ALS抑制剂的杂草抗性概述

随着化学除草剂的不断推广和使用,杂草抗性问题也日益加重。本文搜集了2003年和2007年各种不同作用机制药剂的杂草抗性的报道,重点搜集、整理并分析了ALS抑制剂的最近杂草抗性研究报道,其相关抗性机理,并探讨了ALS抑制剂抗性杂草治理措施。     

加强对抗性杂草的重视

前言近几年,抗除草剂杂草的数量在增加,分布在迅速扩大,并已成为日趋重要的问题。农药工业筛选和开发的目标是发掘选择性强、活性高及毒理和环境安全的除草剂。这样发展的结局是,开发的绝大多数产品表现单一作用部位的活性,因而很容易导致杂草抗性生物型的产生。最近工业界的代表组织了一个杂草抗性行动委员会,旨在延长那些可能产生抗性的除草剂的使用寿命,并控翩出现抗性而引起的作物损失。在去年9月的第八届 Long Ashton     

抗草甘膦杂草及其检测方法发展现状

草甘膦在世界范围的多年大量使用已经引起了抗草甘膦杂草的产生。本文针对全球迄今为止发现的21种抗草甘膦杂草的发生、发展状况进行了论述。探讨了抗草甘膦杂草抗药性检测方法,分别从整株生物测定及生物化学等方面介绍了抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的研究现状,为抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的发展及其抗性监测方法的建立提供参考。     

磺酰脲类除草剂抗性简易测定方法初探

经小杯种子抗性检测法检验,4年诱抗的藜种子对单嘧磺酯、苯磺隆均产生了抗药性,抗性最高分别达到2．18倍和3．45倍。苯磺隆抗性诱导后的藜种子对单嘧磺酯表现出的抗性水平略低于对苯磺隆的抗性水平。小杯种子抗性检测法可通过对植物种子的抗性测定,确定植物是否存在抗药性或交互抗性,并能初步确定抗药性发生倍数及交互抗性发生水平,对田间生产中的杂草抗性及交互抗性的发生具有一定的指导作用。     

杂草管理的分子生物学途径(英文)

全球气候变化有利于外来杂草的入侵与传播,因为外来种通常可以快速适应环境。除草剂和抗除草剂作物的滥用使抗性杂草严重威胁现代农业的发展,这就需要新技术有效缓解当前的和未来的杂草问题。分子生物学是研究DNA、RNA以及蛋白质分子之间相互作用的科学,该技术已在杂草科学中广泛应用,如决定杂草抗药性机制、抗性杂草的起源、杂草基因型和基因流动的传播、杂草特征的生态适应与进化发展等。这些信息有利于建立可持续发展的杂草管理方案。分子生物技术也具有可直接用于防除杂草的潜力,如可用于开发新的除草措施的技术,包括宏基因组学、病毒诱导基因沉默、转基因雌性不育性等。     

广西进口粮谷中2种苋属杂草草甘膦抗性测定

为了解进境粮食中常见苋属杂草的抗草甘膦水平,采用整株检测法检测了主要进口粮谷携带的和广西境内的刺苋、反枝苋的草甘膦抗性。检测结果表明:在外来杂草的对比中,巴西大豆中的刺苋以及加拿大油菜籽中的反枝苋对草甘膦抗性强;大部分外来苋属杂草比国内苋属杂草对草甘膦的抗性强。     

转基因抗除草剂作物的基因流与杂草化机理探讨

转基因抗除草剂(HRGM)作物的抗性基因的转移、渗透或流失及其杂草化问题已日益突出，主要表现在：①抗性作物与常规作物间的基因互渗，发生抗性基因漂移或抗性作物退化；②抗性作物与其野生近缘物种间，尤其是与近缘杂草间的基因互渗，可直接将抗性基因转移到杂草或自然生境中，在除草剂定向选用的情况下，直接对生物多样性构成威胁；②如果对HRGM作物管理不当，则抗性作物可能逸生为杂草。     

