冰糖橙果园土壤养分与果实品质关系的多元分析及优化方案

对湖南省74个冰糖橙果园土壤矿质养分和果实品质含量进行测定分析,运用R和LINGO软件多元统计分析筛选了影响果实品质因子的主要土壤养分因子,探明了果实品质最佳时的土壤养分优化方案。研究结果表明,调查果园中超过86.20%的样点果园土壤pH处于酸性至强酸性环境,65.52%的果园土壤缺钙,75.86%的果园缺镁,82.76%的果园缺硼。冰糖橙果实品质是多个土壤养分因子综合作用的结果,偏最小二乘回归分析表明对冰糖橙单果质量影响较大的因子为土壤碱解氮、交换性钙;果形指数主要受土壤有效磷、有效铜、有效锌和pH影响;可溶性固形物含量主要受有机质、有效铜、有效锌和pH影响;可滴定酸含量主要受土壤速效钾、有效硼和pH的影响;Vc含量主要受土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾、交换性镁和pH的影响。线性规划求解出pH为5.50~6.50、有机质含量大于39.68 g/kg、碱解氮为169.17~170.41 mg/kg、有效磷34.50 mg/kg、速效钾158.95~160.88 mg/kg、交换性钙1954.69 mg/kg、交换性镁123.81 mg/kg、有效铁468.31 mg/kg、有效锰96.09 mg/kg、有效铜1.73 mg/kg、有效锌10.93 mg/kg、有效硼0.33~0.85 mg/kg时,冰糖橙果实品质最佳。调节土壤酸碱度,增施有机肥,及时补充钙、镁和硼肥是今后果实品质管理的关键。     

减施磷肥提高设施番茄氮磷钾生理效率并减少土壤速效磷累积

【目的】设施蔬菜生产中过量施肥现象普遍存在,本研究针对设施番茄磷肥过量施用问题,定位研究减施磷肥对番茄产量、干物质量、养分吸收、分配及土壤速效磷状况的影响,旨在为设施栽培磷肥减量提供科学依据。【方法】以习惯施肥为对照 (CK),2015年设磷肥减量50% (P1)、磷肥减量70% (P2) 2个减磷处理,2016年增设不施磷 (P0) 处理,共3个减磷处理。2016年在膨果期、盛果期采集植株样品,测定根、茎、叶、果干重,及各器官氮、磷、钾养分含量;在定植前、盛果期和拉秧期采集0—60 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤速效磷含量。【结果】在基础速效磷含量较高 (约220 mg/kg) 的土壤,连续两年减磷70%或一年不施磷肥不影响番茄产量,2015年和2016年番茄产量分别为53.9～55.1 t/hm2和50.2～52.7 t/hm2。各减磷施肥处理与CK相比,均显著提高盛果期果实干物质量和N、P、K养分分配率,降低叶片干物质量、干物质分配率和N、P、K养分分配率。膨果期番茄植株62.8%～65.7%干物质分配于叶片,植株氮、磷、钾携出量分别为83.2～89.9 kg/hm2、10.3～11.1 kg/hm2、75.0～85.9 kg/hm2,此时番茄叶片和茎杆是养分的主要累积部位,茎叶氮、磷、钾分配率之和分别为84.4%～86.4%、79.4%～83.4%、76.9%～82.3%,番茄氮、磷、钾吸收比例为1∶0.12∶0.84～0.96。盛果期43.0%～44.6%和37.0%～44.6%的干物质分配于果实和叶片,此时番茄果实和叶片为养分主要累积部位,果实和叶片氮、磷、钾分配率之和分别为84.6%～86.7%、78.5%～82.7%、81.4%～83.9%,植株氮、磷、钾携出量分别为197～226 kg/hm2、33～37 kg/hm2、200～247 kg/hm2。CK处理番茄叶片、果实全钾含量及钾吸收量显著高于减磷处理,可见减施磷肥可降低番茄对钾素的奢侈吸收。经过两年的减磷处理,表层土壤速效磷累积量显著降低,但各处理土壤剖面出现磷素向下迁移,膨果期0—20 cm土层土壤速效磷含量较种植前减少27.0～60.9 mg/kg,20—60 cm土壤速效磷增量在11.8～50.1 mg/kg,减磷处理显著降低20—60 cm土壤速效磷增加量。【结论】在基础磷素含量较高的土壤上,较农民习惯施磷连续两年减少70%的磷肥用量没有影响番茄产量,降低番茄对钾素的奢侈吸收,减缓土壤速效磷累积。两年连续减施磷肥的土壤速效磷含量仍处于较高水平,可见该研究区域设施蔬菜生产减磷潜力仍较大。     

