假眼小绿叶蝉与其天敌的空间关系及最佳样方确定

为了分析在聚块大小不同时天敌对假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis Gothe空间上跟随关系的密切程度、聚集原因和聚集范围,为评价假眼小绿叶蝉的天敌优势种提供科学依据,用聚块样方方差分析法、灰色关联度法、空间聚集强度指数、种群聚集均数法和ρ指数法对安徽省合肥市‘乌牛早’和‘白毫早’茶园不同大小聚块条件下的假眼小绿叶蝉及其7种蜘蛛类的天敌空间关系进行分析。假眼小绿叶蝉与其7种蜘蛛类天敌均方差峰值时的聚块样方数的关联度分析结果表明:‘乌牛早’茶园中与假眼小绿叶蝉空间上跟随关系密切的前四种天敌依次是茶色新圆蛛Neoscona theisi(0.753 5)、八斑球腹蛛Theridion octomaculatum(0.720 1)、锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa(0.681 3)和草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum(0.644 2)。‘白毫早’茶园中与假眼小绿叶蝉空间上跟随关系密切的前四种天敌依次是粽管巢蛛Clubiona japonicola(0.823 5)、鳞纹肖蛸Tetragnatha squamata(0.800 9)、锥腹肖蛸(0.794 2)和茶色新圆蛛(0.794 2)。两种茶园前四种天敌中相同的天敌是茶色新圆蛛和锥腹肖蛸。假眼小绿叶蝉在聚块内基本样方数k为1、2、4、8时,随着聚块内基本样方数的增多,聚集分布格局时的扩散系数C不断增大,均匀和随机格局时扩散系数不断减小。聚块内基本样方数k为2、4、8时与k为1时的假眼小绿叶蝉的空间分布聚集程度差异均不显著。假眼小绿叶蝉的种群聚集均数λ多数情况均大于2,其聚集是该虫本身原因引起的,假眼小绿叶蝉在种群聚集均数λ为正值时,随着聚块内基本样方数的增加,则种群聚集均数λ不断增大。用假眼小绿叶蝉不同大小聚块的ρ指数判断个体群聚集时的最小范围是聚块中有1个基本样方,即本文的4 m~2。该研究为该虫抽样时确定样方大小提供了科学依据。     

合肥市白毫早、乌牛早茶园天敌与蓟马的空间跟随关系

为利用天敌有效防治茶园蓟马,2015—2016年选择安徽农业大学农业科技试验基地的白毫早和乌牛早2种茶园进行试验,对2种茶园的蓟马数量及其天敌数量进行调查,采用地学统计学方法与灰色关联度法相结合方法综合分析与蓟马空间跟随关系密切的天敌种类。结果表明,2015年和2016年2年,白毫早茶园蓟马共2 408头,其捕食性天敌共12 156头,与蓟马空间跟随关系密切的前4位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa、茶色新圆蛛Neoscona theisi、粽管巢蛛Clubiona japonicola和草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum,2年密切指数之和分别为1.952、1.843、1.800和1.751;2015年和2016年2年,乌牛早茶园蓟马共6 540头,其捕食性天敌共12 376头,与蓟马空间关系密切的前4位天敌依次是八斑球腹蛛Theridion octomaculatum、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis、茶色新圆蛛和锥腹肖蛸,2年密切指数之和分别为1.863、1.829、1.762和1.759。综合分析2年白毫早和乌牛早2种茶园,与蓟马空间关系密切的前4位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸、茶色新圆蛛、异色瓢虫和草间小黑蛛,密切指数之和为3.710、3.605、3.512和3.473。     

