超黑糯玉米杂交后代色素分布规律研究

以超黑糯玉米自交系I46和白糯玉米自交系BN13杂交后F_2代种子产生的果穗群体为供试材料,通过观察子粒颜色、溶剂提取色素和紫外分光光度测定等方法研究超黑糯玉米杂交后代色素分布规律。结果表明,在黑糯玉米杂交F_2代产生的果穗中,子粒颜色出现分离,主要表现为全黑、红黑、红色、棕黄、金黄和白色。在金黄色玉米子粒中类胡萝卜素含量最高,显著高于其他颜色的玉米子粒;类胡萝卜素含量最少的为白色玉米。在全黑色玉米子粒中花色苷的含量显著高于其他颜色玉米子粒;在白色、金黄色玉米子粒中没有检测到花色苷。     

花生花青素合成相关基因的表达与种皮颜色关系

为了探讨花青素合成相关基因表达与种皮颜色的关系,本文采用HPLC和实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析4种不同种皮颜色的花生品种种皮花青素的种类和含量,以及花青素合成相关基因在4个品种5个荚果发育关键时期的差异表达。结果表明:花生种皮的花青素主要由飞燕草色素、矢车菊色素和天竺葵色素等三种色素组成;花生种皮的外观颜色和深浅主要由飞燕草色素和矢车菊色素含量决定,飞燕草色素和矢车菊色素含量越高,种皮颜色越深。花青素合成相关基因主要在种子充实期(开花后约40~50d)上调表达。花生种皮颜色的深浅与查耳酮合成酶基因(CHS)、查耳酮异构酶基因(CHI)、二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶基因(DFR)、类黄酮-3'羟化酶基因(F3'H)和花色苷合成酶基因(ANS)等基因在种子充实期高表达显著相关。上述5个基因表达量愈高,种皮颜色愈深。     

马铃薯花色苷生物合成与调控研究进展

花色苷是植物中一类由花青素与单糖结合形成糖苷类物质,因其抗氧化功能而具有较高的营养保健价值。马铃薯花色苷在薯皮、薯肉、匍匐茎、花、根、茎、叶中均有分布,主要存在于细胞的液泡中。研究表明,不同品种马铃薯块茎中花青素种类和含量存在差异,主要有6种:天竺葵素、矢车菊素、芍药色素、飞燕草素、锦葵色素和矮牵牛素。目前,花色苷合成途径已经清楚,其中涉及两类基因:一类是结构基因,其编码生物合成途径中所需的酶;另一类是调节基因,其编码的转录因子调控结构基因表达的强度和程度,影响花色苷的时空积累。该综述对马铃薯花色苷生物合成、相关基因克隆、功能及其应用研究进行详细介绍,并对彩色薯的育种研究提出了可行性建议。     

文心兰唇瓣花色表型及类黄酮色素组成

利用分光色差计测定了文心兰唇瓣的花色表型,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析唇瓣中类黄酮色素的组成,探讨了花色表型与类黄酮含量之间的关系.结果表明:文心兰唇瓣花色主要集中在紫红色和黄色区域,唇瓣中总花青素苷和总黄酮含量与花色的明度L*和色相b*值呈显著负相关.此外,从文心兰唇瓣中共检测出5种花青素苷(为矢车菊素和芍药花素的糖苷)和23种黄酮和黄酮醇苷(苷元有木犀草素、槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素和金圣草黄素5种),在黄色和橙色唇瓣中几乎检测不到类黄酮成分,可见类黄酮色素主要对除黄色和橙色外的文心兰花色有贡献.     

小苍兰花瓣花黄色素组成和含量分析

以6个不同花色的小苍兰品种为实验材料,在量化小苍兰花色表型和初步确定花瓣色素类型的基础上,利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术鉴定花瓣中的花黄色素组成并比较分析各组分含量。结果表明：在小苍兰花瓣中鉴定到13种黄酮及黄酮醇物质,分别为槲皮素、山萘酚、异鼠李素、柚皮素、黄芩素及其糖苷;槲皮素及其糖苷是小苍兰花瓣中重要的黄酮醇物质;随着小苍兰的花朵开放,花黄色素含量多呈下降趋势;在不同小苍兰品种中,花黄色素含量存在明显差异,其中,红、紫色系品种含量显著高于黄、白色系品种,尤其是‘上农红台阁’‘Red Passion’和‘Castor’,其含量在各发育阶段均表现为较高水平的积累。此外,花色表型为复色的‘Red Passion’和‘Castor’中上部与基部花瓣的花黄色素含量存在显著差异。相关分析表明,各花黄色素组分的积累与小苍兰花色明度均呈极显著负相关;槲皮素、异鼠李素及其糖苷含量与花色红度呈极显著正相关,柚皮素、山萘酚及其糖苷与花色红度呈显著正相关;山萘酚及其糖苷含量与花色鲜艳程度呈显著正相关。可见,花黄色素影响小苍兰的花色呈现。     

