Effects of crop residue management on winter durum wheat productivity in a long term experiment in Southern Italy

A long-term experiment comparing different crop residue (CR) managements was established in 1977 in Foggia (Apulia region, southern Italy). The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of different types of crop residue management on main yield response parameters in a continuous cropping system of winter durum wheat. In order to correctly interpret the results, models accounting for spatial error autocorrelation were used and compared with ordinary least square models.Eight crop residue management treatments, based on burning of wheat straw and stubble or their incorporation with or without N fertilization and irrigation, were compared. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with five replicates.Results indicated that the dynamics of yield, grain protein content and hectolitric weight of winter durum wheat did not show any decline as usually expected when a monoculture is carried out for a long time. In addition, the temporal variability of productivity was more affected by meteorological factors, such as air temperature and rainfall, than CR management treatments. Higher wheat grain yields and hectolitric weights quite frequently occurred after burning of wheat straw compared with straw incorporation without nitrogen fertilization and autumn irrigation and this was attributed to temporary mineral N immobilization in the soil. The rate of 50 kg ha⁻¹ of N seemed to counterbalance this negative effect when good condition of soil moisture occurred in the autumn period, so yielding the same productive level of straw burning treatment.     

Environmental and genetic determination of protein content and grain yield in durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions

The unpredictability of the Mediterranean climate causes fluctuations in wheat yield and quality, but offers the opportunity for obtaining high‐quality durum wheat in terms of grain protein content. Twenty‐five durum wheat genotypes were grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions at each of two latitudes in Spain during 1998 and 1999. Differences between latitudes in grain protein content and chlorophyll content in the flag leaf were attributable to nitrogen fertilization management. Cycle length until anthesis was less affected by the environment than grain‐filling duration, and was longer under irrigated conditions than in the rainfed sites. A negative asymptotic curve was the best equation to fit the relationship between yield and protein content, suggesting that yield improvements in fertile environments may be attained with negligible reductions in protein content. ‘Jabato’, ‘Waha’, ‘Lagost‐3’, ‘Massara‐1’ and ‘Vit?on’ showed medium to high yield, yield stability and high protein content. Chlorophyll content in the flag leaf, measured at anthesis with the soil‐plant analysis development (SPAD) portable field unit, may be useful for the fast and cheap detection of durum wheat genotypes with high grain protein content in drought‐stressed Mediterranean environments.     

灌水和追氮对冬小麦植株性状和产量的影响

为了明确灌水和追氮对冬小麦茎秆性状和产量的影响,以‘京9428’为材料,分析了不同时期灌水和追氮对小麦茎秆性状及产量和产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,春3、4叶期一次性肥水使基部第一、二节间显著较长,穗下节显著较短,株高显著较低,公顷穗数和穗粒数显著较少,产量显著较低。春3、4叶期灌水后春5叶期灌水追肥的处理,虽然基部节间也较长,但穗下节间显著较长,株高显著较高,公顷穗数和穗粒数显著较多,产量显著较高,其他处理的结果处于以上二者之间;灌水和追氮都能显著提高小麦顶部功能叶光合速率,但春5叶期较春3、4叶期灌水追氮显著提高开花后冬小麦顶部功能叶的光合速率;灌水和追氮时期对单株茎数和单茎干重影响不大。该区域小麦春季肥水以春3、4叶期灌水,春5叶期一次性追肥较适宜。     

定位水氮组合对冀5265小麦叶片硝酸还原酶、可溶性蛋白及产量的影响

为生产中水氮高效利用提供依据,在3年定位水氮处理的基础上,于2008-2009年在大田条件下研究水氮组合对小麦叶片硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)、叶片可溶性蛋白含量及产量的影响。结果表明,在同一施氮水平上,开花期灌水显著提高NRA、可溶性蛋白含量和产量。灌1水条件下,随施氮量的增加叶片NRA、可溶性蛋白含量呈线性增长,在水分较适宜的2水灌溉条件下,叶片NR活性、可溶性蛋白含量均呈抛物线趋势,NRA在全年施氮240 kg/hm2时最高、可溶性蛋白含量在施氮480 kg/hm2最高,增加施氮量呈下降趋势。在灌2水全年施氮480 kg/hm2时产量最高,说明增加灌水有利于氮素增产效应的发挥。     

