插花山探究

＂插花山＂在我国南方是林权管理上的一个重要概念,它面积不大,却往往伴随着权属争议,影响稳定,是确权发证工作中的一个难点。笔者根据福建、江西等省在林权管理上对插花山的使用情况及相关知识,对插花山的释义、产生、分类、特性、发证等问题进行研究探讨,提出参考意见和观点。     

浅析山林权证的质证和认证

山林权属纠纷案件的审理，历来是林业审判工作的重要内容。根据国家林业部发布的“林木、林地权属争议处理办法”的有关规定，山林权证是山林权属的法定证明凭证，是确定山林权属最主要的依据。因而对山林权证的质证和认证，是审理山林权属纠纷案件的关键。在此，笔者就山林权证的质证和认证略陈管见，与同仁商榷。 　　一、传统认证方式的弊端 　　山林权证和其他诉讼证据一样，具有合法性、相关性和真实性的证据特征。但山林权证又有一定的特殊性：其所载内容如地名、亩积、四至界线等往往是双方当事人争议的焦点，而且双方当事人对争议山…     

云南省林改向纵深发展

云南省2006年开始集体林权制度改革试点工作,2007年在全省推开。截至2009年9月底,全省完成确权面积25643.2万亩,占全省集体林面积的93.2%。其中,商品林14632.8万亩,公益林11010.4万亩,商品林均山到户率71%。发放林权证471.07万本,发证宗地数1055.53万宗,发证宗地数占全省确权宗地数的97%;发证面积24840.19     

白河县加快退耕还林确权发证工作

白河县从2004年开始，不断加大退耕还林确权发证力度，当年提前完成了2002年以前全县27．6万亩的退耕还林确权发证任务（含荒山造林），发放林权证36361本。今年全县又全面启动了2003年度退耕还林确权发证工作，在各级领导高度重视下，切实加强了硬件的投入，调动各方力量积极参与，严把发证质量关。截止6月底，已全面完成2003年度9万亩退耕还林的林权申请登记受理工作，发放林权证4878本，确权发证面积6．138万亩，     

库尔勒市 改得梨香飘四海 赢得民族团结心

<正>库尔勒市地处新疆中部,因盛产驰名中外的"库尔勒香梨"又称"梨城"。全市林地面积280.3万亩,森林覆盖率16.31%,其中集体林32.4万亩。目前,全市集体林勘界已结束,确权发证20.3万亩,占集体林面积的63%,发放集体林权证324本、个人林     

歙县四项措施加快林权发证

歙县采取四项措施加快退耕还林确权发证工作：一是加强领导，宣传发动。县里成立了退耕还林确权发证领导组，下设由县农委和林业局抽调精干力量组成的办公室，具体负责发证工作，县政府还落实了工作经费；印发5万份《致广大退耕户的一封信》，发放到退耕农户手中；县电视台连续两个月在黄金时段打出林权证发放宣传字幕，营造良好的社会氛围。二是层层开展业务培训，确保发证质量。     

创新林权融资机制 加快建设现代林业

2006年起,宁国市集中一年时间,在全省率先完成了以＂确权发证、减轻税赋、规范流转、搞活经营＂为基础的集体林权制度主体改革,确权发证261万亩,占应发证面积的99%,发放林权证12万本,发证率100%。与此同时,以林权抵押贷款为突破口,     

创新林权融资机制 加快建设现代林业

2006年起,宁国市集中一年时间,在全省率先完成了以"确权发证、减轻税赋、规范流转、搞活经营"为基础的集体林权制度主体改革,确权发证261万亩,占应发证面积的99%,发放林权证12万本,发证率100%。与此同时,以林权抵押贷款为突破口,积极创新林业金     

县政府的裁决应否撤销

[案情简介]1998年，某县集体林场组织劳力持采伐证在山场砍伐林木时，周边的甲组以该山场乃本组所有为由，掮走杉树34根，双方由此发生争议。于是，甲组向县政府申请确权。县政府经调查后认为，林场拥有的627号山林权证四至范围与1977年建场意见草案一致，应为有效权证，争执山场(面积16.65公顷)在627号山林权证的范围之内，应为林场所有；而甲组拥有的209号山林权证所涉争执山场部分(面积16.45公顷)无权属来源，属错误填发，应予撤销。同时，县政府认为周边的乙组拥有的205号山林权证所涉争执山场部分(面积0.2公顷)亦无权属来源，同样属错…     

