种植年限对设施芦笋土壤理化性状、 微生物及酶活性的影响

为探讨芦笋设施栽培对土壤养分和环境的影响,本文研究了不同种植年限棚土壤速效养分、理化性状、微生物区系及土壤酶活的差异变化,并对种植年限与土壤理化性状、养分因子、生物活性间的相关性进行了统计分析。结果显示:随种植年限增加,土壤速效N、速效K和有机质含量持续增加,其中速效K含量增长迅速,种植3年后,速效钾由120 mg/kg迅速上升至500~600 mg/kg;土壤持续酸化,次生盐渍化逐渐加重;芦笋设施栽培后,细菌种群数量减少,真菌数量增加,细菌与真菌数量比（B/F）降低,土壤由细菌型向真菌型转化;随种植年限增加,土壤微生物代谢类群多样性减少,呼吸强度和过氧化氢酶活性持续降低,二者降低趋势与种植年限呈显著负相关。这说明芦笋设施种植后,其大量施肥和密闭性管理措施使土壤养分快速累积,土壤在耕作3 a时就出现了酸化和次生盐渍化状况,微生态平衡遭到破坏,存在一定的风险,应提倡合理施肥以保证设施栽培土壤的可持续性利用。     

有机土壤调理剂对酸化柑橘园土壤改良及提质增效研究

酸性土壤广泛存在于我国柑橘主产区,往往伴随土壤结构差、肥力低、供肥弱等障碍,是限制我国柑橘产区减肥增效、增产提质和绿色发展的重要因素之一。与传统土壤调理剂相比,施用有机来源的土壤调理剂有望协同实现土壤降酸培肥,促进树体养分吸收,增加柑橘产量和提高果实品质,但不同调理剂的效果可能存在差异。因此,通过连续两年的田间试验,评估了有机肥(T1)、生物炭(T2)、贝壳粉(T3)、复合调理剂(有机肥+生物炭+贝壳粉,T4)共4种有机来源土壤调理剂对酸性柑橘园土壤理化性质、营养春梢养分含量、果实产量与品质的影响。结果表明,与不施用土壤调理剂(对照,CK)相比,连续两年施用酸性土壤调理剂处理(T1～T4)的土壤pH平均增加0.44个单位,土壤酸度显著降低;同时,T1～T4处理的土壤紧实度显著降低,而土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量显著增加。施用调理剂处理提高了叶片SPAD值和叶片氮、磷、钾含量,其中施用复合调理剂处理最为显著。与CK相比,施用土壤改良剂处理(T1～T4)两年平均增产幅度为8.8%～16.7%,施用复合调理剂处理的经济效益最佳。与CK相比,施用土壤改良剂(T1～T4)果实固形物增加了0.85～2.45个单位,同时显著增加了单果重、固酸比和糖酸比,果实综合品质显著提升。综合而言,复合调理剂处理在土壤酸化改良、地力提升,促进柑橘树体养分吸收,增产提质增效等方面的效果最为突出,可为我国酸性土壤柑橘园改良提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

腐植酸土壤调理剂对酸化果园土壤理化性状及苹果产量和品质的影响

为研究不同类型土壤调理剂对酸化果园土壤的改良效果,本试验采用普通土壤调理剂和腐植酸土壤调理剂,设置普通土壤调理剂+常规施肥、腐植酸土壤调理剂+常规施肥、腐植酸土壤调理剂减量15%+常规施肥和等养分肥料+常规施肥4个处理,在胶东酸化果园进行了为期两年的试验。结果表明:施用2种土壤调理剂均能改善酸化土壤的理化性状。在土壤物理性状方面,与普通土壤调理剂相比,施用腐植酸土壤调理剂的土壤容重降低2.72%～4.76%,粉粒含量增加3.12%～5.28%,孔隙度提高1.74%～3.54%;在土壤化学性状方面,施用腐植酸土壤调理剂的土壤速效钾含量增加3.74%～10.57%,pH提高0.07～0.45个单位。施用2种土壤调理剂均能提高苹果产量,相比于普通土壤调理剂,施用全量腐植酸土壤调理剂可增产4.84%,减量15%施用仍增产2.87%,而二者间差异未达显著性水平。此外,连续两年施用腐植酸土壤调理剂可以改善苹果的品质,其中总糖含量提高9.35%～15.46%,糖酸比提高21.84%～46.58%。综上,胶东酸化果园(pH4.5)在常规施肥下配施腐植酸土壤调理剂1 275 kg/hm2可作为短期内改良酸化土壤、提高苹果产量和品质的有效途径。     

