granulomas in the appendix was increased in the present of pin worms in the appendix, and seemed also to be responsible for further pathological changes in it.     

近45年来陕西省可利用的降水资源特征及变化

利用陕西省1961-2005年月平均气温和降水资料,讨论了该地区45年来降水以及可利用的降水资源的变化特征。结果表明:陕西省降水及可利用的降水资源呈现南多北少的特点,夏季最大,分别占全年的47%和45%,冬季最小,分别占3%和1%;陕北地区可利用降水资源高度集中在夏季,占全年的58%,关中和陕南秋季较丰富,关中集中在秋季,占到全年的50%。而可利用降水系数南北各区均以秋季最高,全年平均则陕南最高,陕北次之,关中最低。45年来,全省平均可利用降水资源的总体趋势是减少的,这是由于陕北和关中的降水减少所致。     

Gastrointestinal parasitoses discovered in agricultural workers in South Bohemia, Czechoslovakia

In the years from 1975 to 1982 1,750 persons, mostly employed by agricultural enterprises in the South Bohemian Region in Czechoslovakia, were examined. We discovered seven species of parasites: Taenia saginata in 0.3%, Enterobius vermicularis in 10.1%, Giardia lamblia in 1.0%, Endolimax nana in 0.8%, Entamoeba coli in 0.7%, Entamoeba hartmanni in 0.2%, and Chilomastix mesnili in 0.5%. The greatest number of parasites was found in students of the Secondary agricultural and technical school. Only two species of parasites were diagnosed in children of the employees. The incidence of E. vermicularis was 75% in children, in adult employees of agricultural enterprises, however, only 9.8%.     

半干旱区不同秋覆膜方式对土壤水分及春玉米光合特性的影响

为了提高旱作农区降雨利用效率,并解决春旱问题,在西北半干旱地区设置了秋季地膜全覆盖(PA)和秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖(RH)两种覆膜方式,以裸地不覆盖(CK)为对照,对土壤水分、春玉米功能叶片的光合参数、荧光参数和籽粒产量进行了研究。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,不同秋覆膜方式显著增加了春玉米播前0~100 cm土壤储水量,2013年春旱严重,PA和RH处理分别提高了26.15%和13.40%;2014年春季有雨雪,两种覆膜方式分别提高了10.44%和11.20%。不同秋覆膜处理的春玉米净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/F_0)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)较对照有不同程度提高,且2014年增幅高于2013年。2013年PA和RH处理的籽粒产量较CK分别提高了40.98%和25.83%,水分利用效率增加了29.70%和22.87%;2014年两个处理春玉米籽粒产量分别提高了74.60%和48.64%,水分利用效率增加了64.87%和47.08%。试验表明,不同秋覆膜方式在西北半干旱地区均可提高春玉米叶片的光合性能,并显著提高春玉米籽粒产量及水分利用效率,在偏旱的年份效果尤为明显,且秋季地膜全覆盖优于秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖,是西北半干旱区春玉米一种高效的栽培模式。     

The occurrence of Altemaria brassicicola, Altemaria brassicae and Leptosphaeria maculans in brassica seed crops in south-east England between 1976 and 1980

Surveys of brassica seed crops in Essex and Suffolk showed that Alternaria spp. occurred in many crops of Brassica oleracea in the years 1977–1980 affecting up to 100% of pods in each year. A. brassicicola was the only species present in 1976 and was the domioant pathogen in succeeding years but A. brassicae increased in frequency from 1977, causing 24% of the pod infections on B. oleracea in 1980. The latter fungus was the dominant species in crops of oilseed rape ( B. napus ), the mean incidence of infected pods increasing from 0.5% in 1977 to 2.9% in 1980. Leptosphaeria maculans was not found in horticultural brassica seed crops in 1976 but occurred abundantly in these crops and in oilseed rape crops in each of the following years.     