桂西北环境移民示范区柑橘园土壤营养探析

对桂西北环境移民示范区柑橘园土壤营养状况测定结果表明 ,该区柑橘园有机质含量丰富 ,全N、全P偏低 ,水解氮、有效磷基本适宜 ,K素缺乏 ,pH偏酸性 ;且主要土壤养分变异系数均 >16 % ,土壤 pH变异系数为4 .4 % ;不同产量级柑橘园土壤养分差异主要表现于水解氮和速效钾含量 ,丰产园水解氮和速效钾含量分别为10 6 .4 6mg/kg和 76 .2 1mg/kg ,低产园分别为 96 .88mg/kg和 5 9.83mg/kg且显著低于丰产园 ,水解氮和速效钾与柑橘产量分别呈极显著和显著相关。并提出果园土壤水解氮、速效钾丰缺指标。     

氮、钾营养对烤烟品质的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究氮素和钾素对烤烟的品质化学成分的影响,结果表明:(1)总糖含量与烟叶成熟期土壤有效钾(K)含量呈显著的二次曲线相关性,成熟期土壤速效钾含量分界点为113.33mg/kg。(2)总烟碱含量与施氮量、烟叶含氮量(中期或成熟期)呈显著的相关性。(3)蛋白质含量与施氮量、烟叶含氮量(中期或成熟期)、烟叶含钾量(中期或成熟期)有一定的相关性。(4)施木克值与成熟期土壤速效钾含量呈显著的二次曲线相关性,成熟期土壤速效钾分界点为133.33mg/kg。(5)糖/碱比与烤烟生育前期施氮量和土壤碱解氮,与中后期土壤供钾和烟叶含钾量有一定的相关性。     

陕西武功县猕猴桃园土壤养分调查与评价

测定陕西武功县猕猴桃园土壤养分含量,评价土壤肥力状况,为指导果园科学施肥提供参考依据。本研究采集研究区10个代表性果园表层土壤样品,对其pH、有机质以及速效氮、磷、钾含量进行测定,结合相关分级标准,分析果园土壤肥力状况。结果表明:武功县猕猴桃园土壤pH在7.52～8.54,平均为8.16,属于弱碱性土壤;土壤有机质含量在10.78～26.73 g/kg,平均为18.43 g/kg,达到中量水平的土壤样品仅占25.1%,整体表现缺乏;土壤速效氮含量在47.60～254.16 mg/kg,平均为138.69 mg/kg,64.7%的土壤样品速效氮含量超过120 mg/kg,仅有8.0%的土壤样品速效氮含量缺乏;土壤有效磷含量在11.01～292.10 mg/kg,平均为59.22 mg/kg,达到丰富及以上水平的土壤样品占90.3%;土壤速效钾含量在32.81～458.20 mg/kg,平均为190.92 mg/kg,丰富、中量、缺乏的土壤样品分别占57.3%、28.2%、14.5%。研究区土壤pH、土壤有机质空间变异相对较小,土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量比较丰富,但空间分布不均衡。建议在今后土壤及施肥管理中,采取综合措施,适度降低土壤pH,以满足猕猴桃生长所需的土壤酸碱环境;加强有机肥的投入,逐年提高土壤有机质含量;控制氮、磷、钾化肥的施用,提高肥料利用率。     

不同生态修复技术长期应用对风沙土土壤养分的影响

通过田间试验,对比分析了不同沙地生态修复技术长期应用对风沙土土壤pH值和有机质、氮、磷、钾等土壤养分的影响,结果表明,在长期生态修复作用下,风沙土土壤pH值和全钾含量变化较小,土壤有机质、氮、磷和速效钾含量均有不同程度的增加。人工种植作物的修复方式有利于有机质、氮、磷和速效钾含量的增加,其中:人工种植甘草土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷含量增长最多,10年后分别可达到11.42 g/kg、0.110 9 g/kg和25.46 mg/kg;人工种植花生土壤碱解氮、全磷和速效钾含量最高,10年后分别可达到55.04 mg/kg、0.127 2 g/kg和145.80 mg/kg;生物网方格固沙、林草复合培育和草场培育等主要依靠自然修复的修复技术,土壤养分含量增长缓慢。     