黑花生种皮花色苷组成成分的UPLC/Q-TOF分析研究

应用UPLC/Q-TOF技术对黑花生种皮中的花色苷进行分离鉴定。黑花生种皮花色苷用90%甲醇水溶液(含0.5%甲酸)超声波提取,SPE C18柱净化,Q-TOF全扫描和MS/MS扫描鉴定花色苷的种类。结果表明,黑花生种皮颜色主要由矢车菊素—接骨木二糖苷、飞燕草色素—己糖苷等7种花色苷组成。本研究结果对于揭示黑花生种皮花色苷生物活性的物质基础和作用机制有重要意义,同时为开发富含花色苷的花生品种,提高花生的营养品质和保健功能提供理论依据。     

不同纬度地点大豆子粒异黄酮含量差异

采用不同纬度的田间试验，对大豆异黄酮及其三种苷元含量的影响效应进行了研究。试验结果表明，环境条件的变化及品种对大豆异黄酮及其三种苷元的含量有极显著影响；除黄豆黄素以地点效应最大外，大豆黄素、染料木黄素及总含量均以基因型×地点互作影响效应最大，4种含量基因型影响最小。在黑龙江省范围内，大豆子粒异黄酮总含量及其三种组分含量均与纬度呈不同程度的正相关。     

玉米子粒色素稳定性比较研究

用比色法对两种玉米子粒花色苷色素的色谱及稳定性进行研究。结果表明：西星赤糯1号玉米子粒色素最大吸收峰为506 nm,酸性条件下为酒红色;黑包公鲜玉米子粒色素的最大吸收峰为528 nm,酸性条件下为玫瑰红色。两种玉米子粒花色苷色素对室内散射光、温度(20℃～60℃)、食盐、蔗糖、葡萄糖、维生素C、柠檬酸、乙酸、防腐剂苯甲酸钠(C₇H₅NaO₂)以及Mg²⁺、Zn²⁺、Mn²⁺、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺均表现稳定,对室外自然光、氧化剂H₂O₂(30%)、还原剂亚硫酸钠(Na₂SO₃)以及Fe3+、Fe2+、Cu2+表现不稳定。     

莲雾农科二号果实发育过程中果皮色泽和色素的变化

以黑珍珠莲雾优系‘农科二号’为材料,开展莲雾果实发育过程果皮色泽和色素变化的研究。结果表明:伴随着果实发育过程,果皮颜色由黄绿色逐渐向红色转变;叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量逐渐下降;类胡萝卜素含量变化呈现为极显著下降、不变、显著下降的趋势;类黄酮、总酚含量先急剧下降后缓慢下降;花色素苷含量在盛花后30 d前后开始显著增加,采收时达到最高值。红绿色指标a值与花色素苷含量呈极显著正相关,与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮和总酚含量呈极显著负相关,黄蓝指标b值、综合色度指标h°值与各色素的相关性与a值相反。果皮的转色期为盛花后30 d前后,转色前果皮色泽由叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色素苷、类黄酮和总酚共同决定,转色后花色素苷含量对果皮色泽起决定作用。     

黑糯玉米主要品质性状的遗传分析

以国内外收集的8个黑糯玉米自交系为材料,采用不完全双列杂交法,分析黑糯玉米子粒主要品质性状的遗传规律。结果表明:脂肪和硒含量的遗传以非加性效应为主,蛋白质和维生素E含量的遗传中,加性、非加性效应共同起作用;F1与母本脂肪含量、维生素E含量均呈极显著正相关,F1脂肪含量与硒含量的遗传相关达正向显著水平。     

Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Capacity of Tortillas Obtained after Lime-Cooking Extrusion Process of Whole Pigmented Mexican Maize

The lime-cooking extrusion represents an alternative technology for manufacturing pre-gelatinized flours for tortillas with the advantages of saving energy and generation of null effluents. The phytochemical profiles (total phenolics, anthocyanins) and antioxidant activity of four different types of whole pigmented Mexican maize [white (WM), yellow (YM), red (RM), blue maize (BM)] processed into tortillas were studied. The lime-cooking extrusion process caused a significant decrease (p?相似文献   

