杂交竹枯萎病病情调查与病原鉴定

于2006和2008年在广西和江西等地的杂交竹枯萎病调查中,在11个地点发现了枯萎病并分离到病原菌。病原菌菌落圆形,分别为白色、粉红色或紫色,大分生孢子为镰刀形,小分生孢子肾形,厚垣孢子卵圆形。rDNA-ITS序列分析结果表明这些菌株和尖孢镰刀菌同源性在99%以上,确认这些病菌均为尖孢镰刀菌,为该病的有效防治提供了理论依据。     

内蒙古马铃薯枯萎病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

马铃薯枯萎病在内蒙古马铃薯种植区发生日趋严重。为明确其病原,2009~2014年对采自内蒙古各地的马铃薯枯萎病病样进行病原菌分离和鉴定。通过形态学鉴定和r DNA-ITS测序、同源性比对,得知引起内蒙古马铃薯枯萎病病原菌主要为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、三线镰刀菌(F.tricinctum)和茄病镰刀菌(F.solani)。生物学特性研究结果表明,尖孢镰刀菌的最适生长温度为25℃,最适p H为7,最适合生长的培养基为PDA、PSA、Bilais培养基,最适碳源为淀粉和麦芽糖,最适氮源为蛋白胨;三线镰刀菌的最适生长温度为20℃,最适p H为7,最适生长的培养基为玉米粉和燕麦粉培养基,最适碳源为淀粉,最适氮源为尿素;茄病镰刀菌的最适温度为30℃,最适p H为7,最适合生长的培养基为PSA培养基,最适碳源为葡萄糖和蔗糖,最适氮源为硝酸钾。     

芦笋茎枯病菌鉴定及寄主范围研究

芦笋茎枯病是危害芦笋的毁灭性病害,对病株进行病原菌分离鉴定和病菌寄主范围研究。根据病原菌形态、致病性,确认该病原菌属半知菌亚门、球壳孢目、茎点霉属、天门冬拟茎点霉[Phomopsis asparagi(Sacc.)Bubak],研究结果表明,病菌寄主范围狭窄,除侵染芦笋外,较少侵染其他植物。     

马铃薯枯萎病病原菌研究概述

马铃薯枯萎病是一种由镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)引起的土传病害,该病在全国马铃薯主产区均有发生,且危害逐年加剧。概述了马铃薯枯萎病病原菌的种类、报道区域、生物学特性、致病机制和遗传多样性研究,为今后深入研究马铃薯枯萎病的发生规律、流行规律和病害防治等提供理论依据。     

河南省花生果腐病病原菌的分离及鉴定

花生果腐病又称烂果病,是河南省乃至全国花生主产区日趋严重的重要病害。为明确河南省花生果腐病的病原菌,采用组织分离法对2019和2020年采自河南省各花生产区的92份花生果腐病样进行了菌株分离。结合形态学和分子生物学鉴定方法并依据柯赫氏法则进行验证,确定了引起河南省花生果腐病的病原菌包括镰刀菌属尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium. oxysporum）、腐皮镰刀菌（F. solani）、层出镰刀菌（F. proliferatum）和厚垣镰刀菌（F. chlamydosporum）、曲霉属黑曲霉菌（Aspergillus niger）和黄曲霉菌（A. flavus）、可可毛色二孢菌（Lasiodiplodia theobromae）、齐整小核菌（Sclerotium rolfsii）以及侵管新赤壳菌（Neocosmospora vasinfecta）共计5属9种,其中以镰刀菌属的尖孢和腐皮镰刀菌为优势种。本研究进一步确定了花生果腐病是由多种病原菌复合侵染所致,研究结果可为花生果腐病的有效防治提供重要依据。     

印度甜叶菊三大土传病害的病原鉴定与培养研究

对印度侵染甜叶菊的三大土传病害白绢病(Sclerotium rolfsii)、镰刀菌枯萎病(Fusarium solani)和丝核菌根腐病(Rhizoctonia bataticola)的症状、病原菌、致病性、培养研究结果进行综述,以期为我国甜叶菊病害控制提供参考和借鉴。     

番茄、茄子和辣椒枯萎病原菌分子鉴定及其致病性测定

调查了福建省番茄、茄子和辣椒3种主要茄科枯萎病的发生与症状情况,通过常规分离,依据Booth鉴定和分子鉴定相结合的方法,对从这3种茄科作物上采集的40个菌株进行了鉴定。结果表明,40株镰刀菌中有35株属于尖孢镰刀菌,占总数的87.5％;3株为串珠镰刀菌,另2株为茄形镰刀菌。进一步利用Koch氏法则进行菌株致病性检测,结果表明,尖孢镰刀菌是本研究中所采集的番茄、茄子和辣椒病株的病原菌,而3株串珠镰刀菌和2株茄形镰刀菌均不造成寄主植物发病。     