杂草对草甘膦的抗性及抗性治理

本文从草甘膦现状、杂草抗性、抗性机制及抗性治理等几方面进行综述．并提出几点看法。力求提高草甘膦管理水平延长其使用年限，促进农业的发展。     

杂草对激素类除草剂抗药性研究进展

农田杂草严重影响作物的产量和品质,对除草剂的过度依赖和长期使用,使杂草对除草剂的抗性问题日益突出。目前已有262种杂草(152种双子叶和110种单子叶)的512个生物型对23类中的167个除草剂产生抗性。激素类除草剂作为除草剂的重要成员,为禾谷类作物田的杂草防除提供了保障,然而在使用了几十年后,44种杂草对此类除草剂产生了抗药性。本文对激素类除草剂的分类应用、除草机理、抗性现状、抗性机理等进行了综述,以期为激素类除草剂的应用和抗激素类除草剂杂草的防除提供参考。     

山东省部分市县麦田杂草麦家公Lithospermum arvense对苯磺隆的抗药性

采用温室盆栽法和培养皿法测定了山东省部分市县冬小麦田杂草麦家公Lithospermum arvense L.对苯磺隆的抗药性水平,以及其抗药性生物型乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)对苯磺隆的敏感性。温室盆栽结果显示,供试杂草对苯磺隆产生了不同程度的抗药性,其中胶州麦家公生物型抗性水平最高,抗性倍数为12.8倍;培养皿法测定结果也显示胶州麦家公生物型抗性水平最高,但抗性倍数为3.89倍。交互抗性测定结果表明,胶州抗性麦家公生物型对其他ALS抑制剂噻吩磺隆和苄嘧磺隆已产生不同程度的交互抗性,其中对噻吩磺隆的抗性倍数达到3.11倍。离体条件下,与敏感生物型ALS活力的抑制中浓度(IC50)相比较,胶州抗性麦家公生物型的IC50值是敏感麦家公的 2.65倍。表明ALS敏感性降低可能是山东部分市县麦家公对苯磺隆产生抗药性的重要原因之一。     

抗药性杂草与治理

抗药性杂草对农田杂草治理和农业生产构成严重威胁,成为备受全球关注的严重问题。随着长期、大量使用相对有限的化学除草剂,全球抗药性杂草发展迅猛,目前已有217种杂草对化学除草剂产生了抗药性,我国抗药性杂草发展也十分迅猛。本文在介绍杂草抗药性基本概念、抗药性杂草发展过程、抗药性杂草现状的基础上,重点描述了抗药性杂草治理策略,以期为我国抗药性杂草研究和治理提供参考。     

Prevalence of herbicide‐resistant weed species in Malaysian rice fields: A review

The management of weeds in Malaysian rice fields is very much herbicide‐based. The heavy reliance on herbicide for weed control by many rice‐growers arguably eventually has led to the development and evolution of herbicide‐resistant biotypes in Malaysian rice fields over the years. The continuous use of synthetic auxin (phenoxy group) herbicides and acetohydroxyacid synthase‐inhibiting herbicides to control rice weeds was consequential in leading to the emergence and prevalence of resistant weed biotypes. This review discusses the history and confirmed cases and incidence of herbicide‐resistant weeds in Malaysian rice fields. It also reviews the Clearfield Production System and its impact on the evolution of herbicide resistance among rice weed species and biotypes. This review also emphasizes the strategies and management options for herbicide‐resistant rice field weeds within the framework of herbicide‐based integrated weed management. These include the use of optimum tillage practices, certified clean seeds, increased crop competition through high seeding rates, crop rotation, the application of multiple modes of action of herbicides in annual rotations, tank mixtures and sequential applications to enable a broad spectrum of weed control, increase the selective control of noxious weed species in a field and help to delay the resistance evolution by reducing the selection pressure that is forced on those weed populations by a specific herbicidal mode of action.     