阜平县不同海拔梯度下耕地土壤养分现状与分布特征

为在太行山区阜平县对耕地土壤提出科学合理的施肥理论依据,利用2018年阜平县耕地测土配方施肥调查数据,运用统计学和克里金插值方法研究了阜平县耕层土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾及pH等养分含量现状及分布特征。结果表明:当前阜平县耕地土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的均值含量分别为7.08,21.84 g/kg,70.53 mg/kg,22.43 mg/kg,75.43 mg/kg,土壤pH值主要为中性水平,占比65.42%; 土壤有机质含量、碱解氮含量和速效钾含量均表现为以中等含量水平为主,占比分别为45.55%,43.19%和59.86%,处于中等及以上的占比分别为98.76%,64.42%和75.96%; 土壤有效磷含量主要处于高等含量水平,占比29.99%,而高等及以上水平占比74.15%。从空间分布上耕地土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾大体均呈现由东南向西北逐渐增长的趋势,而从海拔梯度分区下有机质和有效磷呈现丘陵区(21.85 g/kg)<低山区(21.92 g/kg)<中山区(22.70 g/kg)趋势,碱解氮呈现中山区(64.72 mg/kg)<丘陵区(70.53 mg/kg)<低山区(70.71 mg/kg),速效钾呈现低山区(74.75 mg/kg)<丘陵区(75.21 mg/kg)<中山区(83.78 mg/kg)趋势,土壤pH均不呈现明显规律。土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾与海拔地形要素均呈现极正相关关系。结果可为阜平县耕地科学合理施肥提供理论依据,并推动精准农业发展,促进乡村振兴。     

氮磷提高华北落叶松人工林地土壤养分和酶活性的作用

【目的】采用田间试验,研究外源施用氮、磷肥对处于中龄林的20年华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林地土壤养分和酶活性特征的影响,并对土壤肥力水平进行评价,以筛选出最佳施肥方案。【方法】2012年4月中旬对处于中龄林的20年华北落叶松人工纯林进行外源施用氮、磷肥,在5月到10月中旬采集0—20 cm土壤样品,测定土壤养分和土壤酶含量,分析其在整个生长期内的动态变化,运用主成分分析法筛选出最佳施肥方案。【结果】1)施用氮、磷肥显著增加土壤速效氮和速效磷含量(P0.05),降低土壤速效钾含量和p H值。与对照相比,不同施肥处理速效氮增加幅度为N2PN2N1PN1P,速效磷为N1PPN2PN2N1,而速效钾降低幅度为N2PN1PN2PN1,p H降低幅度为N2PN2PN1PN1。2)施肥后,土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性显著增加(P0.05),过氧化氢酶活性降低。与对照相比,不同施肥处理蔗糖酶增加幅度是N1PN2PN1PN2,磷酸酶是N2PN1N1PN2P,脲酶是N2PN1PN1N2P,而过氧化氢酶降低幅度是N2PN2N1PPN1。3)土壤中养分含量对季节变化的响应非常敏感,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾整体呈先降低后增加的趋势,最小值出现在植物生长旺盛的7、8月份。土壤酶活性变化比较复杂,多数最大值出现在7、8月份。4)施氮肥、磷肥和氮磷配施处理均提高了土壤速效氮和速效磷含量,速效氮由21.56 mg/kg上升到35.77 mg/kg,速效磷由1.86 mg/kg上升到3.73 mg/kg,尤以N1P和N2P配施效果最明显。5)氮肥、磷肥和氮磷配施处理,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性均增加,虽然过氧化氢酶活性小幅下降,但总的来说土壤酶活性增强,以N1P和N2P配施效果最为明显。6)主成分分析表明,施肥提高了土壤肥力水平,提高效果表现为N1PN2PPN1N2CK。N1P处理土壤肥力水平增加了1.505,N2P增加了1.405。【结论】施氮、磷肥可显著增加林地土壤养分,增强土壤酶活性,有效改善华北落叶松人工林地土壤肥力状况,缓解氮、磷亏缺导致的林地地力衰退。供试条件下华北落叶松的最佳施肥方案是N 75 kg/hm2和P2O575 kg/hm2(N1P),而N 150 kg/hm2和P2O575 kg/hm2(N2P)次之。     

