高原牦牛胎盘营养成分的测定与分析

对生活在青藏高原(海拔4 500 m以上)的牦牛孕期胎盘的营养成分进行了测定.结果表明,牦牛胎盘中的17种氡基酸和11种微量元素的含量与人胎盘(紫河车)、鹿胎盘相当,说明牦牛胎盘有一定的药用价值.     

肃南县牦牛导入青海大通牛场野牦牛血液复壮效果调查

[目的]通过引进野血种公牦牛改良当地牦牛可有效遏止牦牛退化,进一步巩固和改善我县牦牛品种质量,恢复其原有的优良生产性能和品种特征,提高经济效益.[方法]本文以野牦牛和家牦牛杂交后代与家牦牛后代为研究对象,分别测定了杂种牦牛和家牦牛的初生、6月龄、18月龄体尺、体重.[结果]显示,在同等条件下,1/4野血牦牛初生、6月龄、18月龄体尺、体重均显著高于同龄家牦牛,经t检验差异极显著（P＜0.01）.[结论]用野血牦牛改良家牦牛,是目前更新复壮家牦牛群体的有效途径之一,能获得很强的杂种优势,对提高经济效益,增加农牧民收入,保护生态环境都具有十分重要的意义.     

甘南牦牛一年一产试验

[目的]通过改善母牦牛妊娠期营养条件,提高甘南牦牛的繁殖率.[方法]试验组母牛白天放牧,分早晚两次每天补饲颗粒饲料1 kg/头,产犊后每天挤一次奶.[结果]70％以上牦牛实现了一年一产,犊牛成活率也明显提高.[结论]通过改善母牦牛妊娠期的营养条件,减少挤奶次数,可提高甘南牦牛的繁殖率和犊牛成活率.     

牦牛毛微量元 含量与其抗寒性能的关联性分析

[目的]通过对牦牛毛绒品质和毛微量元素的测定,得出其是否与牦牛抗寒性能有关.[方法]选择西藏阿里地区的不同年龄阶段牦牛对毛绒品质和毛中钙Ca、铜Cu、铁Fe、镁Mg、锌Zn等指标变化进行分析.[结果]不同年龄半野血牦牛的被毛分析得出,随着年龄的增长毛绒细度逐渐增加且差异显著(P＜0.05);6～8岁半野血牦牛被毛和血液...     

野血牦牛复壮家牦牛的效果测定

[目的]为了提高野血牦牛的整体生产水平.[方法]对l/2野血牦牛和家牦牛的初牛犊牛和6月龄1/4野血犊牛进行了生长发育指标的测定和比较.[结果]表明:1/4野血初生牦犊牛体高、体斜长、胸围和体重比家牦牛初生犊增加1.80 cm、3.42 cm、2.28 cm和1.27 kg,分别提高了3.51%、7.33%、4.12%和11.05%.6月龄1/4野血牦牛体高、体斜长、胸围和体重比同龄家牦牛增加4.78 cm、5.10 cm、6.74 cm和7.94 kg,分别提高了6.70%、6.90%、7.58%和20.00%(P<0.01).[结论]家牦牛导入野牦牛血可促进牦牛的生长发育.     

饲养管理方式对甘南牦牛繁殖力及杂交后代影响的研究

[目的]为了研究加强种公牛和母牦牛的饲养管理对母牦牛的繁殖效果和杂交后代生长发育的影响.[方法]本试验用大通牦牛和其冻精杂交甘南牦牛,通过对试验组的种公牛、母牦牛和杂交后代进行补饲、延长放牧时间和提前断奶等措施,研究了203头母牦牛的繁殖效果和其杂交后代的生长发育情况.[结果]表明,自然交配试验组发情率、受胎率、繁殖成活率分别比对照组提高9.19%、11.03%、14.10%,流产率和犊牛死亡率降低3.3%、3.87%;人工授精组发情率、受胎率、繁殖成活率分别提高6.74%、5.48%、10.52%,流产率和犊牛死亡率降低4.07%、4.62%.加强母牦牛的饲养管理,所产犊牛的初生重比传统饲养管理条件下母牦牛所产的犊牛初生重公母分别增加2.92 kg和2.07 kg,提高19.80%和14.22%.6月龄体重分别增加12.82 kg和12.23 kg,提高17.45%和16.88%.[结论] 用大通牦牛改良甘南牦牛,采用人工授精和自然交配都有良好的效果,加强种公牛、母牦牛饲养管理是提高牛群繁殖力的有效方法,对后代生长发育影响明显.     