安徽合肥地区茶园蓟马与其捕食性天敌的关系

采用灰色系统分析方法和生态位分析法,研究了安徽合肥地区2015年和2016年‘乌牛早’茶园和‘白毫早’茶园的蓟马与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间格局等方面的关联,依据天敌与蓟马关系密切指数之和,评判出蓟马的主要天敌。结果表明‘白毫早’茶园蓟马的主要天敌是八斑球腹蛛(10.890 1)、锥腹肖蛸(9.8740)、鳞纹肖蛸(9.1478)和茶色新圆蛛(8.552 2);‘乌牛早’茶园蓟马两年的前四位主要天敌是八斑球腹蛛(11.347 8)、锥腹肖蛸(9.634 4)、异色瓢虫(9.627 0)和鳞纹肖蛸(9.507 3)。综合分析,2015年和2016年‘乌牛早’茶园和‘白毫早’茶园蓟马前四位天敌中有三种相同,即八斑球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和鳞纹肖蛸。两种茶园两年高峰日的蓟马类都是聚集分布格局,其聚集是由蓟马本身原因或环境中的某一因子引起的。该分析方法是评判害虫主要天敌较为理想的方法。     

小贯小绿叶蝉与其主要天敌空间关系研究方法的比较

天敌与目标害虫空间关系密切与否,直接关系到天敌对目标害虫的控制利用。为了选择较为理想的天敌与害虫之间空间关系的研究方法,本文用地统计学法、模糊相似优先比法,扩散系数法、空间生态位重叠指数法和聚块样方方差分析法研究‘黄山大叶种’茶园和‘农抗早’茶园天敌与小贯小绿叶蝉Empoasca onukii 空间关系密切程度,以地统计学法的结果为标准,以其前3位天敌粽管巢蛛Clubiona japonicola、斜纹猫蛛Oxyopes sertatus和鳞纹肖蛸Tetragnatha squamata的位次之和为据,根据位次差别评论5种研究方法研究结果的一致性。聚块样方方差分析方法研究结果与地统计学方法的结果差别较小,其次是扩散系数法和模糊相似优先比法,空间生态位重叠指数法研究结果与地统计学方法的结果差别较大。按照天敌与小贯小绿叶蝉空间关系密切程度位次分析,粽管巢蛛、斜纹猫蛛和鳞纹肖蛸是与小贯小绿叶蝉空间关系密切的前3种天敌。本文是对多种研究方法研究结果一致性进行比较的一种尝试,为分析天敌与害虫空间关系选择研究方法提供参考。     

浙江省山地茶园蜘蛛研究初报

1979～1990年,调查了浙江省13个县(市)山地茶园蜘蛛资源,并在松阳县进行定点系统调查,共发现茶园蜘蛛24科110种;其种群数量大,占捕食性天敌的93.66％。优势种群有叉线金蝉蛛、前齿肖峭、突腹蛛一种、大井盖蛛、盖蛛一种、管巢蛛。室内饲养观察蜘蛛主要捕食假眼小绿叶蝉、黑刺粉虱、茶蚜,也捕食茶绿盲蝽以及尺蠖和卷蛾的幼虫。3种常见蜘蛛又线金蝉蛛、粽管巢蛛、毁坏管巢蛛对假眼小绿叶蝉的日捕食达8.5～11.0头,对害虫的控制能力居茶园捕食性天敌的首位,影响茶园蜘蛛种群消长的主要因子有:害虫种群变化、农药施用、农事操作及气候因子等。     

湖南长沙棉田节肢动物群落特征、动态及优势种生态位

为了给棉田主要害虫防治及自然天敌保护和利用提供依据,作者系统调查研究了湖南长沙转基因棉田节肢动物群落结构、消长动态和时空生态位。结果表明:长沙转基因棉田群落结构较丰富,有节肢动物11目20科33种。棉田主要害虫有棉叶蝉、小绿叶蝉、朱砂叶螨、棉蚜及烟粉虱;主要天敌有八斑鞘腹蛛、鳞纹肖蛸、龟纹瓢虫、六点食螨蓟马和日本通草蛉。6月上旬前重点防治朱砂叶螨和蚜虫,7月中旬重点防治小绿叶蝉和棉叶蝉。八斑鞘腹蛛和六点食螨蓟马是前期优势天敌,鳞纹肖蛸是中后期优势天敌。鳞纹肖蛸、龟纹瓢虫和日本通草蛉的时空生态位宽度均较大,应加以保护利用。     