干旱胁迫下外源海藻糖对糯玉米幼苗生理特性的影响

以苏玉糯5号为供试材料,研究干旱胁迫条件下外源海藻糖对糯玉米幼苗根系和叶片抗氧化系统及渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著降低叶片叶绿素含量和根系活力,喷施外源海藻糖后这两类物质含量增加。干旱胁迫下喷施外源海藻糖增加玉米根系和叶片中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,增强糯玉米幼苗根系和叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等活性,降低超氧阴离子产生速率(O2-)、丙二醛(MDA)等含量。外源海藻糖处理下叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、AsA和GSH含量增加幅度大于根系,叶片中丙二醛含量降幅大于根系。表明喷施外源海藻糖缓解干旱胁迫对叶片伤害效果大于根系。干旱胁迫下喷施外源海藻糖能够增强糯玉米抗旱能力,减小干旱伤害。     

Stability of anthocyanins of blue maize (Zea mays L.) after nixtamalization of seperated pericarp-germ tip cap and endosperm fractions

Most naturally occurring foods that are sources of anthocyanins are often processed under severe temperature, pressure, and pH conditions that may extensively alter the naturally occurring pigments with loss of their potential antioxidant properties. It is desirable that anthocyanins present in pigmented maize not be completely destroyed when producing processed products. In the present study, the effect of different concentrations of calcium hydroxide used in the nixtamalization after fractionation process on the stability of the pigments found in blue maize was evaluated. The anthocyanin profile was analyzed using HPLC. The total anthocyanin content as well as that of acyl-type anthocyanins decreased during the cooking process and as the concentrations of calcium hydroxide used increased (P<0.001). More anthocyanin was retained in the nixtamalization after fractionation process with 0.5% calcium hydroxide than in the traditional nixtamalization process. In maize cooked and nixtamalized with up to 1.5% calcium hydroxide, only 16.1% of the acyl-type anthocyanin remained, compared to between 32 and 38% in the original uncooked maize. Conversely, the cyanidin and pelargonidin anthocyanin content increased.     

光质对夏玉米产量和子粒蛋白质含量的影响

以郑单958为试验材料,在夏玉米吐丝后5 d至吐丝后35 d,分别用白色、黑色、红色、黄色、绿色、蓝色的聚乙烯透明食品袋将雌穗完全套住,同时设置不套袋处理(CK),研究灌浆期雌穗照射不同颜色的光对夏玉米产量和子粒蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,套袋处理显著增加了穗粒数,红袋和蓝袋对穗粒数的增加作用更显著;黑袋抑制粒重的增加,白袋、黄袋、绿袋显著促进粒重的增加;不同颜色的光对穗部性状都有改善作用,绿袋、白袋、红袋、蓝袋分别对穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数的促进作用显著,白袋对子粒败育的抑制作用显著;红袋和蓝袋使子粒的体积分别增加18.8%、27.6%,其余处理抑制了子粒体积的增加;白袋、红袋、黄袋、绿袋、蓝袋增加了子粒的蛋白质含量,黑袋抑制子粒对氮素的吸收和蛋白质的合成。改变灌浆期照射雌穗的光质可以改善穗部性状,减少子粒败育,促进对子粒对氮素的吸收,从而实现产量的增加和品质的改善。     

Changes in the phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity in developmental maize kernels and expression profiles of phenolic biosynthesis-related genes

Phenolic compounds have various nutritional and functional properties, especially antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between the phenolic compound accumulation, antioxidant property and gene expression during maize kernel development. In this study, we explored the effects of developmental stage on the accumulation of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities. The expression levels of genes involved in phenolic biosynthesis were also studied. The results showed that the total phenolic content (TPC) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) were gradually increased from 15 to 48 days after pollination (DAP), whereas the total flavonoid content (TFC) decreased continuously. The antioxidant activity of maize kernels was increased gradually and positively associated with TPC. ZmCHSs in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway played important roles for total flavonoid accumulation at both early and later development stages. The expression pattern of ZmANS corresponded to the accumulation of total anthocyanin during kernel development. These results revealed that developmental stage affected the accumulation of different phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and related gene expression. The antioxidant activity of maize kernels was dependent on the total phenolic accumulation which was related to the expression profiles of the genes participated in phenolic synthesis.     