麦洼牦牛公牛肥育期生长发育及屠宰测定试验

[目的]为进一步推广麦洼牦牛在传统饲养条件下的适时出栏技术,以期有效解决养殖效益低及草场过载问题.[方法]对3岁麦洼牦牛公牛进行暖季生长发育测定及出栏前的屠宰试验.[结果]66 d的试验期体重体尺分析结果(n=30)表明,体重平均增加了26.47 kg(P<0.001), 日增重达0.40 kg;体高和胸围平均增加2.69 cm和5.72 cm(P<0.001),体斜长和管围差异不显著(P>0.05);全放牧不去势条件下3.5岁公牦牛出栏体重可达180 kg左右,宰前活重、屠宰率、净肉率、肉骨比分别为171.00 kg±18.93 kg、41.07%、30.32%、3.00(n=8).[结论]表明在传统饲养条件下,3.5岁麦洼牦牛公牛可以出栏,获得较好的经济效益.     

用1/4野血牦牛改良当地牦牛效果初探

[目的]牦牛改良是提高牦牛生产性能的主要措施,大通牦牛是我国引入野牦牛血液培育的第一个人工培育的牦牛品种.一定的外血导入,可以有效防止目前牦牛近亲繁殖,生产性能下降的问题.[方法]用1/4野血大通牦牛种公牛与当地母牦牛进行本交,对其杂一代的生长发育,适应性进行观察,[结果]表明:杂种一代5月龄牦牛犊的体重、体高、体斜长、胸围分别比同龄当地牦牛高4.28 kg、4.97 cm、5.93 cm、4.49 cm,差异显著(P＜0.01).[结论]说明用1/4野血牦牛改良当地牦牛,后代适应性强,加快了牦牛后代的生长发育.     

天祝白牦牛细管冻精授配试验报告

[目的]为加快天祝白牦牛保种选育的进程,提高天祝白牦牛优秀种牛的利用率,[方法]利用天祝白牦牛细管冻精制作成功的前提下,开展天祝白牦牛人工授精试验.[结果]授配285头,受胎193头,受胎率为67.7%,产犊成活183头,死亡10头,成活率94.8%,[结论] 说明野外人工冻精授配技术应用于天祝白牦牛保种选育工作是可行性的.     

甘南牦牛GH基因的SNPs分析

[目的]甘南牦牛是分布在甘南境内的牦牛类群,是当地优势畜种之一.为了揭示甘南牦牛GH基因的结构特征,[方法]采用PCR-SSCP技术,对202头甘南牦牛生长激素基因(GH)5个外显子及部分内含子序列进行SNPs分析.[结果]表明:甘南牦牛GH基因第1、第2和第4外显子无多态性,第3内含子及第5外显子表现遗传多态性,其中第3内含子有AA、AB、BB 3种基因型,第5外显子有CC和CD 2种基因型,未发现DD基因型.序列分析发现,第3内含子1 694 bp处发生T→C单碱基转化;第5外显子2 154 bp处发现G→A单碱基突变,导致由甘氨酸(Gly)变为丝氨酸(Ser).甘南牦牛在2个基因位点上均表现为低度多态(PIC<0.25),χ2检验表明其处于Hardy-Weinberg不平衡状态(P<0.05).结论 初步推测甘南牦牛GH基因的多态性相对贫乏.     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。     

Efficacy of parvaquone in the treatment of naturally occurring theileriosis in cattle in Iraq

Summary Parvaquone was tested in cattle infected withTheileria annulata when they were presented at clinics in the vicinity of Baghdad. Out of over 200 cases presented with suspected theileriosis between July 1984 and July 1985, the drug was used in 45 cases where theileriosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of blood and lymph node biopsy smears. Twenty seven of the cases were considered mild and 18 cases severe. Weights of the cattle were estimated and parvaquone was administered by intramuscular injection at a nominal dose of 20 mg/kg. A single treatment with parvaquone was used in 25 cases and 20 cases were treated twice but there was no correlation between severity of disease and the number of treatments given. Twelve cases (27%) also received antibacterial therapy. All cases were in exotic cattle or cattle born from exotic (imported) cattle and 64% of the cases were in cattle under six months of age. Temperatures dropped immediately after treatment and the majority were normal (below 39.5°C) by two to three days after the first treatment. Of the 45 cases treated 43 recovered. This compares very favourably with a previously reported mortality of 66% in untreated imported cattle in Iraq.

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Eficacia Del Parvaquone En El Tratamiento De La Theilerosis Natural En Ganado En Iraq

Resumen Se trató ganado infectado conTheileria annulata en forma natural con parvaquone, en clínicas veterinarias localizadas en la vecindad de Baghdad. De 200 casos admitidos con sospecha de theileriosis, entre julio 1984 y julio 1985, la droga se usó en 45 casos confirmados mediante el examen microscópico de frotis de sangre y biopsias de ganglios linfáticos. Veintisiete de los casos se consideraron moderados y 18 casos severos. Se estimaron los pesos de los animales enfermos, suministrandoles parvaquone vía intramuscular en dosis nominales de 20 mg/kg (rango 16–35 mg/kg). Se utilizó un solo tratamiento con parvaquone en 25 casos clínicos, mediante la aplicación de una sola inyección y se aplicaron dos inyecciones en 20 casos (doble tratamiento), sin que se encontrara correlación alguna entre la severidad de la enfermedad, recuperación y número de tratamientos. Doce casos (27%) recibieron también algún tratamiento antibacteriano. Todos los casos de theileriosis se presentaron en ganado exótico o nacido de ganado exótico (importado) y 64% de los casos ocurrieron en ganado bajo los seis meses de edad. La temperatura bajó inmediatamente después del tratamiento, normalizándose dos o tres días después de tratamiento (bajo 39.5°C). De los 45 casos tratados 43 se recuperaron. Se informa una mortalidad previa de 60% en ganado importado no tratado contra theileriosis en Iraq.

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Efficacite De La Parvaquone Pour Le Traitement De La Theileriose Naturelle Des Bovins En Irak

Résumé La parvaquone a été essayée pour le traitement de bovins infectés parTheileria annulata lorsqu'ils étaient présentés aux cliniques des environs de Bagdad. Sur plus de 200 cas présentés pour suspicion de theilériose entre juillet 1984 et juillet 1985, le médicament a été utilisé dans 45 cas où la theilériose était confirmée par l'examen microscopique du sang et de biopsies de ganglions lymphatiques, 27 cas étaient considérés comme des atteintes modérées et 18 comme des cas graves. Les poids des animaux étaient estimés à l'oeil et la parvaquone administrée par voie intra-musculaire à la dose normale de 20 mg/kg (soit 16 à 35 mg/kg). Un traitement unique à la parvaquone a été pratiqué dans 25 cas et il a du être renouvelé dans 20 cas mais il n'y avait pas corrélation entre la gravité des symptômes et le nombre de traitements requis. Dans 12 cas (27%) une thérapie antibactérienne a également été mise en oeuvre. Tous les malades étaient des animaux importés ou issus d'animaux importés et dans 64% des cas les animaux étaient âgés de moins de 6 mois. Les températures ont chuté immédiatement après le traitement et, pour la plupart, étaient normales (moins de 39°5) deux à trois jours après le traitement—sur 45 animaux traités, 43 ont guéri. Ces résultats apparaissent très favorables par rapport à la mortalité de 66% rapportée antérieurement et affectant les bovins non traités en Irak.