拮抗香蕉枯萎病镰刀菌木霉菌株的分离筛选

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型引起的,目前尚缺乏有效的防治方法,木霉菌是重要的植物病害防治菌,广泛分布于自然界。木霉菌具有广泛的适应性,能杀伤多种重要的植物病原菌且作用机制多种多样。笔者从广东湛江、海南儋州等地152份土样中分离出330株木霉,通过对峙法对木霉菌进行体外拮抗作用测定及评价,选出10株对尖孢镰刀菌有较好拮抗效果的木霉菌;并测定无菌土中木霉与病原菌的种群动态变化,结果表明木霉在土壤中对病原菌有一定的抑制作用。     

一株拮抗香蕉枯萎病菌的链霉菌分离和鉴定

从海南温泉中分离到1株对香蕉枯萎病病原菌4号小种有强拮抗作用的链霉菌菌株HW1,对该菌株进行了形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析。并对该菌株和香蕉枯萎病病原菌4号小种在土壤中进行了不同温度下的共培养试验。结果表明,其在PDA培养基上,内生菌丝无横隔、不断裂;孢子圆形,簇聚在气生菌丝上。在PDA培养基上,菌落生长开始为白色,培养成熟后,气丝逐渐由白色变灰,最后因为产生孢子变为褐色,并可产黄色可溶色素。以16S rDNA序列为基础构建了菌株HW1的系统发育树,其与模式链霉菌株的16S rDNA序列的同源性为99%。初步将该菌株鉴定为Streptomyces costaricanus。HW1菌株和香蕉枯萎病病原菌4号小种在土壤中的共培养试验表明,HW1菌株在45℃温度的生长环境中,表现出对香蕉枯萎病病原菌较好的抗性。     

甘蔗梢腐病原菌分离纯化与ITS序列鉴定

采集甘蔗梢腐病发病植株叶片为材料,采用组织分离法,分别取发病甘蔗叶片和叶片的病健交接处,用PDA培养基对甘蔗梢腐病病原菌进行分离和纯化,将纯化后的菌株进行形态学和显微镜观察,采用CTAB法提取菌丝DNA,利用2对真菌ITS通用引物进行PCR扩增,琼脂糖凝胶电泳后,回收特异条带,T克隆测序。结果表明,甘蔗梢腐病原菌ITS序列与镰刀菌属ITS序列高度同源,属于镰刀菌属。     

芦笋茎枯病及抗病育种研究进展

芦笋茎枯病是一种毁灭性的病害,是芦笋最主要的病害之一。近年来,该病在全国范围内普遍发生,给芦笋产业造成严重损失。综述了芦笋茎枯病的病原生物学、发病规律、防治方法以及抗病育种研究进展,为芦笋茎枯病抗病育种提供一些信息和参考。     

6种杀菌剂对马铃薯枯萎病菌的室内毒力测定

选择75%百菌清可湿性粉剂(WP)、36%甲霜灵锰锌悬浮剂(SC)、70%恶霉灵可湿性粉剂(WP)、50%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂(WP)、6%春雷霉素可湿性粉剂(WP)、22.5%抑霉唑乳油(EC)6种杀菌剂对3种马铃薯枯萎病病原菌进行室内毒力测定。结果表明:6种药剂对病原菌菌丝生长的抑制效果差异很大,50%甲基硫菌灵(WP)和22.5%抑霉唑(EC)对3种病原菌的抑菌效果均很好,EC50分别为1.69、5.59、5.03μg/mL和3.60、5.17、1.58μg/mL。     

Chemical management of Fusarium wilt of watermelon

Watermelon yield loss due to Fusarium wilt is increasing in the U.S., due in part to the emergence of the virulent race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, and to the shift in production to triploid cultivars, which generally have less host resistance than previously grown diploid cultivars. One potential management strategy is the use of soil-applied fungicides to reduce Fusarium wilt. The U.S. national program, interregional project 4 (IR-4) supported multistate trials of soil-applied chemicals to manage Fusarium wilt of watermelon. Greenhouse trials were conducted in Maryland, Indiana and Georgia to test the efficacy of 14 chemicals on Fusarium wilt. Based on the performance of these chemicals in the greenhouse, six in Maryland and Delaware and eight in Indiana were selected for subsequent field evaluations. These chemicals were applied once, as a drench at planting, in field trials in Maryland, Indiana, and Delaware in 2008. The fungicides prothioconazole, acibenzolar-S-methyl, and thiophanate-methyl resulted in the greatest reduction in Fusarium wilt, and caused no phytotoxicity. In Maryland and Indiana in 2009, these chemicals were applied through the drip irrigation line alone and in combination, at 0, 2 and 4 weeks after planting. The experiment was repeated in 2010 in Maryland. Prothioconazole alone and in combination with acibenzolar-S-methyl or/and thiophanate-methyl resulted in the greatest decrease in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of Fusarium wilt of watermelon in Maryland in 2009. The same trend was observed in 2010 in Maryland where three of the prothioconazole treatments ranked the lowest of all treatments and prothioconazole in combination with thiophanate-methyl had significantly lower Fusarium wilt AUDPC compared to the non-treated control. All chemical applications except for acibenzolar-S-methyl in combination with prothioconazole reduced Fusarium wilt AUDPC in Indiana in 2009. Prothioconazole alone and prothioconazole in combination with thiophanate-methyl ranked lowest in Fusarium wilt AUDPC, although not significantly lower than most other treatments. These studies are the first to demonstrate that the soil-applied fungicides prothioconazole and thiophanate-methyl may provide an additional field management option for Fusarium wilt of watermelon.     

