候鸟在禽病传播中的作用

流行病学研究认为,自生候鸟(成年候鸟)是家禽几种细菌病、病毒性传染病和寄生虫病的传播宿主。通过常规的和分子生物学的方法对上述几种疾病进行检测,找到了在候鸟和家禽中鉴别不同致病因素的可靠依据。当然,活禽和家禽产品的运输以及人员和受污染设备的移动在疾病传播过程中起着主导作用。     

科学家追踪青海湖候鸟三年发现特殊禽流感病毒

科学界认为，在高致病性禽流感的传播过程中．候鸟群起了重要作用。我国科学家在对青海湖候鸟做了三年追踪后，从候鸟中发现了一种特殊的禽流感病毒，这对开发禽流感疫苗具有重要意义。     

金霉素对肉仔鸡生长及肠道微生物繁殖的影响

金霉素是一种四环素类抗生素,具有广谱抗菌活性,对肉仔鸡具有促生长作用.有研究认为抗生素有促生长作用是因为其抑制了环境中的抗生长因子、降低肠壁厚度和促进营养吸收.更多研究者认为,口服抗生素可以有效抑制肠道微生物的繁殖,并促进动物的生长;然而长期口服抗生素对肠道微生物繁殖影响的研究结果不一致.本试验拟通过检测不同日龄肉仔鸡肠道中大肠埃希氏菌、乳酸菌和双歧杆菌繁殖情况,研究长期口服金霉素对肉仔鸡肠道微生物繁殖的影响.     

鸟类学——第十讲 鸟类的迁徙

鸟类的迁徙是自然界中引人注目的生物学问题。动物的迁徙中,鸟类的迁徙研究一直居于领先地位。凡是在繁殖区和越冬区进行定期迁飞活动的称为候鸟,而迁徙是候鸟一年一度的往返旅行。一般说来,候鸟常常在它分布最冷的地区繁殖,最暖的地区越冬。世界上候鸟约占全部鸟类的三分之一,而参加迁徙活动的鸟类有一百亿只以上。北半球多数的鸟类,每年都参加迁徙,甚至可以飞过赤道进入非洲,澳洲和拉丁美洲越冬;但是,南半球的鸟类(特别是陆     

基于ITS基因分析扩展莫尼茨绦虫种系发育关系

为研究扩展莫尼茨绦虫分离株核糖体ITS序列的遗传变异情况,并利用ITS序列探讨扩展莫尼茨绦虫与其它带科绦虫的种群发育关系,本研究利用PCR对扩展莫尼茨绦虫分离株核糖体ITS序列进行扩增、测序及分析。结果表明:16株扩展莫尼茨绦虫分离株核糖体ITS序列长度一致,为1462~1473bP,且分离株与基因库扩展莫尼茨绦虫位于同一大分支,可以与其它带科绦虫有效鉴别。说明ITS序列种内较为保守,种间差异较大,可以作为扩展莫尼茨绦虫的种间遗传变异研究的分子标记。     

赛鸽导航之迷

赛鸽靠什么来导航的问题在鸽界争论已久，并由此产生了许多说法，如地磁说、太阳说、风说、味觉说、气压说、次声说、温度湿度说等。而笔者认为赛鸽主要是依靠太阳光射线和地磁的相互作用来进行导航的。本文将用大量的事实来进行验证，并加以类推，进而说明这个道理。     

不同类型苏丹草同工酶多型性研究

本文首次采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对不同类型苏丹草同工酶多型性进行研究，对其种子、幼叶和幼根的酯酶、过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶同工酶谱进行测定。结果表明四种类型苏丹草酯酶、过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱及酶活性都存在明显的类型间和器官间差异；而超氧化物歧化酶同工酶酶谱及酶活性差异不明显。初步认为酯酶，过氧化物同工酶酶谱都可以作为不同类型苏丹草的亲缘关系研究及其遗传差异鉴定的重要标志。     

禽流感发生的流行病学分析与应对措施

文章详细阐述了禽流感病毒的特性以及禽流感流行的主客观规律,作者认为对禽类缺少检疫和监测,人、畜、禽间密切接触,候鸟迁徙等因素会造成禽流感爆发流行,并对如何有效防控禽流感提出了具体措施,指出对禽流感建立主动监测和预警系统是十分必要的。     

北京监测候鸟防禽流感

消息 :北京即将迎来候鸟迁飞的高峰期。从3月3日开始 ,北京市林业局将在郊区设立14个野生候鸟监测点 ,严防候鸟在迁徙过程中传播禽流感。北京地处亚热带与亚寒带的过渡区 ,是许多候鸟迁徙的必经通道。据统计 ,北京地区共有喜鹊、杜鹃、雨燕、小天鹅、黄鹂等410余种鸟类 ,占全国鸟类总种数的31 .5 %。春、秋两季 ,经北京南迁或北徙的夏候鸟和旅鸟多达353种。目前 ,候鸟迁徙数量逐渐增大 ,其中延庆野鸭湖近期已有上千只野鸭。专家预计 ,大量的候鸟将在3月中下旬迁入北京。据介绍 ,监测人员将在加强候鸟保护的基础上科学监测候鸟 ,每日填写记录表并上报监测结果。监测的主要任务是观察候鸟是否有异常情况 ,一旦发现有得病、死亡的候鸟 ,及时通知当地动物防疫部门进行处理。监测人员还将向群众宣传鸟类保护知识 ,共同爱护野生候鸟。此前 ,北京市林业局成立了严防候鸟传播禽流感领导小组 ,并对野生动物管理人员进行了强化培训 ,培训内容包括如何识别候鸟种类、野外监测、防治禽流感等内容。北京监测候鸟防禽流感$新华网     

鸟类利用地磁迁徙的启示

近闻．科学家从候鸟的眼球中分离出了二种名为“蓝光受体”的分子。这种分子似乎具备产生指南针作用所需的结构和化学性质。40年前．科学家证明候鸟在迁徙时能够利用地球磁场来导航。如今研究人员又发现了一种可能解释其中奥秘的分子运动机制。如果此发现是正确的,那么鸟类也许可以通过此“蓝光受体”直接看见磁力线,就好像人类能够看见马路中间的分道线一样。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.