杂草对AHAS抑制剂的抗药性分子机理研究进展

除草剂在田间的重复及不合理使用,导致了杂草抗药性的发生和发展。其中AHAS抑制剂由于靶标单一,抗性发展十分迅速。截至2009年,已有103种杂草对AHAS抑制剂产生了抗药性,占19类化学除草剂总抗药性杂草生物型的近1/3。从AHAS基因突变位点及种类与杂草抗药性水平的关系、AHAS基因突变与AHAS酶活性的关系、AHAS基因拷贝数与杂草抗药性的关系以及AHAS酶与除草剂结合前后的三维结构等方面,综述了杂草对AHAS抑制剂产生抗药性的机理,旨在为AHAS抑制剂抗性研究提供参考。并对自然种群目标基因的等位基因检测技术(ECOTILLING)和衍生型酶切扩增多态性序列(dCAPS)两种通过检测等位基因多态性的手段快速诊断抗药性杂草的新技术进行了介绍,讨论了延缓杂草抗药性发生和发展的策略。     

我国小麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性研究进展

小麦是我国主要的粮食作物, 麦田草害的发生与危害严重影响小麦的产量与品质。我国小麦田的禾本科杂草主要包括日本看麦娘、看麦娘、菵草和多花黑麦草等, 田间杂草防除主要依靠化学除草剂。精噁唑禾草灵自20世纪80年代进入我国市场以来, 长期用于小麦田禾本科杂草防除, 已经报道麦田多种禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵产生了高水平抗药性。为更加科学合理地控制小麦田杂草的发生与危害, 一些学者就麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性水平监测和抗性机理进行了系统研究。本文系统总结了我国小麦田抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的发生种群、抗性水平、靶标酶抗性机理与非靶标抗性机理, 还梳理了抗性杂草的交互抗性与多抗性发生情况, 分析了我国在抗性杂草治理方面的经验以及面临的问题, 为农田杂草防除提供指导。     

Integrated pest management and weed management in the United States and Canada

There is interest in more diverse weed management tactics because of evolved herbicide resistance in important weeds in many US and Canadian crop systems. While herbicide resistance in weeds is not new, the issue has become critical because of the adoption of simple, convenient and inexpensive crop systems based on genetically engineered glyphosate‐tolerant crop cultivars. Importantly, genetic engineering has not been a factor in rice and wheat, two globally important food crops. There are many tactics that help to mitigate herbicide resistance in weeds and should be widely adopted. Evolved herbicide resistance in key weeds has influenced a limited number of growers to include a more diverse suite of tactics to supplement existing herbicidal tactics. Most growers still emphasize herbicides, often to the exclusion of alternative tactics. Application of integrated pest management for weeds is better characterized as integrated weed management, and more typically integrated herbicide management. However, adoption of diverse weed management tactics is limited. Modifying herbicide use will not solve herbicide resistance in weeds, and the relief provided by different herbicide use practices is generally short‐lived at best. More diversity of tactics for weed management must be incorporated in crop systems. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

杂草对9类常用不同作用机制除草剂的非靶标抗性机制研究进展

除草剂的应用为农业生产带来便利, 但长期、单一使用某一种或相同机制的除草剂也引发了杂草对除草剂的抗性问题。抗性杂草种类逐渐增加, 抗性形成机制复杂, 导致农田杂草的治理难度增加。杂草对除草剂的抗性机制主要分为两种, 一种是除草剂靶标位点基因的突变或过量表达导致的靶标抗性, 另一种是杂草对除草剂吸收、转运、固存和代谢等一个或多个生理过程发生变化导致的非靶标抗性。本文综述了杂草对9类不同作用方式除草剂的非靶标抗性机制的生理、生化和分子基础的研究进展, 以期为抗性杂草综合治理提供参考。     

