环斑花叶病侵染对番木瓜叶片呼吸作用和叶绿体膜脂的影响

环斑花叶病侵染的番木瓜叶片暗呼吸速率为1.85μmol·O_2·dm~(-2)·min~(-1),较健叶增高63.7％,但光下依赖CO_2的氧释放速率较健叶低33.6％。表明环斑花叶病侵染叶片引起暗呼吸增高和抑制光下依赖CO_2的氧释放。在低光强(低于0.2m mol光量子·m~(-2)·S~(-1))病叶的氧释放速率(RO,μmol·O_2·dm~(-2)·min~(-1))为RO=-0.07+2.38PFD,而健叶的相应关系为RO=1.08+2.43PFO。表明氧释放速率与光强关系曲线的最初直线斜率,健叶的较病叶的高;氧释放速率随光强的增高而上升得较快。环斑花叶病侵染亦引起叶绿体膜脂半乳糖甘油脂和酰脂相对含量降低。病原的浸染可能引起叶绿体膜脂部分降解。     

高产春大豆豆荚与叶片的光合性能研究

以黑农38等6个不同基因型大豆为材料,在鼓粒期对豆荚和叶片的面积在主茎上垂直分布、荚皮和叶片的叶绿素含量、光合速率等生理参数进行了研究.结果表明:高产春大豆在鼓粒期间荚面积为叶片面积的19.83%～35.44%,荚皮叶绿素含量为叶片的5.67%～8.20%,荚的真光合速率为叶片的13.32%～55.98%.黑农38的荚面积占叶面积百分比值、叶片的真光合速率均最高,分别为34.85%、26.4μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1);豆荚的真光合速率以吉育67最高,为8.48μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),石豆2号最低,为2.24μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1).荚的主要光合生理参数基因型之间的差异大.要进一步提高大豆产量,应发挥鼓粒期荚的光合潜力.     

边际效应对茶树光合特性的影响

为探明边际效应对茶树光合特性的影响,以5份茶树种质为原料,采用GFS-3000便携式光合-荧光测量系统测定各种质在边际效应、常规条件的光合参数。结果表明:叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO_2浓度分别为2.62～8.30μmol·m~(-2)·S~(-1)、72.04～139.92mmol·m~(-2)·S~(-1)、0.69～1.21mmol·m~(-2)·S~(-1)和300.66～352.63ppm。边际效应整体上降低了茶树净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率,提高了胞间CO_2浓度。其中,极显著降低了种质L107、L104的净光合速率,显著降低了种质106的净光合速率。综上,边际效应对茶树的净光合速率产生了一定的抑制作用。     

用^14C测定苎麻同化^14CO2的速率

以当年用地下茎繁殖的细叶绿品种为材料,在田间一般栽培条件下于两个生长时期对苎麻全株饲喂~(14)CO_2,经半小时后立即在田间分各部位固定,测定地上各部位同化~(14)CO_2的速率。结果表明:苎麻茎上部的幼小叶片,叶面积比中部成长叶片小9～10倍,但单位面积上同化~(14)CO_2的速率接近,叶片同化~(14)CO_2的总量与叶面积有关系。中上部叶片叶面积较大,叶绿素含量高,光合能力强,茎基部的几片叶面积小,同化~(14)CO_2的总量较低;麻叶占地上部总同化量的95％以上,麻皮在生长前期能同化~(14)CO_2,占总同化量的3.15％,生长中后期测定下降至0.13％。     

开放式空气中CO_2浓度和温度增高对水稻叶片叶绿素含量和SPAD值的动态影响

【目的】针对不断增高的大气二氧化碳(CO_2)浓度和温度,研究这两个重要环境因子及其互作对大田生长水稻叶片叶绿素含量和SPAD值的动态影响。【方法】利用农田T-FACE(Temperature-Free Air CO_2 Enrichment)系统,以高产优质粳稻武运粳23为供试材料,设置两个CO_2浓度(环境CO_2浓度和高CO_2浓度)和两个温度处理(环境温度和高温),测定自然生长环境下水稻不同生育期叶片的叶绿素含量及SPAD值。【结果】550μmol/mol CO_2浓度使水稻移栽后41、77、94 d叶绿素a,b和a+b含量均增加(最大增幅为6.4%),但移栽110、119 d后均减少(最大降幅为5.4%)。由于叶绿素b含量对CO_2较叶绿素a含量更敏感,故高CO_2浓度使移栽后41、77和94 d叶绿素a/b值均下降,降幅分别为4.7%、2.3%和0.9%,但移栽110和119 d后分别增加1.9%和5.3%;以上对CO_2的响应多达显著水平。对叶片SPAD值而言,高CO_2浓度对水稻生长前、中期的影响较小,但移栽110和119 d后分别下降3.5%(P=0.1)和19.1%(P0.01)。大田生长期增温1℃,各期叶绿素a、b以及a+b含量多呈增加趋势,叶绿素a/b值表现相反,但总体上变幅小于CO_2效应;高温对水稻前、中期叶片SPAD的影响较小,但移栽110和119d后SPAD值平均下降7.1%和14.8%,均达极显著水平。CO_2与温度处理对上述测定参数多无显著互作效应,但CO_2浓度、温度处理与生育期之间多存在明显的互作效应。【结论】大气CO_2浓度增高有利于水稻生长前中期叶片叶绿素的形成,但生长后期叶绿素含量和SPAD值均明显下降且伴随叶绿素a/b值的显著升高,这种早衰现象在不同生长温度下趋势一致。     