干旱区农田蒸散量的日间变化分析

塔里木灌区位于中国新疆的塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘 ,本区开垦前是沙漠起伏、灌木丛生的原始荒漠 ,原始胡杨林点片连绵生长于荒漠之中。 1 95 2年 3月开垦至 1 996年 ,全灌区总灌溉面积已达到 660 0 0 ha。形成了稳定的农业生态环境 ,成为塔里木盆地最大的新绿洲。绿洲内部农田蒸散的日变化规律 ,极具干旱区特点。本文通过中国科学院阿克苏水平衡试验站的观测试验和一些干旱、半干旱及湿润地区的蒸发日变化过程进行了对比分析 ,论述了干旱区蒸发日变化的某些特征。     

重庆秀山县褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群发生规律研究

为了给重庆秀山县褐飞虱和白背飞虱的综合防治及异地预测预报提供理论依据,利用1990年以来该地区水稻预测圃两种飞虱发生的历史资料,较系统地研究了两种飞虱在该地区的发生及迁出规律.结果表明,该地田间稻飞虱为害呈明显双峰型,前期以白背飞虱为主,后期以褐飞虱为主,前后发生均重.在20世纪90年代,褐飞虱田间发生高峰期主要在8月上、中旬,近10年高峰期集中在8月下旬,白背飞虱在20世纪90年代田间发生高峰日主要集中在7月中旬,近10年高峰日集中在7月上旬;1990年-1999年,褐飞虱长翅型田间发生高峰期主要在8月中旬,近10年高峰期在8月下旬;1990年-1999年,白背飞虱长翅型田间发生高峰期主要在7月中旬和8月上旬,近10年高峰期在7月中、下旬.表明近20年,褐飞虱田间发生高峰期延迟,白背飞虱高峰期提前;褐飞虱迁出峰期延迟,白背飞虱迁出峰期提前.     

1971—2016年河南省夏玉米生长季极端干旱时空特征

选用地表湿润指数,利用1971—2016年气象数据对河南省夏季极端干旱发生的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明：近46 a来,河南省夏季极端干旱发生频数在年均0.08～2.15月之间,总体上呈现微弱的下降趋势。6月和9月极端干旱发生次数高于7月和8月。1970s发生频数最多,2000s最少,2010s呈现回升的趋势。6月和9月极端干旱发生站次百分比明显高于7月和8月,且6、7月和9月的发生站次百分比在2010s也呈现回升趋势。各年代平均发生频数均以豫南地区最高,近46 a来极端干旱总次数呈现由南向北逐渐递减的分布特征,但6月份发生总次数高值区则主要分布在豫中和豫西地区。全省范围内极端干旱发生存在明显的4~8 a周期变化,2010s极端干旱发生频数和站次百分比均呈回升趋势,应引起夏玉米生产上的关注和重视。     

不同气候年型对荒漠植物生长的影响

基于甘肃省武威市农试站对荒漠植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、刺蓬(Cornulaca alaschanica)物候期及生长状况的定点观测资料,运用膨化相关、SPSS统计软件进行相关统计和方差分析。结果表明:(1)与正常年份相比,梭梭春季物候期暖干年较冷湿年提前2~7 d,而秋季物候期暖干年较冷湿年推迟2~11 d。刺蓬物候期暖干年较正常年推迟21~120 d,刺蓬春、夏季物候期冷湿年较正常年提前3~13 d,秋季物候期推迟11 d。(2)梭梭新枝生长长度春秋季暖干年大于冷湿年,而夏季暖干年小于冷湿年。刺蓬生长高度暖干年较正常年偏小,冷湿年较正常年偏大。(3)梭梭生物量冷湿年较暖干年前期偏大,后期偏小。但梭梭年生物量暖干年较冷湿年偏大。刺蓬冷湿年单位面积生物量远大于暖干年。(4)梭梭暖干年覆盖度较冷湿年大,刺蓬覆盖度表现出降水多、覆盖度大,且在时间上具有较好的同步性。(5)生长季气温、降水是荒漠植物梭梭和刺蓬生长的主要影响因子。梭梭更喜温耐旱,而水分条件对刺蓬生长更重要。     

近30年新疆降水量及雨日的变化特征分析

利用新疆1971-2006年98个气象站的逐日降水资料,研究了新疆年和四季降水量及雨日的气候变化特征。结果表明：新疆多年平均年降水量及雨日的空间分布均为北疆大于南疆,山区大于平原,二者长期变化的空间分布相似程度较低,有些地区甚至完全相反。南疆大部地区降水量的增加主要是由于雨日增加而造成的;北疆大部地区降水量的增加主要是...     