香蕉枯萎病致病分子机理与防治研究进展

香蕉枯萎病是一种由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型引起的土传毁灭性病害,一直严重危害世界香蕉生产,从而引起广泛关注和深入研究,但其致病机理到目前还不清楚。本文综述了香蕉枯萎病菌侵染寄主的过程、致病毒素的成分分析、致病相关基因、香蕉的抗病性和枯萎病防治等方面的研究进展,为全面、深入地揭示香蕉枯萎病致病的分子机理和开展新的防治途径提供研究方向和思路上的启发。     

Tolerance to Fusarium wilt and anthracnose diseases and changes of antioxidative activity in mycorrhizal cyclamen

Mycorrhizal associations imply a remarkable reprogramming of functions in both plant and fungal symbionts. This consequent alteration on plant physiology has a clear impact on the plant responses to biotic stress management. As a consequence, a pot experiment was conducted to study the interactions between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus fasciculatum and the two pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and subsequent effect on growth, disease tolerance and the changes in antioxidative ability in cyclamen plants under growth chamber condition were investigated. At plant maturity, inoculation with F. oxysporum and C. gloeosporioides, responsible for Fusarium wilt and anthracnose of cyclamen respectively, significantly reduced shoot and root dry weights, increased both the disease incidence percentage and showed lower antioxidative activity viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), ascorbic acid (AA) and polyphenol contents in plants. In contrast, the growth response and biomass production of cyclamen plants inoculated with AMF was significantly higher than the nonmycorrhizal control plants, both in the presence and absence of the pathogens. Mycorrhization enhanced plants to reduce the Fusarium wilt and anthracnose incidence compared to nonmycorrhizal controls. In every case, without and with pathogen association, plants inoculated with AMF increased the antioxidant (SOD, APX, AA and polyphenol) production compared to control plants. The results demonstrate that AMF have the ability to induce resistance against Fusarium wilt and anthracnose in cyclamen by increasing the antioxidative activity in plants, which promoted plant growth, biomass production and drastically reduced the disease incidence in cyclamen.     

香蕉枯萎病拮抗内生细菌的分离鉴定及防治效果初探

从抗（耐）枯萎病香蕉品种桂蕉 9 号植株根部分离到一株对香蕉枯萎病致病菌 4 号生理小种（FOC4）平板拮 抗抑制率为 85.7%的内生细菌，命名为 GKT04。形态特征、生理生化特征鉴定及 16S rDNA 和 recA 基因序列比对结果 表明，该菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens），GenBank 登录号为 KY328743。盆栽试验表明，经菌株 GKT04 处理的香蕉幼苗 64 d 后病情指数比对照降低了 49.23%。菌株 GKT04 最适生长温度为 30 ℃，最适 pH 为 6.0。 菌株 GKT04 发酵上清液可以明显抑制 FOC4 菌落的生长，对 FOC4 菌落生长抑制率为 33.33%，可使 FOC4 孢子萌发率 降低 71.41%。     

抗病品种在香蕉枯萎病绿色防控上的应用

为了有效防治土传性香蕉枯萎病,在田间进行了抗病品种和微生物菌剂(肥)的筛选和应用。结果表明,种植不同的香蕉抗病品种对枯萎病的防治效果存在显著差异,其中种植粉杂1号和贡蕉的防效最好,分别为78.62%和72.41%。而施用微生物菌剂和生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病也均表现出较好的防治效果,其防效分别为87.51%和77.51%。在此基础上提出以种植抗病品种和应用防病微生物菌剂(肥)为主的病害综合防控技术,并进行应用示范。3个示范片连续3年对病害的总体防控效果达90%以上,从而有效控制了香蕉枯萎病的为害,同时减少了香蕉产量的损失。     

香蕉枯萎病生防微生物产品的功效限制因子

由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型引起的香蕉枯萎病，是目前香蕉产业发展中的限制因子，采用生物防治的方法是目前非常有潜力的防控手段。生防微生物的效果主要与土壤水分、作为活菌制剂的微生物种类和性质、生防微生物在土壤中短期定殖影响因素、生防微生物长期定殖影响因素有关。采用茎叶滴注的方法进行香蕉内生芽胞杆菌接种或辅以适当的载体，和保水微生物一起混合接种到香蕉根围，可以有效防控香蕉枯萎病。