凌云白毫茶园害虫和天敌优势种群发生规律调查

通过对茶园害虫和天敌的系统调查,明确了茶园主要害虫为假眼小绿叶蝉、茶黄硬蓟马和茶二叉蚜等。以假眼小绿叶蝉的优势度指数最高,达0郾5380～0郾9407;主要天敌为蜘蛛,其优势度指数高达0郾7505～0郾9508。掌握了假眼小绿叶蝉和蜘蛛的消长规律和空间分布特点,为提出防治指标,制定有针对性的防治措施提供了依据。     

茶园天敌对花蓟马和茶短须螨的跟随效应研究

为了合理保护和利用自然天敌进行害虫的综合防治,对安徽茶园主要害虫与天敌进行系统调查,进行了天敌对花蓟马和茶短须螨跟随效应的研究。运用地学统计学方法求得天敌与害虫半变异函数的变程,用灰色关联度分析方法分析变程之间的关联度,与害虫关联度值越大的天敌对害虫的跟随关系越密切。本文分析了花蓟马种群数量在全年最多时段(4月13日—7月8日)、茶短须螨种群数量在全年最多时段(5月13日—8月5日)内,茶园中5种主要天敌对两种害虫跟随关系的密切程度。结果表明,花蓟马与斜纹猫蛛、八点球腹蛛、粽管巢蛛、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫半变异函数变程的关联度分别为0.658 3、0.614 6、0.607 1、0.753 8和0.647 1,茶短须螨与斜纹猫蛛、八点球腹蛛、粽管巢蛛、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫半变异函数变程的关联度分别为0.718 9、0.615 6、0.701 0、0.676 5和0.697 6。表明与花蓟马跟随关系密切的天敌依次是龟纹瓢虫、斜纹猫蛛和异色瓢虫,与茶短须螨跟随关系密切的天敌依次是斜纹猫蛛、粽管巢蛛和异色瓢虫。     

捕食小贯小绿叶蝉的茶园游猎蛛的种间竞争作用研究

为了探究捕食小贯小绿叶蝉Empoasca onukii的游猎蛛的种间竞争作用, 调查2021年‘平阳特早’‘乌牛早’‘龙井43’‘农抗早’‘安吉白茶’和‘黄山大叶种’6个茶园盛发期小贯小绿叶蝉与其天敌游猎蛛的种群动态, 运用通径分析法?灰色关联度法和竞争系数法分析不同游猎蛛之间竞争作用并得出竞争力最强的游猎蛛, 再将灰色关联度与竞争系数相结合引申出竞争强度指数的概念以验证所得结果的准确性?结果表明, 取食高峰日小贯小绿叶蝉时, 黑色蝇虎Plexippus paykulli和斑管巢蛛Clubiona deletrix竞争力最强, 条纹蝇虎Plexippus setipes竞争力最弱?研究结果为合理保护和利用游猎蛛防治小贯小绿叶蝉提供科学依据?     

油茶园主要害虫茶袋蛾及其天敌间相互关系

2003年6月至2004年5月在对油茶园害虫茶袋蛾及其天敌种群数量系统调查基础上,运用生态位理论和灰色关联度及模糊贴近度方法,系统研究了茶袋蛾与其天敌间相互关系。结果表明:与茶袋蛾空间生态位重叠值>0.8758的天敌有跳蛛、圆蛛和蟹蛛;时间生态位重叠值>0.4748的天敌有蟹蛛、圆蛛和肖蛸。天敌与茶袋蛾灰色关联度较高的种类依次为圆蛛、姬蜂、小蜂、寄蝇和微蛛;与理想天敌关联度较高的天敌种类为微蛛、肖蛸、跳蛛、姬蜂和小蜂;天敌同茶袋蛾和理想优势种关联度总积分较高的依次为微蛛=姬蜂>圆蛛=肖蛸=小蜂。茶袋蛾与其天敌模糊贴近度最大的是圆蛛,其次为肖蛸。这些结果表明圆蛛对茶袋蛾追随效应显著,为优势种天敌,其次为肖蛸。     

Dual action of Catsia tora in tea plantations: repellent volatiles and augmented natural enemy population provide control of tea green leafhopper