施加铁炉渣对福州平原稻田土壤养分动态的影响

为了阐明施加铁炉渣对稻田土壤养分动态及水稻产量的影响,以福州平原稻田为研究区域,采用原位采样与室内分析对铁炉渣施加后稻田土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效硅、微生物量碳、溶解性有机碳、土壤交换性钙、交换性镁以及水稻产量进行测定.结果表明,对照,2,4,8 Mg/hm2铁炉渣施加样地速效氮含量平均值分别为7.90,10.85,16.61,8.96 mg/kg;速效磷含量的平均值分别为3.13,4.57,5.06,5.54mg/kg;速效钾含量的平均值分别为141.37,136.99,141.77,141.17 mg/kg;有效硅含量的平均值分别为329.66,920.63,1 093.41,1 294.58 mg/kg;交换性镁离子含量的平均值分别为0.046,0.053,0.048,0.040cmol/kg;交换性钙离子含量的平均值分别为0.032,0.033,0.045,0.046 cmol/kg;微生物量碳含量的平均值分别为523.64,719.19,669.49,623.91 mg/kg;溶解性有机碳含量的平均值分别为210.49,260.31,263.49,259.67mg/kg.施加铁炉渣增加了土壤速效氮、速效磷、有效硅、微生物量碳、溶解性有机碳和土壤交换性钙的含量,但对土壤交换性镁和速效钾含量的影响不显著,与此同时还增加了水稻产量.可见,铁炉渣可作为与特定肥料施加结合的有效土壤改良剂.     

云南省西双版纳州茶园土壤养分状况分析

对云南省西双版纳州具有代表的茶园土壤进行了调查,分析测定了21个样点的养分含量,结果显示:西双版纳州茶园土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷以及速效钾含量的平均值分别是4.65、27.07 g/kg、114.16 mg/kg、14.90 mg/kg和112.09 mg/kg,养分变异较大。对照优质、高效、高产茶园的土壤营养诊断指标,西双版纳茶园养分特征表现为有机质含量丰富,碱解氮和速效钾含量以及土壤的酸碱度适中,有效磷含量较缺乏。     

微波辅助提取苹果渣中苹果多酚的工艺研究

为了充分利用农业废弃物苹果渣，进一步提高苹果渣中多酚物质的提取效率，采用二次通用旋转组合设计研究了苹果渣中苹果多酚的微波提取工艺。结果表明：乙醇用量对多酚得率有极显著影响，功率、乙醇浓度以及萃取时间和功率的交互项对多酚得率有显著影响，萃取时间对多酚得率无显著影响。最优工艺是：萃取时间60 s，功率750 W，乙醇浓度60％，乙醇用量25 mL(料液比1∶50)，此条件下苹果多酚理论提取的得率为11.93 mg/g(DW)(验证值为11.41 mg/g)，明显高于回流及超声波提取得率。     

Anti-Helicobacter pylori agents from the cashew apple

Anacardic acids and (E)-2-hexenal characterized from the cashew Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) apple have been found to exhibit antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which is now considered to cause acute gastritis. The same antibacterial compounds have also been found to inhibit urease (EC 3.5.1.5).     

微波预处理原料对苹果汁褐变的影响

为了防止苹果汁在贮藏过程中褐变,采用不同的微波功率和时间预处理原料苹果,研究微波预处理对苹果汁褐变的影响。结果表明,微波处理可以提高苹果汁的色值,降低多酚氧化酶的活性,引起氨基态氮含量的下降,并使苹果汁的酸度略微提高。在微波功率为720～900 W,处理时间75～125 s时,果汁色值较高。室温贮存45 d后,微波功率900 W,时间为100 s处理的果块,果汁色值为67.8,比未经微波处理的高91.5%。微波预处理是防止苹果汁褐变的一种简便安全、合理经济的加工方法。     

Composition of apple juice

Thirty-one samples from 8 geographic growing regions of the United States and 15 varieties common to these areas were converted to apple juice and analyzed for their attributes over the 3 year period 1979, 1980, and 1981. The total of 93 samples were analyzed for ash, brix, pH, proline, specific gravity, total acid, sorbitol, sucrose, fructose, and glucose. The elements cadmium, calcium, iron, lead, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc were also determined. These data are presented to serve as a data base for the detection of fraudulent or adulterated apple juice.     