冬小麦限水灌溉条件下磷肥补偿效应的研究

为探索磷肥对土壤水分亏缺的补偿效应,研究了灌水和施磷对冬小麦耗水和产量等的影响。结果表明,冬小麦总耗水量与灌水量成正相关关系,而土壤贮水肖耗量与灌水量成负相关关系;施磷能提高作物耗水量,促进深层土壤水分的消耗。灌水和施磷均能显著提高冬小麦产量;两者相比,灌水增加了单位面积穗数和提高了千粒重,而施磷仅增加了穗数。灌水对经济系数无明显影响,但明显降低水分利用效率;施磷对经济系数和水分利用效率均无明显影     

Management alternatives for improved durum wheat production under supplemental irrigation in Syria

In the Mediterranean zone, efforts to optimize combinations of supplemental irrigation (SI), improved varieties, nitrogen (N) and sowing dates aim to improve and stabilize cereal yields and maintain quality, especially for durum wheat. Thus, a 4 year field study (1992/1993 to 1995/1996) on a deep clay soil in northern Syria assessed the impact of SI (rain-fed, 1/3, 2/3 and full SI) combined with variable N application rates (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha⁻¹) and sowing date (early, normal, late) for four improved durum wheat varieties adapted to rain-fed and irrigated conditions. As rainfall and evapotranspiration varied over the 4 years, the amount of SI water required also varied. Yields varied with the season, and the main factors, except variety, were significant. Delaying sowing from November to January reduced yields and response to both SI and N. With irrigation, crop responses were generally significant up to 100 N ha⁻¹, whereas the optimum response for rain-fed conditions occurred with 50 kg N ha⁻¹. Limited SI (1/3) significantly increased yields, but almost maximum yields were obtained by 2/3 of full SI. Water- and N-use efficiencies were greatly increased by SI, with little variation among varieties. However, irrigation and delayed sowing decreased grain protein levels, which were partially compensated for by added N. A similar effect was observed for kernel vitreousness. Models developed from the response data can facilitate the potential transfer of these findings. Thus, in most growing seasons, minimum irrigation during the winter growing season, combined with appropriate fertilization, can enhance wheat output and yet maintain grain quality.     

Effects of Zinc Deficiency and Drought on Grain Yield of Field-grown Wheat Cultivars in Central Anatolia

Drought stress and zinc (Zn) deficiency are serious abiotic stress factors limiting crop production in Turkey, especially in Central Anatolia. In this study, the effects of Zn deficiency and drought stress on grain yield of 20 wheat cultivars (16 bread wheat, Triticum aestivum; four durum wheat, Triticum durum cultivars) were investigated over 2 years under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Central Anatolia where drought and Zn deficiency cause substantial yield reductions. Plants were treated with (+Zn: 23 kg Zn ha⁻¹, as ZnSO₄·7H₂O) and without (−Zn) Zn under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Both Zn deficiency and rainfed treatments resulted in substantial decreases in grain yield. Significant differences were determined between both bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars in terms of drought stress tolerance. Considering drought sensitivity indices over 2 years, the bread wheat cultivars Yayla‐305, Gerek‐79, Dagdas‐94 and Bolal‐2973 were found to be more drought‐tolerant than the other cultivars under both −Zn and +Zn treatments. Especially the durum wheat cultivars Cakmak 79 and Selcuklu 97 showed much greater drought susceptibility under Zn deficiency, and irrigation alone was not sufficient to obtain satisfying grain yield without Zn application. The results indicate that sensitivity to Zn deficiency stress became more pronounced when plants were drought‐stressed. The effect of irrigation on grain yield was maximized when Zn was adequately supplied, leading to the suggestion that efficient water use in Central Anatolia seems to be highly dependent on the Zn nutritional status of plants.     