The tea green leafhopper Empoasca vitis Göthe (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) has become the key insect pest affecting tea plantations in southern China. The control of E. vitis with chemical insecticides is not only costly but also has serious undesirable effects. It is therefore imperative that environmentally sound and sustainable management alternatives be developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using the non-host plant Catsia tora (Fabaceae) as a cover crop for the control of E. vitis in tea plantations. The volatile organic compounds derived from the C. tora plants were shown to be repellent to leafhoppers. These compounds were collected through headspace absorption, and its 19 components were identified through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Based on the behavioral responses of E. vitis to 11 of these volatile compounds (those with relative amounts greater than 1), three bioactive compounds (p-cymene, limonene, and 1,8-cineole) were observed to play a key role in the regulation of the E. vitis population and were significantly effective at repelling leafhoppers. The intercropping of C. tora in a tea field markedly reduced the E. vitis population levels and promoted an increase in the natural enemies of this pest, such as spiders, coccinellids, and lacewings. Our findings suggest that the sustainable pest management achieved using C. tora as a cover crop offers an interesting alternative strategy for the control of this important tea pest.     

不同生态茶园昆虫群落多样性研究

对4种不同类型生态茶园中昆虫群落进行调查,共发现茶树害虫50种,天敌45种;生态茶园与纯茶园相比,其昆虫群落丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数较高,而优势度指数较低;昆虫群落多样性为梨茶间作>林窗式茶园>杉茶间作>纯茶园。茶园物种的多样性与它的稳定性紧密相关,多样性越强,其稳定性越好,害虫大发生的几率较小。     

Genotypic diversity of soybean in mixed cropping can affect the populations of insect pests and their natural enemies

In order to determine the potential benefits of soybean genotypic diversity for the population densities of major insect pests and their natural enemies, the field treatments were compared in monocultures and mixed cropping systems that included five soybean cultivars. The results indicate that monocultures tended to have similar density of aphids, Aphid glycines Matsumura, but a higher density of leafhoppers, Empoasca flavescens (Fab.), than mixed cropping systems. The mixed cropping array significantly increased the population density of some generalist natural enemies, including ladybeetles, lacewings and hoverflies, to varying degrees. These findings suggest that mixed cropping systems may be more effective to control insect pests than monocultures in soybean fields, and these findings offer a practical implication in modern soybean agricultural industry.     

三种果园中实蝇粘虫板对橘小实蝇及天敌的诱杀作用

为减少实蝇粘虫板对天敌的诱杀作用,完善实蝇粘虫板在果园的使用方法,于2018年和2019年分别在湖南省农业科学院园艺研究所橘园、桃园、梨园悬挂实蝇粘虫板,调查其诱杀的橘小实蝇、其他害虫和天敌数量。结果表明,橘园、梨园和桃园共诱杀到15个种、4个科和9个类群,包括靶标害虫橘小实蝇、其他害虫和天敌。3种果园中粘虫板诱杀的昆虫种、科或类群数量有差异,其中梨园中诱杀的昆虫总数最多,为13 653头,其次是桃园,橘园中诱杀的昆虫总数最少。在橘园、梨园和桃园中,橘小实蝇的相对丰富度分别为5.90%、23.45%和21.73%,最早出现时间均为6月;在橘园中橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期在8月下旬至10月上旬,下半年天敌诱杀量高峰期略滞后于橘小实蝇的诱杀量高峰期,在梨园和桃园中橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期主要集中在7月中下旬至10月中旬,橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期与天敌诱杀量高峰期无明显相关性;3种果园中粘虫板诱杀的主要天敌有瓢虫、食蚜蝇、草蛉、寄生蜂,桃园和梨园中诱杀的草蛉较多,橘园中诱杀的瓢虫和寄生蜂较多。应用实蝇粘虫板防控橘小实蝇时,梨园和桃园应从6月上旬开始悬挂,橘园应从8月上旬开始悬挂,先少量悬挂,根据诱杀橘小实蝇数量,再逐渐增加粘虫板。     

假眼小绿叶蝉的天敌蜘蛛种类及其物种多样性研究

本文报道了假眼小绿叶蝉的天敌蜘蛛种类,共计２０科８０种,三个生境的物种丰富度指数ＤＭＡ的取值范围在１６．８３３４－１８．２６５７之间,多样性指数Ｈ的范围１．９６２７－２．００５０;均匀度指数Ｊ为０．４８３４－０．５０２６,根据不同生境物种的相似性系数Ｃ进行系统聚类,３个生境在相似系数０．７９３５的水平时全部聚合在一起,化学农药作用的影响。物种多样性明显减少。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Natural enemies of the pear psylla<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cacopsylla pyri</Emphasis> in treated<Emphasis Type="Italic">vs</Emphasis> untreated pear orchards in Antalya,Turkey