套袋对苹果果实重金属及农药残留的影响

该文测定了洛川、白水实验园中套双层纸袋、单层纸袋及不套袋苹果果皮、果肉的重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr)含量和农药残留。试验结果发现：不套袋苹果果实的重金属含量明显高于套袋苹果，套单层纸袋苹果果实的重金属含量高于套双层纸袋苹果的重金属含量，重金属主要集中在果皮中；不套袋苹果果皮中三氟氯氰菊酯的检出量为0.03 mg/kg，是套单层纸袋苹果果皮检出量0.01 mg/kg的3倍，套双层果袋苹果果皮及所有苹果果肉中三氟氯氰菊酯未检出。由此可见，套袋是苹果安全生产的有效措施。     

Spectroscopic evaluation of the surface quality of apple

Different spectroscopic techniques based on infrared and Raman were used to evaluate the natural wax and related surface quality of apple fruit. Transmission near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was applied to solutions of single wax components and extracted apple wax. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used for transmission measurements of wax films on NaCl crystals, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to analyze wax powders, and FT-Raman spectroscopy was explored to examine intact wax layers on whole fruit. The natural wax layers of apple fruit from a maximum of three different cultivars (Jonagold, Jonagored, and Elshof) from three picking dates (early, commercial, and late), three controlled atmosphere storage durations (0, 4, and 8 months), and three shelf life periods (0, 1, and 2 weeks) within each storage duration were examined. Canonical discriminant analysis was carried out on the first derivative NIR and FTIR spectra to describe the information contained in the spectra. Discrimination between cultivars and between storage duration based on wax layer properties was achieved with reasonable accuracy from both of the techniques. Information contained in the spectra of apples from different picking dates and shelf life periods was not significant. Differences between cultivars and storage periods in this analysis mostly related to differences in the number of aliphatic chains (e.g., alkanes and esters) and the presence of alpha-farnesene. No satisfactory results were obtained by means of Raman spectroscopy and DRIFTS.     

Cloudy apple juice is more effective than apple polyphenols and an apple juice derived cloud fraction in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis

As recently shown, a cloudy apple juice (CloA) was effective to modulate colon cancer associated parameters in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). To identify the bioactive substance classes in CloA, we fractionated CloA to yield a total polyphenol (PF) and a cloud (CF) fraction consisting of proteins, fatty acids, polyphenols, and cell wall polysaccharides. Rats received water (control (Cont)) or CloA, PF, and CF separate or combined (PF-CF) ad libitum for 7 weeks starting one week before the first DMH-injection. As determined by comet assay, the DMH-induced genotoxicity in colonocytes of controls (Cont/DMH: 7.7 +/- 0.5%) was significantly reduced by CloA (3.3 +/- 0.3%) but not by any of the fractions. The crypt cell proliferation induced by DMH (Cont/NaCl: 7.5 +/- 0.6%; Cont/DMH: 14.9 +/- 0.8%) was significantly decreased by CloA (9.4 +/- 0.4%), PF (12.4 +/- 0.7%), CF (11.6 +/- 0.4%), and PF-CF (12.4 +/- 0.6%). Although not statistically significant, CloA tended to reduce the number of large aberrant crypt foci (ACF) (Cont/DMH: 19.0 +/- 3.7; CloA/DMH: 12.3 +/- 1.9), while none of the fractions affected ACFs. Neither CloA nor the fractions changed mRNAs of colonic cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2), glutathione-associated enzymes (GST-M2, gamma-GCS, GST-P), the splenocyte CD4/CD8 ratio, natural killer cell activity, and plasma antioxidant status. These results demonstrate that CloA had a higher cancer-preventive potential than the fractions and further, besides PF, identified CF as an additional bioactive fraction of CloA.     