土壤调理剂及其配施微生物菌肥对设施菜田次生盐渍化土壤改良效果研究

针对设施菜田土壤次生盐渍化问题,研究分析不同用量土壤调理剂及其配施微生物菌肥对促进土壤脱盐、改善土壤理化性质及土壤微生物多样性的改良效果。试验结果表明,施用土壤调理剂和微生物菌肥后,土壤理化性质明显改善,土壤容重、EC、全盐量均有不同程度下降,Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-、HCO3-含量降低,有效抑制土壤返盐;且施用土壤调理剂和微生物菌肥后,土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度趋于增加,尤其是固氮菌和分解有机质菌属的数量显著增加,土壤有益菌含量的增加对黄瓜生长起到促进作用。土壤调理剂及其配施微生物菌肥在改善土壤理化性质、降低土壤表层盐分、提高土壤微生物细菌群落多样性方面具有显著效果,可为设施菜田次生盐渍化土壤缓解盐胁迫提供参考。     

有机肥和秸秆还田对河套灌区盐渍化土壤养分及微生物数量的影响

为探讨施用有机肥和秸秆还田对盐渍化耕地土壤的培肥效果及改土效应,以河套灌区典型盐渍化土壤为研究对象,对比分析了不施肥(CK)、化肥(CF)、化肥+有机肥(CFM)、化肥+秸秆还田(CFS)对土壤pH、有机碳、全氮含量、速效氮磷钾含量和微生物数量的影响,并通过简单相关分析和冗余分析研究等氮条件下浅层(0～20 cm)土壤化学性质与土壤微生物数量间的相关关系,揭示不同培肥措施下土壤微生物数量差异的驱动因子,明确施用有机肥和秸秆还田这2种主要培肥措施下土壤肥力的变化特征。结果表明:与CK处理相比,CFM和CFS处理的土壤pH分别降低了1.36%～1.78%和1.02%～1.44%,土壤盐渍化得到改善;CFM和CFS处理提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量,土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量也显著增加,且施用有机肥的提升效果优于秸秆还田;在土壤微生物方面,CFM处理可显著提高土壤细菌数量(53.44%～59.78%)和放线菌数量(10.08%～16.79%),CFS处理可显著提高土壤真菌数量(29.99%～49.06%)。综上所述,增施有机肥和秸秆还田可有效降低土壤pH,增加土壤有机碳和速效养分;同时改善了土壤微环境,显著增加了土壤微生物数量。该研究结果可为河套灌区盐渍化土壤的改土培肥提供参考。     

土壤次生盐渍化与微生物数量及土壤理化性质研究

次生盐渍化已成为制约设施栽培农业发展的主要障碍因子,为揭示次生盐渍化对土壤微生物和理化性质的影响,对上海市南汇区和崇明区设施栽培大棚土壤酶活性和微生物活性进行研究.结果表明:随着栽培时间的增加,土壤表层(0-5 cm)有机质变化不明显;而土壤中硝态氮和总盐量增加,连续栽培15年土壤的硝态氮(94.23 mg/kg)是露地表层土的14.8倍,EC值是露地的14.9倍;从第5年起土壤出现酸化现象.次生盐渍化越严重,对土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和呼吸强度的抑制越明显,连续栽培15年土壤脲酶活性受抑制率达到71.8%.EC值、总盐、硝态氮与放线菌、细菌数量都呈极显著负相关,与真菌数量呈显著负相关,最高相关系数达到-0.957.次生盐渍化对于深层土(15-20 cm)的影响没有表层土明显.     