水氮耦合对春小麦干物质累积与植株氮素转运的影响

为明确甘肃中部地区春小麦合理的施氮水平和灌水量,以陇春27为研究对象,以灌水量[1000（W1）、2000（W2）和3000m³/hm²（W3）]为主区,施氮量[0（N0）、80（N1）、160（N2）和240kg/hm²（N3）]为副区,研究水氮对小麦干物质累积、氮含量、氮素累积及产量的影响。结果表明,不同施氮量和灌水量对小麦干物质累积量、氮累积量、籽粒产量及氮转运均有显著影响,且存在互作效应;各生育期小麦干物质累积量随灌水量与施氮量的增大呈增大趋势,灌水量对干物质累积量影响大于施氮量;茎和叶氮含量随施氮量增大而增大,氮含量为籽粒>叶>颖壳>根>茎,灌水处理对小麦营养器官氮含量影响小于施氮处理;随灌水量与施氮量增大,小麦各器官氮累积量呈先增大后减小趋势;籽粒氮累积量与产量以W2N2处理最大,适宜的水氮供给有利于干物质从营养器官向生殖器官转移,从而提高籽粒产量和氮素生产效率。综上,灌水量与施肥量分别在2000m³/hm²和160kg/hm²时有利于小麦生产。     

栽培技术对小麦产量的调节效应

摘要：小麦的产量不仅受品种遗传特性的影响,而且与生态环境和栽培措施有密切关系,科学实验研究结果表明：种植密度、播期、氮素运筹、灌水等栽培措施都对小麦的高产优质起着至关重要的作用,适宜的种植密度可以提高超高产小麦生育期间,增加光合产物的合成与积累,协调产量构成三因素,实现超高产：在小麦适播期范围内适当早播,能延长灌浆时间,有利于增加粒重,提高产量;而拔节期和孕穗期追氮能在保证足够穗数基础上,提高粒数和粒重,是实现产量突破的重要原因;灌水量和灌水时期对强筋小麦产量具有显著的调节效应。     

灌溉量对小麦氮素吸收和运转的影响

在田间遮雨棚中研究了两种灌溉模式和两个冬小麦品种的氮素吸收和运转规律,在本试验条件下,开花期吸收的氮来自土壤的占75.77%～83.09%,到成熟期为79.31%～83.74%。灌浆期间灌水增加植株各器官吸收肥料氮的比例,而降低了吸收土壤氮素的比例。小麦籽粒氮素的67.47%～83.37%来自开花前营养器官的贮存氮,虽然叶片的总含氮量     