曲靖市推出新政策进一步加快林业发展

为深入贯彻中共中央、国务院和云南省委、省政府的两个 9号文件 ,加快曲靖林业发展 ,曲靖市进一步改革体制 ,创新机制 ,完善政策 ,改革了一些不合理的制度和政策。主要有 :第一、改革完善林业产权制度 ,推进森林资源合理流转。以确权发证为契机 ,实现“务林有其山 ,山林有其主     

中俄森林资源立法目的和基本原则比较研究

比较《俄罗斯联邦森林法典》与《中华人民共和国森林法》的立法目的和基本原则,分析两国森林资源立法本位和价值追求的异同,有必要借鉴俄罗斯森林资源相关的立法理念和基本原则,对我国森林法进一步修改和完善。     

林木林地权属纠纷的成因、防范及解决办法

明晰所有权、勘界发证是集体林权制度改革的重要任务,而山林权属不清、争议多则是各地普遍存在的现象。本文通过对林木林地权属纠纷形成原因的系统分析,提出了预防林权争议发生的措施,并结合工作实践,提出了解决林权争议的办法,对推进集体林权制改革具有指导意义。     

Barriers and Opportunities for the Development of Small-scale Forest Enterprises in Europe

The article introduces the background and summarises main research findings of the research articles in this special issue. The focus is on the key issues relevant for forest-based entrepreneurship development in small-scale forestry in relation to both wood and non-wood forest products and services (NWFP&S). The article draws special attention to changing forest ownership, changing owners’ motives and values, and the evolving role of forest owners’ associations in Europe. The paper draws attention to the finding that many small-scale forest owners do not treat their forest as an income-generating asset. The ownership of the forests may be more important as symbolic capital than as a source of income. This is quite opposite to the traditional wood production model that for instance most of the Forest Owners Association’s still follow. In relation to NWFP&S, the taxonomy and indicators for NWFP&S are discussed and some conclusions from studies on forest recreation innovation and NWFP&S marketing are presented. The NWFP&S sector is traditionally product-oriented, which is strategically peculiar because the long distances from rural production areas to the customers would suggest highest orientation on marketing. Also surprising is the low level of segmentation in the sector.

我国乡村森林旅游开发须破解农村土地集体所有制的法制困局

在森林资源丰富的乡村发展森林旅游,对于优化产业结构、协调城乡发展和解决“三农”问题具有战略意义,但不可避免地要牵扯到乡村森林旅游业的发展载体——农村土地制度问题。集体所有制是我国农村的基本土地制度,但是“集体”在政府行政权力消解下,并没有在实践层面取得法律的主体地位。在2008年我国集体林权改革后,一方面农民手里持有集体林权证书;另一方面,在森林旅游开发过程中,地方政府照样绕过集体所有直接征地。为此,在各级政府诉求以乡村旅游战略解决“三农”问题的当下,要强化和完善农村土地集体所有制中“集体”的法律主体性地位,从而提升农民（通过集体）参与乡村森林旅游产业发展进程中涉及林地权益关系的博弈能力,破解过去在国土规划与治理过程中出现的产业进步、现代化及城市化发展与农民致富、农村发展无关的困局。     

笼养滇南亚种原鸡日间行为观察

以笼养滇南亚种雄性原鸡为试验对象,于2008年5月~2009年5月选用雌性原鸡、傣族鸡、绿耳乌骨鸡、茶花鸡分别与其同笼,采用直接观察法对其取食行为、饮水行为及交配行为等进行了日间行为频次观察,对交配行为还运用了全事件取样法,记录该过程的起止时间、持续时间和行为细节.结果表明:雄性原鸡日间取食频次高峰期均出现在11∶00~13∶00和17∶00~18∶00;饮水频次高峰期均出现在15∶00~16∶00,其次为11∶30~12∶30和17∶00~17∶30;交配频次高峰期均出现在15∶00~16∶00和11∶00~12∶00.就取食、饮水及交配行为频次以及取食与饮水量表现,从高到低依次为与雌性原鸡、傣族鸡、绿耳乌骨鸡、茶花鸡同笼时.可见,雄性原鸡对伴侣具有一定的选择性.     

