鸭传染性浆膜炎蜂胶疫苗研制

从重庆疫鸭中分离到2株细菌，经细菌形态学、生理生化指标鉴定，证明为鸭疫里氏杆菌（Riemerella anatipestifer,RA)。用改良的血清酵母肉汤进行培菌培养，将2菌株菌液混合（1：1，体积比），经甲醛灭活后加入蜂胶左剂，制成蜂胶灭活疫苗。用其免疫5－7日龄雏鸭，一免后7、10、15d皮下注射RA混合菌液攻毒（0．2mL/只）,平均保护率达66．67％；10d后二免，二免后7、10d攻毒（0．2mL／只）,平均保护率达94．47％。     

鸭疫里氏杆菌病三价油乳剂灭活疫苗的研究

以1、2、10型鸭疫里氏杆菌（RA）分离株为菌种，研制鸭疫里氏杆菌病三价油乳剂灭活疫苗。经无菌及安全检验合格后，对6日龄樱桃谷雏鸭颈部皮下接种0.4mL／只,免疫后第10、14、21和35d分别用1、2、10型RA强毒株攻攻，第14d的攻毒保护率为91.7%-100%,35d攻毒保护率为66.6%-83.3%。田间试验结果表明，雏鸭5－7日龄免疫后至上市保护率可达95.0%-100%。     

鸭传染性浆膜炎铝胶疫苗研究

将鸭疫里氏杆菌通过改良酵母肉汤培养，得菌数在500－2000亿／ml的菌液：甲醛灭活，与氢氧化铝液（含量1.4%)2:1混合搅匀，制成铝胶疫苗，经无菌检验，安全检验合格，免疫5日龄雏鸭，分别于7d,10d,20d后攻毒（攻毒剂量：0.25ml），攻毒保护率为50％，50％，75％，5日龄，12日龄两次免疫，10日后攻毒保护率为10％。     

鸭浆膜炎、鸭病毒性肝炎二联灭活苗研究

将自然分离的2株鸭疫里默氏杆茵接种适宜培养基,收获茵液用甲醛灭活;用Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒(DHV)接种易感鸡胚收获含毒胚组液,经甲醛灭活后与灭活的鸭疫里默氏杆菌液混合,制备3批油乳剂灭活苗,并对其安全性和免疫原性进行测定。3批灭活苗通过接种2周龄雏鸭(0．5mL／只),2周后可测到DHV中和抗体,3周后攻毒保护率达80％以上。鸭疫里默氏杆茵3周后攻毒保护力80％以上。2周龄雏鸭每只皮下注射1ml,观察14d,免疫鸭全部健活,局部无不良反应。     

鸭传染性浆膜炎铝胶疫苗研制

将鸭疫里氏杆菌通过改良酵母肉汤培养,得菌数在500～2000亿/ml的菌液甲醛灭活,与氢氧化铝液(含量1.4%)21混合搅匀,制成铝胶疫苗,经无菌检验、安全检验合格,免疫5日龄雏鸭,分别于7d、10d、20d后攻毒(攻毒剂量0.25m1),攻毒保护率为50%、50%、75%;5日龄、12日龄两次免疫,10日后攻毒保护率为10%.     

鸭疫里氏杆菌病灭活疫苗的研制

从河北省某肉鸭场的鸭疫里氏杆菌病发病鸭中分离出鸭疫里氏杆菌（Riemerella anatipestifer,RA)菌株。对该菌株采用液体、固体两种方法增菌培养后制成油乳剂灭活疫苗，以0.5mL/只剂量经皮下免疫7日龄雏鸭，并在河北省某发病肉鸭场进行了田间试验，表明该疫苗免疫效果良好，保护率达90％以上。     

西南地区鸭疫里默氏菌血清型调查和三价灭活油乳剂疫苗的研制

本文对2006～2009年从四川、重庆、云南等主要养鸭区分离鉴定的261株鸭疫里默氏菌（RA）的血清型进行鉴定，结果显示血清Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ型RA占总分离株的68．20％。筛选出免疫原性好的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ型RA分离株各1株，制备三价灭活油乳剂疫苗，安全性和效力检验结果显示该三价苗安全，接种后无不良反应，3日龄雏鸭首免后14～31d对Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ的攻毒保护率均在83．33％以上。     

血清1型鸭疫里默氏杆菌灭活油乳剂疫苗的研制

为研究血清1型鸭疫里默氏杆菌(R.anatipestifer,RA)的灭活油乳剂疫苗,本研究将10株血清1型RA的临床分离株经腿部肌肉注射7日龄雏鸭进行动物体内复壮,结果表明所有被测菌株均具有较强的毒力,易感雏鸭致死率100％.对其中3株RA分离株CH3、WJ4和YL4的毒力测定结果表明其半数致死量(LD50)分别为2×108 cfu、3.25×108 cfu和2.37×106 cfu.选取5株RA分离株分别制备灭活油乳剂疫苗,分别于5日龄和18日龄对樱桃谷鸭进行两次免疫后,免疫鸭能够产生高水平的RA特异性抗体,对2 LD50 WJ4或CH3攻毒产生很好的保护效果,其中由CH3、CQ3和YXb12制备的灭活油乳剂疫苗对攻毒的保护率高达100％.     

血清2型鸭疫里默氏杆菌制苗用菌株的筛选及灭活油乳剂疫苗的研制

血清2型鸭疫里默氏杆菌(Riemerella anatipestifer,RA)分离株经雏鸭体内复壮、回收、鉴定后,选取其中2株细菌NJ3和Yb2进行毒力测定,结果表明其半数致死量分别为5.62×107CFU和1.07×105CFU。选取5株细菌制备灭活油乳剂疫苗后免疫鸭,并进行攻毒保护试验。结果表明不同菌株制备的疫苗均可使免疫鸭产生高水平的RA特异性ELISA抗体和攻毒保护力,但是攻毒保护性差异较大,NJ3免疫后的攻毒保护性最好。抗体检测及攻毒保护实验表明NJ-3是较理想的制苗用菌株。     

鸭疫里氏杆菌病四价灭活疫苗的研究

在全国流行病学调查的基础上，选择四川等地流行广泛的鸭疫里氏杆菌(RA)1、2、4和5血清型菌株制备铝胶佐剂四价灭活疫苗。对疫苗经无菌检验及安全检验合格后，给3日龄樱桃谷商品鸭每只颈背皮下注射0．5mL，第10、13和16d免疫鸭对同源RA的攻击分别表现出5％--20％、75％--90％和100％免疫保护力，第23—30d免疫保护力开始下降。用间接ELISA对免疫鸭进行抗体消长规律检测，表明3日龄樱桃谷鸭首免后第23d抗体达到高峰，至93日龄时仍能检出抗体；10日龄时进行二免后可产生更高的抗体水平，到第65d时仍能保持较高抗体水平。疫苗免疫雏鸭能够显著(P＜0．05)或极显著(P＜0．01)地增强其T细胞的免疫力，时间达2周。经攻毒保护试验、抗体消长规律测定、T细胞免疫水平测定和田间试验，证明研制的鸭疫里氏杆菌病(RAI)四价灭活疫苗具有良好的安全性和免疫原性，能有效预防RAI的发生。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.