水氮耦合对地膜玉米免耕轮作小麦干物质积累及产量的影响

前茬地膜玉米免耕种植后茬小麦水氮高效利用生产技术是绿洲灌区作物高效生产的新型农田管理技术。为构建该区地膜减量和水氮高效生产技术, 2015—2017年通过3年田间试验, 研究两种耕作方式、2种灌水水平和3个施氮量组合对小麦干物质积累和产量及产量构成的协同效应, 其中耕作方式为覆膜玉米茬免耕直播(NT)和玉米茬传统耕作(CT), 灌水量为传统灌水(I2)和传统灌水减量20% (I1), 施氮量为纯N 225 kg hm ^-2 (N3)、180 kg hm ^-2 (N2)和135 kg hm ^-2 (N1)。结果表明, 耕作方式、灌水水平、施氮量对小麦群体生长速率、干物质积累量均有显著影响。与CT相比, NT显著增大全生育期生长速率, 提高22.0%~28.0%, NT促进小麦地上干物质积累, 提高6.4%~7.4%, 收获期生物产量提高5.4%~15.1%。免耕低灌(NTI1)较传统耕作高灌(CTI2)的生长速率增大7.7%~13.4%, 干物质积累量提高3.1%~5.9%, 收获期生物产量提高8.7%~10.5%。免耕低灌中施氮(NTI1N2)较传统耕作高灌中、高施氮(CTI2N2、CTI2N3) 生长速率分别增大6.9%~20.5%与4.1%~14.0%, 收获期生物产量分别提高7.8%~9.7%与4.8%~10.2%。NT比CT增产10.1%~10.4%, NTI1较CTI2、CTI1分别增产13.0%~14.8%与9.4%~10.1%, NTI1N2比CTI2N2、CTI2N3分别增产3.7%~9.8%与15.2%~22.0%。从产量构成因素分析, NTI1N2提高了单位面积成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重, NTI1N2处理组合更有利于穗数、千粒重的增加。通径分析进一步证明, NTI1N2增产的主要原因是增加了单位面积穗数和千粒重。因此, 在施氮量为180 kg hm ^-2的基础上, 玉米茬地膜再利用免耕技术组装减少20%灌溉量(1920 m ³ hm ^-2)轮作小麦模式是河西灌区小麦高效生产的可行措施。     

水氮调控对小麦植株干物质积累、分配与转运的影响

为明确陕西关中地区节水高肥效的生产最优灌溉和施肥技术,以陕西关中3个品种为供试材料,设置不同灌水模式、施氮量、施肥方式,采用裂区设计,对不同小麦品种植株各器官干物质的积累、分配和转运进行研究。结果表明:3个品种间籽粒干物质分配量和比例均无显著差异,各器官中的干物质向籽粒的转运量、转运率及其对籽粒的贡献率表现不一致;施氮量对小麦干物质氮素积累、分配和转运的影响均无显著差异;施氮量相同的情况下,60%底肥+40%追肥处理,各器官中干物质的积累量和分配比例,以及各营养器官中干物质向籽粒的转运量、转运率和贡献率均高于100%底肥处理。四因素对小麦植株干物质积累分配与转运的影响顺序为:品种>灌溉模式>施氮量>施氮方式。     

水氮耦合对济麦20籽粒蛋白质组分及品质的影响

在高肥条件下,研究了不同水氮组合对强筋小麦品种济麦20籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、蛋白质组分和籽粒品质的影响。结果表明影响小麦籽粒品质的主导因素是灌水。相同施氮水平下,各灌水处理的籽粒蛋白质含量、单体蛋白含量均显著低于不灌水处理,但不同灌水处理间无显著差异。随灌水次数增加,不溶性谷蛋白(高分子量谷蛋白)含量呈下降趋势,可溶性谷蛋白(低分子量谷蛋白)含量呈上升趋势,谷蛋白聚合指数（不溶性谷蛋白含量/谷蛋白总量）降低,粉质仪参数（面团稳定时间和形成时间）也相应降低,表明灌水次数增加导致籽粒品质变劣的主要原因是不溶性谷蛋白积累减少。施氮168 kg/hm²条件下,氮肥拔节期全量追施处理的籽粒产量不降低,而其籽粒品质显著优于分次施肥处理（50%基施、50%拔节期追施）,且与240 kg N/hm²分次施用处理差异不显著。因此,在高产水平下,氮肥全量追施可作为兼顾籽粒产量和品质的推荐运筹模式。     