Populations of pear psylla,Cacopsylla pyri (L.) (Rhynchota: Psyllidae), and its natural enemies were sampled on pears in Antalya province during the years 2000–2002. Thirty-two species of predators and three species of parasitoids were detected to be associated withC. pyri in Antalya province. The heteropterans (especially anthocorid species) were the most abundant predator group. Among the anthocorids,Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), whose population was closely related to the dynamics of the pear psylla population, was generally the principal antagonist ofC. pyri. Other species recorded during the study were the miridDeraeocoris spp., the chrysopidChrysoperla carnea L., and many coccinellid species. Although these predators are polyphagous, as are theOrius species, their populations were related to the psylla fluctuations. Among the parasitoid complex belonging to the order Hymenoptera, the encyrtidTrechnites psyllae (Ruschka) was the only primary parasitoid. Two hyperparasites,viz., Syrphophagus mamitus (Walker) andPachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) (Encyrtidae and Pteromalidae, respectively), were detected in the surveys. Also, this study revealed new information concerning the pear psylla parasitoid complex in Turkey. WhileT. psyllae andS. mamitus are new records to Turkish parasitoid fauna,C. pyri is a new host record forP. aphidis. The population development and abundance of pear psylla and its natural enemies, as well as the parasitization rates in treated and untreated pear orchards, are presented here. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 6, 2004.     

Passive dispersal of the grape rust mite Calepitrimerus vitis Nalepa 1905 (Acari, Eriophyoidea) in vineyards

Modes of passive dispersal of the grape rust mite Calepitrimerus vitis (Eriophyoidea) were investigated in a vineyard of South-Western Germany. More than 200 Eriophyoidea per month were trapped in a wind chamber during summer (32,1% C.vitis) suggesting long-distance dispersal by air currents. Rain washed part of the adult C.vitis population from the foliage. SE micrographs suggest that quiescent nymphs are affixed to the leaf by a substance of unknown nature. However, the role of rain in C.vitis colonisation of uninfested vineyards is still unclear, as is the role of phoretic transport by arthropods. For the first time, evidence of rust mite dispersal by human activity is presented. A large number of C.vitis was found adhering to clothes and hands of workers carrying out customary cultural practices in the vineyard. Other arthropods, including Typhlodromus pyri, the main predator of C.vitis, were also passively transported by wind, rain and human activity.     

茶园间作功能植物对茶小绿叶蝉的调控作用

为研究间作功能植物对茶园主要害虫茶小绿叶蝉的影响,于2017—2018年在福建省泉州市安溪县茶园间作白三叶Trifolium repens L.、金花菜Medicago hispida Gaertn.、金盏菊Calendula officinalis L.,以自然留养杂草茶园为对照,用网捕法采集茶小绿叶蝉并于室内计数,镜检剥查法调查其茶梢着卵量。结果表明,在4种不同生境管理茶园网捕茶小绿叶蝉总个体数及每月个体数均无显著差异;茶小绿叶蝉个体数分别在2017年8月与2018年6月达到高峰。茶梢各节间着卵量不同,主要产卵在顶芽之下第2～5节间,以第4节着卵量最多。间作金盏菊茶园茶小绿叶蝉在茶梢第1节着卵量显著高于间作白三叶和金花菜茶园。不同生境管理茶园茶小绿叶蝉在茶梢第4节着卵量从大到小依次为间作金盏菊(8.13)、间作金花菜(7.50)、自然留养杂草(7.17)和间作白三叶茶园(6.57)。不同时间段4种不同生境管理茶园茶小绿叶蝉在茶梢各节之间的着卵量存在差异,且均在9月上中旬着卵量达到高峰。在茶园间作功能植物,短期内未见其显著降低茶小绿叶蝉网捕量和茶梢着卵量的效应。