五唇兰两种生态型的光合特性研究

以叶背绿色型和叶背紫红型两种五唇兰(Doritis pulcherrima)生态型的组培苗为试材,进行叶片CO2吸收的日动态变化、气孔密度及光合色素的测定进行分析研究。结果表明:五唇兰属于CAM(景天酸代谢途径)植物;叶背绿色型的CO2吸收速率大于叶背紫红型;两种生态型的气孔密度没有显著性差异;两种生态型的总叶绿素含量、叶绿素a(Chl a)含量、叶绿素b(Chl b)含量、叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量也均没有显著性差异,但胡萝卜素与总叶绿素(Chl)含量的比值则有显著性差异。五唇兰的光合特性及叶片光合色素含量,体现了其作为一种热带兰对生长环境的高度适应性。     

苦丁茶叶片光合特性的初步研究

以一年生苦丁茶树为材料,用美国LI—6200型使携式光合作用系统连续活体测定其各叶位叶片的净光合速率,并选择阴天、晴天、多云不稳定天气,从早晨开始每隔1～2小时,以芽下第6叶为测定对象,所得数据按《农业试验统计模型和BASIC程序方法》在IBMPC计算机上处理。结果表明:(1)由芽位下数,光合能力逐渐增强:芽下第6叶以后可划为成熟的功能叶片;(2)苦丁茶功能叶片净光合速率在一天中以上午7:30～8:30为最高值。最佳环境大致是:光量子大于350umolm~(-2)S~(-2),温度25～30℃,湿度大于60％:(3)一天中叶片净光合速率的大小受气孔和非气孔限制因子的影响。在不同时间内,其影响分别占主导地位。     

氮肥减施与接种根瘤菌对大豆光合与产量的影响

为揭示氮肥减施与接种不同根瘤菌对大豆光合作用及产量的影响,通过设置不同减氮量+接种根瘤菌处理,研究其对大豆净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度及大豆产量的影响。结果表明:在开花期, T1(1/2施氮+拌种NF)、T2(1/2施氮+土壤施用NF)、T3(1/2施氮+拌种DF)处理的净光合速率相对于CK分别提高了50.4%、30.1%、29.6%。所有处理较常规施肥(CK)的蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2浓度、气孔导度均有所上升,而大豆叶绿素含量较CK差异不显著,各处理的叶片干重较CK差异不显著,除T3处理外,各处理的茎干重较CK差异也不显著。进入结荚期后,T1、T2处理的胞间CO_2浓度较CK分别提高了34.3%、47.0%,各处理净光合速率较CK均下降,而蒸腾速率、气孔导度均高于CK,除T4、T5外,叶绿素含量较CK差异不显著。除T2处理外,各处理的叶干重均低于CK,茎与荚皮干重较CK差异不显著,籽粒干重在所有减1/2施氮量+接种根瘤菌处理中均显著高于CK。在鼓粒期,各处理的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2浓度较CK差异不显著,气孔导度均高于CK,不施氮肥处理的叶绿素含量均显著低于CK。各处理的叶片干重均显著低于CK,但茎、荚皮干重与CK相比差异不显著,且籽粒干重有一定升高趋势,T3处理籽粒干重较CK提高了24.6%;在成熟期,1/2减氮+接种根瘤菌处理基本上均能提高大豆的产量及其构成因子,尤其是T3处理较CK产量提高9.75%。     

基于FvCB模型估算小麦的最大电子传递速率

在Farquhar、von Caemermer和Berry模型(以下简称FvCB生化模型)中有2个子模型,即非直角双曲线模型和核酮糖-1,5-双磷酸(RuBP)再生速率限制模型,用其可以估算C_3植物叶片的最大电子传递速率(J_(max))。为了严格验证由这2个子模型估算植物叶片J_(max)的精确度,本研究用LI-6400-40光合测定仪分别测定了2%和21%O_2浓度下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)叶片的光合速率和电子传递速率对光和CO_2的响应曲线,并用此2个模型分别拟合了21%O_2浓度下小麦光合速率对CO_2的响应曲线和电子传递速率对光的响应曲线。结果表明,由非直角双曲线模型拟合小麦电子传递速率对光的响应曲线得到的J_(max)为254.86μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),显著高于其观测值(236.37μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))(P0.05);由RuBP再生速率限制子模型拟合小麦光合速率对CO_2的响应曲线得到的J_(max)为260.58μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),则显著低于其观测值(298.05μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))(P0.05)。此外,当胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)为738.01μmol·mol~(-1)时,小麦处于RuBP再生速率限制阶段,此时其净光合速率及其相应的光呼吸速率分别为61.16和8.55μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。在不考虑其他路径消耗光合电子的情况下,小麦在该C_i时同化这些碳至少需要光合电子流为352.24μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),这与由RuBP再生速率限制子模型估算的J_(max)(260.58μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))之间存在显著差异(P0.05)。这说明非直角双曲线模型和RuBP再生速率限制子模型在估算小麦叶片J_(max)上存在缺陷,有待改进。     

茶树净光合速率的遗传分析

以亲本“凤凰水仙”(母本)、“福鼎大白茶”(父本)及其杂交后代 F_1为供试材料,测定了秋梢成熟叶片的净光合速率。通过遗传分析,结果表明:茶树叶片净光合速率属于数量性状的遗传,受微效多基因控制,且主要受核基因组控制。根据亲子代方差分析,净光合速率的广义遗传率为0.4154—0.7212,预期遗传进度为1.90—3.04μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1);根据 F_1代株系间的方差分析,其广义遗传率为0.5945,遗传变异系数为22.97％,预期遗传进度为2.25μmol CO_2·m~(-2)     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.