气候变化下水肥及CO2对冬小麦生长的影响模拟

从机理上研究冬小麦最优水肥管理措施及其对大气CO2浓度变化的适应性,对保障粮食安全、促进农业可持续发展有重要意义。基于DSSATv4.5 模型中的CERES-Wheat 模块,模拟开封市冬小麦2001—2010 年气象条件变化对冬小麦开花期、成熟期的影响;设定42 种水肥组合方式,分析水肥因素对冬小麦产量的影响,同时选取出最优水肥组合方式;在最优水肥组合方式支持下,模拟不同大气CO2浓度水平下冬小麦的生长状况,分析CO2的施肥效应。研究结果表明：冬小麦开花期、成熟期随降水量的增加有所提前;生长期平均温增加能够明显促进冬小麦开花期、成熟期提前;灌溉量、施肥量的增加对冬小麦产量带来先快速增长后趋于稳定的增产效果,但过量施肥或灌溉均会导致不同程度的减产;大气CO2浓度增高对冬小麦有明显的增产效果,同时其各项生产指标也随CO2浓度增高而表现出平稳增长的趋势。可得出结论：冬小麦开花期、成熟期较晚的年份其生长期平均温均在11.0℃以下;控制施肥量300 kg/hm2、灌溉量200 mm左右的水肥组合能够达到理想的冬小麦高产节约种植效果;未来40 年的大气CO2浓度增高会对冬小麦种植带来明显的增产效应。     

Analysis of Wheat Cultivar Differences in Grain Yield, Grain Nitrogen Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency.

More detailed information on the causes of yield variability among wheat cultivars is needed to further increase wheat yield. Field studies were conducted in Northern Greece over the two cropping seasons of 1985—1986 and 1986—1987 to assess the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and application timing of the various component traits that determine grain yield, grain nitrogen yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of two bread ( Triticum aestivum L.) and two durum ( Triticum durum Desf.) wheat cultivars, using yield and yield component analysis. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha^-1 was applied before planting or 100 N kg ha^-1 before planting and then 50 N kg ha^-1 top dressed at early boot stage. Nitrogen and cultivars affected all traits examined, while split nitrogen application affected only some of the traits. Grain yields in the most cases were correlated with number of grains per unit area and grain weight and grain nitrogen yields in all cases with grain number per unit area. The contribution of the number of grains per spike to total variation in grain yield among cultivars was almost consistent (37 to 55 %), while the contribution of grain weight was more significant (up to 55 %) in high yields (>6.500kg ha^-1) and number of spikes per unit area (>500). The number of grains per spike contributed from 60 to 83 % to the total variation in grain nitrogen per spike. Increased grain nitrogen concentration resulted in a reduction of its contribution in grain nitrogen yield variation. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was higher during grain filling than during vegetative biomass accumulation. The contribution of nitrogen harvest index to the variation of utilization efficiency for grain yield was higher in plants receiving nitrogen application.     

基于数字图像技术的冬小麦不同施氮和灌溉处理颜色特征分析

本文在大田条件下对不同施氮和灌溉处理下冬小麦数字图像的颜色特征进行了研究探讨。初步得出以下结论：充分灌溉条件下不同施肥处理间的色调值差异几乎持续到成熟期;而满足氮肥需求的条件下不同灌溉处理的色调值差异主要表现在灌浆后期至成熟期;数字图像能够反映冬小麦的生育时期。     

土壤肥力和灌水组合对小麦植株-土壤系统氮素平衡的影响

采用15N示踪技术，在池栽群体条件下，研究了三种土壤肥力和两种灌水量组合对冬小麦生产系统氮素平衡的影响，结果表明：（1）不同处理氮肥的当季吸收利用率变化在39.08%~53.08%，土壤残留率在21.80%~33.59%之间，损失率变化幅度为18.81%~34.62%，植株吸收积累氮素中的29.88%~47.55%来自肥料；证明，采用不同土壤肥力和灌水量组合来调控小麦生产系统的氮素平衡具有较大的空间。（2）随土壤肥力的提高，植株吸收的总氮和土壤氮量显著增加，但营养体滞留量增加，向子粒的分配比例减少；而对肥料氮的吸收量则表现为中肥>高肥>低肥；氮肥损失率表现为低肥>高肥>中肥，残留率无明显变化，说明土壤肥力达到本实验的中等水平后再继续提高，会给肥料氮的吸收利用带来不利影响，但可有效降低对肥料氮的依赖。（3）增加灌水量在不同土壤肥力条件下均可促进对总氮的吸收量，但对土壤氮吸收的促进作用远高于肥料氮，同时也提高了肥料氮的损失率、降低了土壤残留率和向子粒的分配率。（4）提高土壤肥力和增加灌水量均可提高小麦的经济产量、生物产量和土壤A值，降低收获指数；子粒蛋白质含量随肥力的提高而增加，随灌水的增加而下降。     