典型光活化毒素α-三噻吩对棉铃虫和亚洲玉米螟谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的影响

研究了典型光活化毒素α-三噻吩(简称α-T)对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)的影响。结果表明:近紫外光照(300~400 nm)对棉铃虫和亚洲玉米螟幼虫GSTs活性无显著影响,但两种昆虫GSTs对α-T的反应不同。无光照条件下,α-T对亚洲玉米螟离体GSTs活性没有影响,而高浓度α-T能抑制棉铃虫离体GSTs活性;高剂量α-T可使两种昆虫活体GSTs活性升高。光照条件下,高浓度和高剂量α-T抑制棉铃虫GSTs活性,而不影响亚洲玉米螟离体GSTs活性,但低剂量α-T抑制其活体活性,而高剂量α-T则诱导其活性增加。棉铃虫和亚洲玉米螟GSTs对α-T反应的差异,可能与它们对药剂的敏感性以及药剂在两者体内的穿透、运转、贮藏、代谢等生理特性上的差异有关。     

A survey on indoor resting mosquito species in Phnom Penh, Kampuchea

Indoor resting mosquitoes were collected in 7 localities (250 houses) of Phnom Penh at various periods. The mosquitoes were collected for 8 min in every house by means of an aspirator and net. A total of 16 species of mosquitoes resting in houses were found, one of them for the first time in Kampuchea. Culex quinquefasciatus was the predominant species in 6 of the localities observed; its predominance in houses was more or less evident; Aedes aegypti prevailed in one locality. The percentage of A. aegypti predominance in houses corresponds with the risk of occurrence of dengue haemorrhagic fever. Anopheles vagus was found resting in higher abundance in houses of one locality. This fact is of little epidemiological significance because of the zoophilic character of An. vagus in Kampuchea. On the other hand even uncommon occurrence of Anopheles subpictus found in houses may signalize a possibility of an endemic occurrence of malaria in Phnom Penh.     

黑河中游甘州区地下水埋深变化的时空分异

根据黑河中游甘州区地下水位埋深时间变化的相似性和差异性,选择了4个典型站点,分析其地下水埋深随时间的变化趋势及产生的原因。继而基于测井埋深时间序列变化的相似性、测井位置的临近性以及地下水补给的一致性,将整个研究区分成了4个分区。第Ⅰ分区地下水总体呈下降趋势,但波动性很大,且2001年以后地下水出现上升的迹象;第Ⅱ分区地下水位呈持续下降趋势;第Ⅲ分区地下水位在分水措施实施前缓慢下降,分水后地下水位显著下降;第Ⅳ分区地下水位呈先上升后下降的趋势。并对每个分区地下水位的变化从地下水的补给和利用等方面进行了阐述。     

Studies on the biology of black mould (Aspergillus niger) on temperate and tropical onions. 1. A comparison of sources of the disease in temperate and tropical field crops

Aspergillus niger colonies were present on 60–90% of the leaves sampled from onion crops grown under hot, tropical conditions (Shambat, Sudan), but only on 21% of leaves in crops grown under temperate conditions (Wellesbourne, UK). The seed stocks used in the Sudan were naturally contaminated with A. niger , whereas the fungus was absent from seed used in the UK. Inoculation of seed with A. niger resulted in an increase in the incidence of the fungus on onion plants (mean 83% of plants with affected leaves) in the field and on bulbs in store in crops grown in the UK. In the UK, A. niger is infrequent in the soil and air, but it is a major component of the soil and air mycoflora in the Sudan. Most of the bulbs grown in Sudan were contaminated with A. niger at harvest because of the high incidence of the fungus in the field.