寒地半干旱区鲜食玉米品种适应性和品质性状分析

以18个鲜食玉米品种为试验材料,针对寒地西部半干旱地区的气候条件,研究不同类型鲜食玉米子粒鲜食期的营养成分的积累动态及品质变化。结果表明,鲜食玉米灌浆期子粒的可溶性糖、粗淀粉、蛋白质、子粒含水率和维C含量在不同灌浆期、不同品种间差异极显著。随着子粒的发育,不同类型鲜食玉米品种的可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白含量和子粒含水率呈下降趋势,粗淀粉含量呈上升趋势,维C含量呈先上升后下降的动态曲线变化。根据鲜食玉米营养成分与品质的关系,通过子粒含水率结合蛋白质含量和粗淀粉含量确定糯玉米的最佳采收期,子粒含水率结合可溶性糖含量和维C含量确定甜玉米的最佳采收期。     

基于植物学性状的吉林省杂草稻多样性研究

近年来随着直播技术和免耕方式的推广,杂草稻对水稻的危害越来越大,寻找有效的杂草稻防除措施己刻不容缓。本文对我国吉林省19份杂草稻植物学性状进行了调查,调查发现吉林省杂草稻抽穗天数和株高的变化范围均大于栽培稻,颖壳色多表现为秆黄色,赤褐色、黄色、黑褐色、紫黑色、灰黑色、黄褐色和银灰色;果皮色以红色果皮为主;大部分杂草稻有芒,芒色以秆黄和赤褐为主;易落粒;易倒伏。通过分层聚类将33份供试材料分为了5类。利用程氏指数法对19份杂草稻材料的籼粳属性进行分析,结果显示吉林杂草稻主要以粳型为主,少部分为偏粳型。     

Carotenoid composition and antioxidant activity of tortillas elaborated from pigmented maize landrace by traditional nixtamalization or lime cooking extrusion process

Mexican pigmented maize (Zea mays L.) landrace kernels have been scantily evaluated regarding potential as functional food. In this study, eight Mexican pigmented (yellow and red) maize accessions of Tuxpeño, Tabloncillo and Chapalote landraces collected in the northwestern region of Mexico were processed into tortilla to determinate carotenoid profiles, as well as their Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity for Lipophilic extract (ORAC-L). The total carotenoid content ranged from 3.66 to 5.56 mg LE/kg DW in the yellow maize and from 1.49 to 3.49 mg LE/kg DW in the red maize among all raw genotypes. Lutein and zeaxanthin were major carotenoids in all pigmented maize, accounting for ∼85% of total carotenoids. The traditional nixtamalization and lime-cooking extrusion process significantly (p < 0.05) decrease total carotenoid and ORAC-L assays when compared to raw kernels. Traditional tortillas retained among 72.0–87.6% and 65.1–78.8% of total carotenoids and ORAC-L levels respectively, compared to 68.8–79.5% and 60.3–75.5% assayed in extruded tortillas. Interestingly, traditional and extruded tortillas maintained more 72.7 and 60%, respectively; of the lutein concentration associated with raw grains. Our results suggest that yellow maize landrace could be considered for the elaboration of nixtamalized food products with nutraceutical potential.     

鲜食甜糯玉米子粒氨基酸含量的研究

以异隐纯合体杂交法培育的9个甜糯玉米杂交组合及其15个隐性纯合体亲本自交系为材料,在适宜鲜食期测定子粒中的氨基酸含量。结果表明,TN43-4的赖氨酸、必需氨基酸总量和氨基酸总量最高。不同甜糯玉米组合间的必需氨基酸总量和氨基酸总量存在一定的差异,但其必需氨基酸的相对含量并没有大的差别。多数甜糯玉米组合的必需氨基酸总量和氨基酸总量介于双亲之间或高于双亲。秋种、春种两次试验氨基酸含量的测定结果不同,春种试验的氨基酸含量普遍高于秋种试验,表明存在环境的影响。7种必需氨基酸间的简单相关和偏相关分析表明,苏氨酸与缬氨酸、异亮氨酸,亮氨酸与苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸间存在真实的相关关系。     

高温对玉米植株形态与功能、产量构成及子粒养分的影响

以热敏型玉米品种驻玉309为材料,设置两个高温处理,研究不同程度日间高温对玉米产量及穗部性状、物质生产及转运、子粒库容的影响。结果表明,高温(HT1)对玉米产量无显著影响,极高温(HT2)显著降低玉米结实率和产量。植株株高在HT2下表现为降低,叶面积则表现为HT2CKHT1。花期高温胁迫显著降低吐丝期穗位叶净光合速率,但对叶绿素含量无显著影响。HT2降低穗粒数和总干物重,增加了成熟期茎、叶、苞叶干物质占单株地上干物质总重比例。高温胁迫增加子粒粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量和淀粉含量。结果显示,HT1处理下玉米通过自身增加物质转运能力应对高温胁迫,HT2通过显著降低穗粒数而影响子粒库容减小,造成不可逆损伤,同时影响了玉米源(叶面积)和流(物质转运与分配)的能力。