外源有机物料对次生盐渍化大棚土壤的改良效果

大棚土壤次生盐渍化已成为制约大棚设施农业生产的突出问题。在云南采集典型次生盐渍化大棚土壤,选择土壤调理剂、生物炭、商品有机肥、猪粪4种有机物料进行盆栽试验,研究其对盐渍化土壤的改良效果,结果表明:(1)施用生物炭和商品有机肥能有效改善次生盐渍化大棚土壤结构,降低容重,提高总孔隙度。(2)外源有机物料对改良大棚次生盐渍化土壤有显著作用,不仅降低了土壤全盐和电导率,还提高了作物产量。(3)大棚次生盐渍化土壤的主导阳离子为Ca2+、阴离子为NO-3、SO2-4,商品有机肥、生物炭和猪粪3类外源有机物料对降低Ca2+、NO-3、SO2-4的效果较好。(4)生物炭改良次生盐渍化大棚土壤的效果优于其它3种有机物料。     

塑料大棚设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化特征

以上海郊区规模化设施蔬菜园艺场为研究对象,监测了不同种植年限和不同种植模式的塑料大棚设施菜地土壤的主要理化性状,筛选了设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化特征指标,分析了不同深度土壤特征指标的变化规律。结果表明,与露天菜地相比,设施菜地土壤酸化、盐渍化、养分累积明显,田间最大持水量和土壤呼吸速率降低;各类种植年限和种植模式的设施菜地表层土壤(0~20 cm)可溶性盐分、硝态氮和全磷含量分别达到4.18 g·kg~(-1)、121.8 mg·kg~(-1)和1.38 g·kg~(-1),分别为对应露天菜地的2.9倍、1.7倍和1.6倍。综合考虑设施菜地和露天菜地土壤主要理化性状的显著性以及设施菜地土壤对作物的障碍影响和对环境的污染风险,选择p H值、可溶性盐分、硝态氮和全磷作为设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化特征指标,并采用土壤相对质量评价法进行评价。设施菜地土壤p H值随着深度的增加而升高,可溶性盐分、硝态氮和全磷则随着深度的增加而递减,其中硝态氮相对质量指数达到3.06;随着设施菜地种植年限的增加,土壤p H值逐步降低,硝态氮、全磷和可溶性盐分逐步累积,其中4~6年棚龄的p H值和可溶性盐分相对质量指数最高,7~9年棚龄的硝态氮相对质量指数最高,10年以上棚龄的全磷相对质量指数最高,茄果连作模式的可溶性盐分和硝态氮相对质量指数最高,叶菜连作模式的全磷相对质量指数最高。     

生物有机无机复合肥对土壤性质的影响

进行了化肥、传统有机肥、生物有机肥、有机无机复合肥和生物有机无机复合肥的田间比较试验。试验结果表明:⑴生物有机无机复合肥可以提高冬小麦产量,比其它处理高11.73%~105.80%,差异极显著。⑵生物有机无机复合肥可降低土壤pH值和土壤容重,提高土壤总孔隙度。⑶生物有机无机复合肥可显著提高土壤微生物活性。与不施肥处理比较,土壤细菌增加了165.38%,真菌增加了189.47%,放线菌增加了48.72%,总量增加了104.07%,其增加量高于其它处理。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性也都有明显提高,促进了土壤有机质的分解转化和速效养分的释放。⑷生物有机无机复合肥可不同程度地提高土壤全量养分和速效养分,提高土壤肥力。     

土默川平原盐渍化土地不同利用方式的土壤质量评价

为评价盐渍化土地经不同利用方式后对土壤质量的影响,以土默川平原盐渍化土壤为研究对象,针对区域内的5种土地利用方式(盐荒地、改良地、牧草地、农田地、林地),采用主成分分析法从32项土壤物理、化学、生物学指标中选取关键指标,计算土壤质量综合指数以评价土壤质量,为该地区建立可持续的土地利用模式和区域生态恢复提供理论依据。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下的土壤物理、化学、生物性状存在一定差异。总体来看,林地、牧草地、农田地和改良地均能有效降低土壤盐渍化程度,改善土壤物理性状,增加土壤养分和微生物数量;表征土默川平原土壤质量的关键指标包括2～5 mm团聚体的有机碳、全盐量、饱和含水量、细菌、铵态氮和氯离子,其权重分别为0.35、0.23、0.17、0.10、0.08和0.06;4个土壤质量指数的结果表明,农田地、林地和牧草地的土壤质量指数均高于盐荒地、改良地。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability

Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。