An Empirical Study on Compatibility of Sarawak Forest Ordinance and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bidayuh</Emphasis> Native Customary Laws in Forest Management

This study was conducted to examine the compatibility between the Sarawak Forest Ordinance and Bidayuh Native Customary Laws in Sarawak and to gather the community members’ opinions on the compatibility of these laws. This study was carried out using two research methods, viz. a literature review and a survey among the Bidayuh community in Bau, Sarawak. The documents reviewed were the Forest Ordinance Chapter 126 (1958) and the Adat Bidayuh Order, 1994. There are several notable differences between the two laws in terms of, forest ownership, losing of rights to forest or inheritance, and the management of forest. A list of statements with six interval scales was presented and a majority of Bidayuh community members neither disagreed nor agreed with the statement, (1) Forest Ordinance respects the Bumiputera people’s rights (37.5 %; SD = 1.259) and (2) Forest Ordinance protects the Bumiputera people’s rights (37.5 %; SD = 1.281). The community members are also not sure about the consistency between these two laws (28.1 %; SD = 1.182). These results indicated the need for the State to respect the natives’ rights toward the forest land and its resources, recognize the Bidayuh Native Customary Laws and for the native people to learn about the constitutional provisions. Further studies are needed because the knowledge of Native Customary Law itself cannot guarantee the natives’ future in terms of economic, social and environmental aspects and there is also a need to review the current laws to achieve the objective to protect and preserve the natives’ rights.     

南方集体林区林权制度改革研究

系统分析南方集体林区存在的产权问题,提出改革的主要内容:1)林权明晰化包括明确林地所有权主体,完善林地所有权的委托代理关系;构建经营权的委托代理关系,明确所有者与经营者之间的权利与义务;科学界定林地使用权和林木所有权主体.2)林权的安全性包括改革林地征用补偿制度;建立公益林征用(管制占用)补偿制度;改革商品林采伐限额制度;改革不合理的林业税费政策.3)林权的市场化运作包括降低交易成本;加强森林资源资产评估工作;提升林权交易需求的动力机制;激活林权交易市场的供给机制.     

日本国有林经营管理特点

本文着重论述了日本国有林的发展阶段及其经营管理的5个特点和经验:(1)确定了发挥森林多种效益的战略指导思想;(2)健全法制,依法治林;(3)建立一套科学的森林计划体系;(4)有一个稳定的林业管理体制;(5)采取扶持政策。最后,对日本国有林今后的发展进行了展望。     

The effects of forest patch size and ownership structure on tree stand characteristics in a highly deforested landscape of central Poland

Forest structure is influenced by the origin, history and manner of forest management. All these aspects may affect the occurrence of many forest dwelling organisms. We investigated the simultaneous impact of forest patch size and ownership structure on selected forest characteristics in central Poland. We sampled stand composition, the DBH of particular tree species, basal area, species number and species diversity in all 32 forest patches found in a farmland-dominated area of 150 km². Forest ownership status was linked to patch size: large patches were state-owned and small ones were private. Ownership status also affected the average DBH and basal area of all tree species pooled, with lower DBH and basal area found in private forests. The share of deciduous trees was negatively affected by forest size, while pine was positively affected, which could suggest that forest management and economic interests may be related to this factor. The share of non-native species was higher in state forests. Our results showed that forest patch size could be associated with its ownership status, which is commonly ignored in research on the relationship between forest size and species occurrence. Historical as well as sociological aspects related to private forests in Poland are also presented.     

Farmers’ objectives toward their woodlands in the upper Midwest of the United States: implications for woodland volumes and diversity

This paper reports the results of a study that explores the relationship between farm woodland owners’ stated intentions for owning woodland, and the structure and composition of these woodlands in the states of Illinois, Indiana and Iowa in the upper Midwest of the United States. Data from two sample-based inventories conducted by the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program were combined for this analysis—the FIA forest resources inventory and the National Woodland Owner Survey (NWOS). We looked for relationships between product value and investment in woodlands, as reflected in volumes and tree quality. We also examined whether measures of diversity reflected specific management focus. Our results partially supported our hypotheses. Woodland-focused ownership reasons were found to have larger volumes and individual tree sizes. We found that a passive woodland ownership reason—that woods were “part of the farm”—generally had lower volumes per hectare. Although we were not able to differentiate between different forest product classes and measures of volume, we did find that those landowners who harvested veneer had more volume than those who harvested for firewood. Woodland owners who salvage-harvested their woodlands—a harvesting reason that is more reactive than proactive—exhibited lower volumes per hectare than those who harvested for more proactive, product-focused reasons. Biodiversity was also found to be related to the ownership focus and harvest intent. Generally, there was lower diversity in overstory species when the woodland was viewed merely as “part of the farm,” when the product harvested was fence posts and when timber was harvested for salvage or land clearing. The small sample size limits our analysis, but we can conclude that focusing the woodland owners on management of their woodlands—regardless of what the specific management goals might be—should increase productivity and biodiversity of those woodlands.