Herbicide‐resistant weed management: focus on glyphosate

This review focuses on proactive and reactive management of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) weeds. Glyphosate resistance in weeds has evolved under recurrent glyphosate usage, with little or no diversity in weed management practices. The main herbicide strategy for proactively or reactively managing GR weeds is to supplement glyphosate with herbicides of alternative modes of action and with soil‐residual activity. These herbicides can be applied in sequences or mixtures. Proactive or reactive GR weed management can be aided by crop cultivars with alternative single or stacked herbicide‐resistance traits, which will become increasingly available to growers in the future. Many growers with GR weeds continue to use glyphosate because of its economical broad‐spectrum weed control. Government farm policies, pesticide regulatory policies and industry actions should encourage growers to adopt a more proactive approach to GR weed management by providing the best information and training on management practices, information on the benefits of proactive management and voluntary incentives, as appropriate. Results from recent surveys in the United States indicate that such a change in grower attitudes may be occurring because of enhanced awareness of the benefits of proactive management and the relative cost of the reactive management of GR weeds. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

春麦田除草剂的应用与杂草群落演替

作者采用定点定位试验,对春麦田除草剂应用与杂草群落演替趋势进行研究。结果表明:在杂草群落多样性麦田,小麦连作并分别连续5年施用同一种除草剂,原杂草群落中占优势的靶标杂草得以控制,而非靶标杂草和抗、耐药性杂草因失去竞争和制约对象而猖獗发展,发生量较原来增加几倍至几十倍,并形成优势种群,对小麦造成新的更严重的危害。一种除草剂在同田块连续施用4年,由于杂草群落演替,抗、耐药杂草兴起,除草效果显著下降而失去其使用意义。作者提出除草剂配套使用、轮用、混用等措施,并配合以合理的轮作制度,以减轻杂草群落长期受到单一的定向选择性压力。     

Development of herbicide resistance in weeds in a crop rotation with acetolactate synthase‐tolerant sugar beets under varying selection pressure

The development of acetolactate synthase (ALS) tolerant sugar beet provides new opportunities for weed control in sugar beet cultivation. The system consists of an ALS?inhibiting herbicide (foramsulfuron + thiencarbazone‐methyl) and a herbicide‐tolerant sugar beet variety. Previously, the use of ALS‐inhibitors in sugar beet was limited due to the susceptibility of the crop to active ingredients from this mode of action. The postulated benefits of cultivation of the ALS‐tolerant sugar beet are associated with potential risks. Up to now, with no relevant proportion of herbicide‐tolerant crops in Germany, ALS‐inhibitors are used in many different crops. An additional use in sugar beet cultivation could increase the selection pressure for ALS‐resistant weeds. To evaluate the impact of varying intensity of ALS‐inhibitor use on two weed species (Alopecurus myosuroides and Tripleurospermum perforatum) in a crop rotation, field trials were conducted in Germany in two locations from 2014 to 2017. Weed densities, genetic resistance background and crop yields were annually assessed. The results indicate that it is possible to control ALS‐resistant weeds with an adapted herbicide strategy in a crop rotation including herbicide‐tolerant sugar beet. According to the weed density and species, the herbicide strategy must be extended to graminicide treatment in sugar beet, and a residual herbicide must be used in winter wheat. The spread of resistant biotypes in our experiments could not be attributed to the integration of herbicide‐tolerant cultivars, although the application of ALS‐inhibitors promoted the development of resistant weed populations. Annual use of ALS‐inhibitors resulted in significant high weed densities and caused seriously yield losses. Genetic analysis of surviving weed plants confirmed the selection of ALS‐resistant biotypes.     

Perspective: root exudation of herbicides as a novel mode of herbicide resistance in weeds

The evolution of resistance to herbicides in weeds has become a great challenge for global agricultural production. Weeds have evolved resistance to herbicides through many different physiological mechanisms. Some weed species are known to secrete herbicide molecules from roots into the rhizosphere upon being treated. However, root exudation of herbicides as a mechanism of resistance has only recently been identified in two weed species. Root exudation pathways have been investigated in Arabidopsis, and this work suggested that ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters play a role in the secretion of primary and secondary plant products from roots. We hypothesize that the mechanisms involved in root exudation of herbicides that result in resistance are mediated by overactive or overexpressed transporters, probably similar to those found for the exudation of primary and secondary compounds from roots. Elucidating the molecular and physiological basis of root exudation in herbicide‐resistant weeds would improve our understanding of the pathways involved in herbicide root secretion mediated by transporters in plants. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry