广东沿海红树林生态修复模式研究

通过深入调查研究广东沿海红树林生态系统资源及保护现状，针对近年因围垦养殖、城市建 设发展用地、城市生活污水和工业污水大量排放等，导致一些红树林及其生态环境遭到破坏，面积大幅减 少；现有红树林群落植物种类偏少、结构简单、遗传多样性水平较低；互花米草等外来有害生物入侵严 重，林分质量下降、系统功能退化；加上沿海红树林恢复属困难立地造林，技术措施及建设成本要求高等 实际情况，结合广东沿海滩涂立地条件及红树林经营管护特点等，提出了相应的红树林生态保护修复模式 及特殊立地修复营建关键技术等，为沿海红树林生态系统保护、修复、营建等提供理论依据和技术指导。     

Mangrove community recovery potential after catastrophic disturbances in Bangladesh

The objective of this study was to compare the variation in the soil seed banks and the aboveground vegetation in relation to three habitats, i.e., swamp forests, grassland and sand dunes within the Sundarbans mangrove forests of Bangladesh. We collected vegetation data (species and their percentage cover) by using quadrat sampling: 10 m × 10 m for swamp forests and 5 m × 5 m for grassland and sand dunes. We estimated the density of viable seeds of species in the seed bank by counting germinants from soil cores in a germination chamber. Species richness and composition of both aboveground vegetation and the soil seed banks differed significantly among habitats. We identified a total of 23 species from the soil seed bank. Of these, two were true mangrove species and the remaining were non-mangrove species, including halophytic grasses, herbs and mangrove associate species. Our results confirm that mangrove species do not possess a persistent soil seed bank. The presence of high-density non-mangrove and associated mangrove species in the soil seed bank implies that after frequent catastrophic disturbances which limit incoming propagules from adjacent forest stand, large canopy gaps can easily become invaded by non-mangrove and mangrove associate species. This would result in the formation of a cover of non-mangrove species and cryptic ecological degradation in mangrove habitats. We suggest that forest managers should actively consider gap plantations with mangrove species in the large canopy gaps created after catastrophic disturbances to counteract the invasion of non-mangrove species and cryptic ecological degradation.     

燕山山地华北落叶松人工林生物多样性研究

生物多样性与生境因子、林分自身因子、经营措施之间的动态变化规律研究,是开展森林经营的重要基础。通过典型样地调查,运用ForStat2．0统计方法,对燕山山地木兰林管局华北落叶松人工林生物多样性与生境因子、林分因子、经营措施之间相关系数,以及生物多样性各指数随林龄、郁闭度的变化趋势进行系统分析。研究表明：海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位、林龄、密度、郁闭度、混交比是影响该地区物种多样性的重要因子。生物多样性指数随林龄、郁闭度的变化趋势基本符合偏正态分布。据此认为森林经营管理过程中,通过及时调整林分密度,将有利于生物多样性保护,从而提高森林生态系统稳定性。     

Dependences of longleaf pine （Pinus palustris） natural reproduction on environments above ground

We studied relations between natural seedling reproduction and above ground environment in a longleaf pine ecosystem. Forty-eight 0.05 ha circular plots were sampled under single-tree selection, group-tree selection and control stands in three main longleaf pine areas in south Alabama, USA. We measured six above-ground environment factors, viz. canopy closure, stand density, basal area, average tree height, understory cover and PAR under canopy. We employed forward, back-ward and stepwise selection regression to produce one model. Three main variables：canopy closure, stand density and basal area, were left in the model; light, PAR and understory cover were not incorporated into the model at the 0.10 significance level. Basal area was a positive pa-rameter, while canopy closure and stand density were negative parame-ters. Canopy closure was the main parameter in the model. The model proved to be meaningful, and has potential to provide useful guidance for future work.     

基于无人机影像的天山云杉林伐后更新地林分密度估测研究

【目的】林分密度是影响森林生态系统结构和功能的主要因素,是森林资源调查的一项重要指标,对林木生长发育有着十分重要的影响。基于无人机影像,以实现提取不同郁闭度的林分密度,旨在为天然林保护工程实施后山区森林资源更新恢复评价提供技术支撑。【方法】以新疆农业大学实习林场伐后更新的天然林为研究对象,以天山云杉Picea schrenkiana var.tianshanica纯林为主,基于无人机影像,利用面向对象多尺度分割方法提取了低、中、高3种不同郁闭度林分的天山云杉冠幅信息,进而估算林分密度,提出了采用平均冠幅法估测高郁闭度林分冠层遮挡区域林木株数的方法。【结果】采用面向对象方法对新疆农业大学实习林场伐后更新的天山云杉树冠边缘信息提取精度较高,提取的林分密度与实测结果相近。其中低、中郁闭度林分中林分密度提取精度分别为0.9868和0.9333,高郁闭度林分中林分密度提取精度相对较低,为0.7657。【结论】总体来看,该方法用于研究区天山云杉林伐后更新地林分密度估测是可行的,采用树冠平均冠幅法能够快速准确地提取伐后更新造林地的林分密度。     

Effects of stand density on ecosystem properties of subalpine forests in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA

? Mixed coniferous, subalpine forest communities in the Rocky Mountains are historically dense and have experienced infrequent, high-severity fire. However, many of these high-elevation stands are thinned for a number of perceived benefits.

? We explored the effects of forest stand density on ecosystem properties in subalpine forests in Colorado, USA, 17–18 y after forests were managed for timber.

? Forest structure significantly altered the composition and chemical signature of plant communities. Previously managed stands contained lower density of overstory trees and higher ground cover compared to paired reference stands. Foliar phenolic concentration of several species was negatively related to basal area of overstory trees. Furthermore, reductions in stand density increased total foliar phenolic:nitrogen ratios in some species, suggesting that gap formation may drive long-term changes in litter quality. Despite significant changes in forest structure, reductions in stand density did not leave a strong legacy in surface soil properties, likely due to the integrity of soil organic matter reserves.

? Changes in forest structure associated with past management has left a long-term impact on plant communities but has only subtly altered soil nutrient cycling, possibly due to trade offs between litter decomposability and microclimate associated with reductions in canopy cover.

     

云南十八连山省级自然保护区雨雪冰冻灾害区植被修复技术

应用修复生态学理论和植被演替理论,根据保护区现状和植被修复经验,结合恢复原森林生态系统结构、提高林分抗逆性等植被修复目标,提出了重度受害区植被修复模式、中度受害区植被修复模式、重要经济价值树种营建模式、珍贵树种扩繁模式、防火通道景观配置模式等5种植被修复技术模式。以及各修复模式的树种选择,混交、整地、配置方式及株行距等。     

Semi-forest coffee cultivation and the conservation of Ethiopian Afromontane rainforest fragments

Coffea arabica shrubs are indigenous to the understorey of the moist evergreen montane rainforest of Ethiopia. Semi-forest coffee is harvested from semi-wild plants in forest fragments where farmers thin the upper canopy and annually slash the undergrowth. This traditional method of coffee cultivation is a driver for preservation of indigenous forest cover, differing from other forms of agriculture and land use which tend to reduce forest cover. Because coffee farmers are primarily interested in optimizing coffee productivity, understanding how coffee yield is maximized is necessary to evaluate how, and to what extent, coffee production can be compatible with forest conservation.Abiotic variables and biotic variables of the canopy were recorded in 26 plots within 20 forest fragments managed as semi-forest coffee systems near Jimma, SW Ethiopia. In each plot, coffee shrub characteristics and coffee yield were recorded for four coffee shrubs. Cluster and indicator species analyses were used to differentiate plant communities of shade trees. A multilevel linear mixed model approach was then used to evaluate the effect of abiotic soil variables, shade tree plant community, canopy and stand variables, coffee density and coffee shrub size variables on coffee yield.Climax species of the rainforest were underrepresented in the canopy. There were three impoverished shade tree communities, which differed in tree species composition but did not exhibit significant differences in abiotic soil variables, and did not directly influence coffee yield. Coffee yield was primarily determined by coffee shrub branchiness and basal diameter. At the stand level a reduced crown closure increased coffee yield. Yield was highest for coffee shrubs in stands with crown closure less than median (49 ± 1%). All stands showed a reduced number of stems and a lower canopy compared to values reported for undisturbed moist evergreen montane rainforests.Traditional coffee cultivation is associated to low tree species diversity and simplified forest structure: few stems, low canopy height and low crown closure. Despite intensive human interference some of the climax species are still present and may escape local extinction if they are tolerated and allowed to regenerate. The restoration of healthy populations of climax species is critical to preserve the biodiversity, regeneration capacity, vitality and ecosystem functions of the Ethiopian coffee forests.     

珠海淇澳红树林湿地生物多样性现状及保护

红树林湿地是珠海淇澳岛生态系统的主体,为湿地生物的生长、栖息和繁殖提供了良好生境,孕育了丰富的生物资源。文章以野外调查结果和资料统计为根据,从红树林植被与湿地植物、动物等方面概述淇澳岛的红树林湿地生物多样性现状,继而分析了淇澳岛的红树林湿地资源保护中存在的问题,如人为干扰、水污染、资源过度利用、大面积纯林营造等。最后,就淇澳岛未来的红树林湿地生物多样性保护提出了建议：①加强自然保护区建设;②开展生物多样性保护的科学研究;③加强滩涂治理;④进行红树林湿地恢复和定位监测等。     

基于土壤水分承载力的林分密度计算与调控——以六盘山华北落叶松人工林为例

立地水分条件决定的植被承载力是干旱缺水地区森林合理经营的重要依据。考虑到干旱缺水地区的森林蒸散耗水在水分输出中占据绝对主导地位,其大小直接与叶面积指数(LAI)相关,将林冠LAI在生长季一段时间内的最大值(LAImax)作为植被承载力(LAIc)的量化指标,利用冠层分析仪(LAI-2000),在六盘山香水河小流域和叠叠沟小流域的44个华北落叶松人工林样地,实测了冠层LAI的季节动态变化,研究了生长季内LAImax与林分断面积、郁闭度、平均树高、密度等常用林分结构指标的关系。结果表明:LAImax与林分不同结构指标均呈幂函数关系,其决定系数(R2)依次为0.84、0.82、0.56、0.47,说明能同时反映林分密度和树体大小的林分断面积与林冠LAI相关最紧密。将LAImax与林分断面积的幂函数关系嵌入了林分平均胸径与林分密度和林龄关系的模型,用以描述LAImax与林龄和密度的关系,并利用样地实测数据拟合了模型参数。拟合建立的模型对所有样地的LAImax的计算值与实测值的相对误差平均为8.6%(0%20.4%),能较好地描述LAI与林龄和密度的关系。利用此模型,进一步导出了能依据给定的LAIc,简捷计算出不同林龄时的可承载林分密度的模型,从而为基于立地水分植被承载力的林分密度管理和森林多功能经营等提供技术支持。     

Assessing the relationships between stand development and understory vegetation using a 420-year chronosequence

The large-scale conversion of old forests to tree plantations has made it increasingly important to understand how understory vegetation responds to such landscape changes. For instance, in some forest types a reduction in understory richness and cover is thought to result from the development of canopy closure in plantations, although there is a paucity of empirical data demonstrating this relationship. We used a 420-year forest chronosequence as a case study to assess the relationship between stand age, tree canopy cover and understory vascular plant richness and composition in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon. The chronosequence consisted of six young managed (age 7–44) and nine older unmanaged (age 90–427) stands. All stands were similar in underlying geology, slope, elevation, and aspect. We found a non-linear relationship between stand age and richness, in which richness was highest in the youngest stands, reached a low in mid-aged stands (∼55 years), then increased in the oldest stands. We also found that percent tree canopy cover was correlated with total understory cover, richness, diversity, and species composition. In general, young stands were characterized by high shrub and graminoid cover and old stands were characterized by an abundant herb layer. Our work suggests that a major component of our study landscape is currently entering the forest stage (canopy closure) characterized by low levels of vascular plant species richness and cover. We use our results to discuss the potential effects of future forest management on understory plants.     

Shade over coffee: its effects on berry borer, leaf rust and spontaneous herbs in Chiapas, Mexico

The objective of this research was to determine the relationships between different ecological features of shade and the incidence of coffee berry borer, coffee leaf rust and spontaneous herbs in rustic coffee plantations in Chiapas, Mexico. Thirty-six 10 m by 10 m plots were established within coffee plantations. The following variables were measured or estimated: number of vegetation strata, percent canopy cover, direct, diffuse and total sunlight below the canopy, plant species richness and diversity, shade tree/shrub density, altitude, aspect, basal area, yields, percentage of coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferr), percentage of coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Br.),percentage of spontaneous herb cover and the presence of paths and runoffs.Results showed a complex agroforestry system, composed of five strata. Coffee berry borer and coffee leaf rust incidence averages were 1.5% and 10.1%,respectively. Average spontaneous herb cover was 34.1%. Coffee leaf rust percentage correlated positively with the coffee berry borer. Number of strata of shade vegetation correlated negatively with leaf rust, while the presence of paths correlated positively with the leaf rust. Species richness and diversity correlated negatively to broad-leaf-herb cover and the presence of runoffs correlated positively to this last variable. Shade tree density (> 10cm d.b.h.) correlated negatively to linear-leaf-herb cover. Percentage of shade cover, light, coffee density, aspect, stand age, basal area and yields were not correlated to pest, disease and weeds. Results support the ecological theory that postulates that diversity and structural complexity in mixed plant systems maintain a healthy system.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

草海国家级自然保护区植被恢复与重建初探

文章分析了草海自然保护区植被的生境、现状和演替规律,从恢复生态学原理出发,以水热等气候因子所决定的植被生物地带性为科学依据,提出以人工造林和封山育林等措施恢复与重建森林植被,以政策措施、生物措施和工程措施等恢复与重建湿地植被。     

杭州湾南岸一线围垦海塘植物群落多样性研究

以杭州湾南岸一线新围垦海塘的自然植被为研究对象,通过群落学调查研究,分析群落的种类组成及其结构特征,探讨滩涂围垦地的植被更新及其潜力,结果表明:杭州湾南岸一线海塘植被可划分为2种外貌类型、4个群落类型。自然植被以灌丛植物群落为主,辅以少量草本群落。非地带性因素主导植被的发生和演替,短期内人工栽培耐盐碱树种是进行滩涂绿化的有效途径之一,而对潜在物种入侵需要进一步研究。     

Thinning and prescribed fire effects on overstory tree and snag structure in dry coniferous forests of the interior Pacific Northwest

Forest thinning and prescribed fires are practices used by managers to address concerns over ecosystem degradation and severe wildland fire potential in dry forests. There is some debate, however, about treatment effectiveness in meeting management objectives as well as their ecological consequences. The purpose of this study was to assess changes to forest stand structure following thinning and prescribed fire treatments, alone and combined, in the eastern Cascade Mountains of Washington State. Treatments were applied to 12 management units, with each treatment combination replicated three times (including untreated controls). Thinning modified forest structure by reducing overall tree density by >60% and canopy bulk density by 50%, and increased canopy base height by ∼4 m, thereby reducing susceptibility to crown fire. The prescribed fire treatment, conversely, did not appreciably reduce tree density or canopy fuel loading, but was effective at increasing the density of standing dead trees, particularly when combined with thinning (37 snags/ha increase). Prescribed fire effects were more pronounced when used in combination with thinning. Thinning was more reliable for altering stand structure, but spring burning was lower in intensity and coverage than desired and may have led to results that downplay the efficacy of fire to meet forest restoration goals.     

中山市海岸带迎背风坡造林效果比较研究

五桂山位于广东中山市东南沿海,其东南坡向的海岸带迎风坡性质明显。在造林4年和1年的两块林地上,分别建立两条跨越迎风坡和背风坡的固定样带,对样带的调查研究结果表明：只要实行高强度营林措施,适地适树,海岸带坡地退化生态系统是可恢复森林植被的;根据参试树种的早期生长表现,大叶相思、西南桦、台湾相思、米老排、红锥、厚荚相思、海南蒲桃等的生长速度较快,海南红豆和云南石梓的生长速度则较慢,这两种树种不太适宜在迎风坡造林;在采用相对密植的前提下,林分郁闭前迎风坡造林树种的死亡率高于背风坡,郁闭后则背风坡较高,为尽快形成森林小环境,建议迎风坡的造林密度应大于背风坡;在造林措施相同的条件下,背风坡林木生长量、物种多样性和林分质量明显优于迎风坡,说明海岸带坡向因子对植被恢复具有显著影响。     

Diversity and succession of adventive and indigenous vascular understorey plants in Pinus radiata plantation forests in New Zealand

The vegetation of Pinus radiata plantation forests in New Zealand was studied to examine how the indigenous flora has responded to this novel habitat. A chronosequence of stands about 5, 16 and 27 years was assessed in each of four different biogeographic regions to test the effects of several stand and site factors on the succession of vascular understorey plant communities. A total of 202 indigenous and 70 adventive vascular plant species were found across all study areas, with considerable geographic variation among forests in species composition, species richness (range 48–135 species), and the percentage of indigenous species (50–86%). Both richness and cover of adventive species decreased significantly over time, whereas richness and cover of indigenous species was highest in the oldest stands, and overall species richness was lowest at mid-rotation. The guild composition changed from dominance of grasses and forbs in young stands to dominance of ferns and understorey trees in mature stands. These temporal changes were accompanied by a decrease in light-demanding pioneer species and an increase in shade tolerant, later seral species adapted to a forest environment. Measurements of the degree of canopy closure in stands with low or high stocking and modelling of temporal changes of canopy closure indicated that these understorey plant dynamics are influenced by changes in light availability as stands age. Despite the successional changes within forests, geographic variation more strongly influenced understorey communities because stands within a forest area were grouped together in DCA and TWINSPAN analyses, along rainfall and temperature gradients. Although the canopy species of such intensively managed plantation forests is an alien element in the New Zealand flora, the sheltered forest environment of older stands allows the establishment of a mostly indigenous forest understorey community with considerable similarities to indigenous forests located nearby.     

Comparison of 5th- and 14th-year Douglas-fir and understory vegetation responses to selective vegetation removal

The effects of early vegetation management on the survival and growth of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] were examined 5 and 15 years after planting in the Oregon Coast Range. Our first objective was to document the effects of vegetation species competition upon key ecosystem properties. The second objective was to document the effects of vegetation removal during early Douglas-fir stand establishment upon long-term tree growth and on biomass production by vegetation components. Seven levels of manual vegetation removal were maintained for the first 5 years after planting: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% shrub removal; and 100% shrub removal combined with 50% or 100% herbaceous vegetation removal. Shrub and herb removal did not affect Douglas-fir survival at year five, but treatments providing less than 75% shrub removal significantly reduced Douglas-fir survival by year 15. Removing shrubs and herbs completely (100S + 100H) during the 5 years following tree planting allowed successful tree establishment, with a 366% increase in biomass accumulation per hectare for Douglas-fir in that treatment at the end of 14 years of growth. At 15 years stand age, even with shrub removal alone, a 304% gain in tree biomass per hectare was obtained compared to no vegetation removal (NVR). By stand age 15 years, any increase in the degree of understory removal beyond 75% did not contribute significantly to additional tree survival and growth. The understory vegetation on NVR treatment plots and the herbaceous vegetation on 100% shrub removal (100S) treatment plots, contained >90% and >80% of aboveground biomass N at 5 years, respectively, indicating possible competition for soil N. Soil moisture was not different among treatments at 5 years. Complete vegetation removal (100S + 100H) for 5 years resulted in a significant increase in soil bulk density (P < 0.05), a significant decrease in total soil C (P < 0.05) and no change in total soil N in the upper 15 cm of the mineral soil. By 14 years, however, only the soil bulk density remained greater (P < 0.05) on the 100S + 100H treatment. We conclude that greater tree survival and growth occurred with at least 75% shrub removal. Our results suggest that managers may have substantial flexibility in maintaining a partial understory component suitable for ecosystem productivity, canopy cover and wildlife habitat, while maintaining forests productive for timber resources.     

拉萨半干旱河谷新植林鼠(兔)害调查及防治试验

2009—2010年对拉萨半干旱河谷地带新植林采用堵洞与夹日法进行了鼠(兔)种类和密度调查,结果表明鼠(兔)种类有黑唇鼠兔Ochotona curzoniae Hodgson和白尾松田鼠Pitymys leucurusBlyth,在新植林地洞口密度为905.07洞/hm2,有效洞口率是31.66%,有效洞口系数为0.18,鼠(兔)密度为50.64只/hm2。饲养和实地监测发现,两种鼠(兔)对新植林地的金丝垂柳、白榆、藏青杨、北京杨4种树的危害株率均在25%以上。选用P-1拒避剂、0.2%莪术醇抗生育剂和克鼠星1号杀鼠剂单独、交叉施药进行防治实验,结果表明单独施用克鼠星杀鼠剂的效果是暂时的,单独施用拒避剂和莪术醇抗生育剂的效果是缓慢的,同时混合施用3种药剂18个月后捕鼠(免)率、有效洞数、植株受害率分别下降了90%,81.23%,85%,效果较持久。