Antioxidant activity of apple peels

Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been shown to be effective in the prevention of chronic diseases. These benefits are often attributed to the high antioxidant content of some plant foods. Apples are commonly eaten and are large contributors of phenolic compounds in European and North American diets. The peels of apples, in particular, are high in phenolics. During applesauce and canned apple manufacture, the antioxidant-rich peels of apples are discarded. To determine if a useful source of antioxidants is being wasted, the phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of the peels of four varieties of apples (Rome Beauty, Idared, Cortland, and Golden Delicious) commonly used in applesauce production in New York state were investigated. The values of the peels were compared to those of the flesh and flesh + peel components of the apples. Within each variety, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in the peels, followed by the flesh + peel and the flesh. Idared and Rome Beauty apple peels had the highest total phenolic contents (588.9 +/- 83.2 and 500.2 +/- 13.7 mg of gallic acid equivalents/100 g of peels, respectively). Rome Beauty and Idared peels were also highest in flavonoids (306.1 +/- 6.7 and 303.2 +/- 41.5 mg of catechin equivalents/100 g of peels, respectively). Of the four varieties, Idared apple peels had the most anthocyanins, with 26.8 +/- 6.5 mg of cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents/100 g of peels. The peels all had significantly higher total antioxidant activities than the flesh + peel and flesh of the apple varieties examined. Idared peels had the greatest antioxidant activity (312.2 +/- 9.8 micromol of vitamin C equivalents/g of peels). Apple peels were also shown to more effectively inhibit the growth of HepG(2) human liver cancer cells than the other apple components. Rome Beauty apple peels showed the most bioactivity, inhibiting cell proliferation by 50% at the low concentration of 12.4 +/- 0.4 mg of peels/mL. The high content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of apple peels indicate that they may impart health benefits when consumed and should be regarded as a valuable source of antioxidants.     

Supply of micronutrients to apple trees via the bark

Abstract

Growth regulators, pesticides, herbicides and macroelements applied to tree trunks are often translocated to the foliage. The feasibility of using bark dressings for supplying micronutrients to deficient trees was investigated using new laboratory screening methods and a field trial. Zinc was chosen as a model compound since soil and foliar applications of zinc to apple trees have not proven entirely satisfactory.

Less than one per cent of zinc applied as zinc chloride to the scraped bark of excised apple twig sections could be forced out in the xylem exudate. Translocation of exogenous zinc only occurred during the first six days after application. Zinc was also translocated through the intact bark of apple twigs but the percentage of cases in which translocation was observed was reduced from 100% (in scraped bark) to circa 40%; furthermore, the amount of zinc translocated was reduced tenfold. Significant sinc translocation to the foliage was not observed in field trials consisting of trunk applications of zinc salts to intact and scraped bark of apple trees with first flush foliage. Factors influencing the passage of zinc and other chemicals from bark to foliage are discussed.     

黄土高原苹果园间作油菜对土壤水分与苹果品质的影响

  【目的】  间作生草是黄土高原苹果优势产区有机肥替代化肥模式之一。由于黄土高原地区年际干旱少雨且降水在季节上分配不均,可能产生果园生草与果树争水的问题。因此,本研究采用不同耗水模式的油菜品种探究其对土壤水分及苹果品质的影响。  【方法】  试验于2018和2019年在陕西省延安市安塞区南沟流域进行。设置4个生草处理,分别为甘蓝型油菜陕油2013、春性白菜型油菜浩油21、强冬性白菜型油菜延油2号和传统清耕制度 (CK)。田间定位监测土壤水分,测定油菜生长指标及果树的果实品质。比较分析不同油菜类型的生长状况、果园土壤含水量、土壤水分相对差异、苹果新梢生长状况、果实品质等。  【结果】  在两年试验期内,间作不同油菜各项生长指标具有显著性差异。单位面积生物量表现为甘蓝型油菜 > 强冬性白菜型油菜 > 春性白菜型油菜。在土壤水分方面,4个处理土壤含水量变化趋势基本一致,0—20 cm土层水分含量随时间变化最大。其中,甘蓝型油菜、春性白菜型油菜和强冬性白菜型油菜处理行间0—20 cm土层两年平均土壤含水量分别较CK降低了19.2%、3.3%和8.5%,20—100 cm土层两年平均土壤含水量分别较CK提升?4.9%、12.1%和6.4%。20—100 cm土层的平均土壤水分变异系数表现为甘蓝型油菜处理最大,春性白菜型油菜处理最小。间作油菜提升了苹果品质,以间作春性白菜型油菜的效果最显著,其可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和V_C含量较清耕对照显著增加了1.00个百分点、1.57个百分点和47.58%,间作其他两个油菜品种与清耕相比只有V_C含量显著升高。  【结论】  与清耕相比,苹果树行间间作春性白菜型油菜、强冬性白菜型油菜和甘蓝型油菜均有效提升了20—100 cm土层土壤含水量,降低了苹果树休眠期土壤储水量损失,进而显著促进了果树的生长发育,提升了果实品质。其中,苹果树行间间作春性白菜型油菜效果最佳,是黄土高原旱作苹果园较为适宜的间作模式。