Genotype x environment interaction for durum wheat grain yield and selection for drought tolerance in irrigated and droughted environments in Iran

Durum wheat is grown in the Mediterranean region under stressful and variable environmental conditions. In a 4-year-long experiment, 14 genotypes [including 11 durum breeding lines, two durum (Zardak) and bread (Sardari) wheat landraces, and one durum (Saji) newly released variety] were evaluated under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Iran. Several selection indices [i.e. stress tolerance index (STI), drought tolerance efficiency (DTE), and irrigation efficiency (IE)] were used to characterize genotypic differences in response to drought. The GGE biplot methodology was applied to analyze a three-way genotype-environment-trait data. Combined ANOVA showed that the year effect was a predominant source of variation. The genotypes differed significantly (P < 0.01) in grain yield in the both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Graphic analysis of the relationship among the selection indices indicated that they are not correlated in ranking of genotypes. The two wheat landraces and the durum-improved variety with high DTE had minimum yield reduction under drought-stressed environments. According to STI, which combines yield potential and drought tolerance, the “Saji” cultivar followed by some breeding lines (G11, G8, and G4) performed better than the two landraces and were found to be stable and high-yielding genotypes in drought-prone rainfed environments. The breeding lines G8, G6, G4, and G9 were the efficient genotypes responding to irrigation utilization. In conclusion, the identification of the durum genotypes (G12, G11, and G4) with high yield and stability performance under unpredictable environments and high tolerance to drought stress conditions can help breeding programs and eventually contribute to increasing and sustainability of durum production in the unpredictable conditions of Iran.     

The Influence of Crop Rotation with an Increasing Content of Cereals on Photosynthetic Potential of Winter Wheat

In years 1982–1985 flag leaf area, concentration of chlorophyll and macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) and also their correlations to grain yield in static field experiment were studied. The main experimental plots comprised crop rotations containing 50, 75, 100% cereals. Treatments with or without irrigation were subplots and nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120, 180 kg N/ha) were sub-sub-plots.
The cultivation of winter wheat in rotations containing more than 50% cereals affected the drop of winter wheat grain yield, which was especially high on the plots without nitrogen fertilization or with low N level. The dose of 120 kg N/ha gave the highest grain yield in each rotation and, at the same time, decreased to minimum the differences between them, although wheat grown in the full cereal rotation yielded much less. The response of wheat grain yield to previous crop was affected by photosynthetic potential of a plant, which was constituated by flag leaf area and concentration of chlorophyll. The deteriorating nutrient economy in wheat plants grown in rotations containing more than 50% cereals decreased the photosynthetic potential of wheat. In addition, in these rotations the importance of macronutrients concentration in the flag leaf at anthesis as a source of nutrients for the developing grain is visible.     

Genetic and environmental effects on vitreousness of durum wheat

Summary The effect of genotype, nitrogen fertilization and location on vitreousness of 20 durum wheat varieties was studied under rainfed conditions. All these interacting factors affected virtreousness with genotype being the most important. Nine of the varieties tested, produced grains of high vitreousness under different environmental conditions even without nitrogen fertilization. Screening for vitreousness appeared more efficient if no nitrogen fertilization is used and in locations where vitreousness is generally low. There was a tendency for largeseeded varieties to produce grains of high vitreousness. Vitreousness of varieties was correlated with crude protein content when nitrogen supply was low. It was concluded that breeding is a very potent way to improve vitreousness.