富马酸与肉桂醛联用调节产肠毒素型大肠杆菌诱导猪肠上皮细胞氧化应激的分子机制

本试验旨在研究富马酸（FA）与肉桂醛（CA）联用调节产肠毒素型大肠杆菌（ETEC）K88诱导猪肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2氧化应激的分子机制。试验选用IPEC-J2细胞建立氧化损伤模型,用不同浓度FA和CA处理IPEC-J2细胞12和24 h,并用CCK-8法检测细胞活力,确定最佳处理浓度和时间;以最佳处理浓度的FA和CA预处理细胞,ETEC K88感染细胞3、6、12和24 h,检测其活菌黏附率,采用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）检测细胞因子含量和抗氧化指标,并用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)测定热休克蛋白70(Hsp70)和核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路相关基因mRNA相对表达量。结果表明：1) FA和CA的最佳处理浓度分别为1.00 mg/mL和1.00μL/mL,最适培养时间为12 h。2）添加FA和CA可有效抑制ETEC K88黏附IPEC-J2细胞,当ETEC K88感染细胞3 h时其黏附率显著下降（P<0.05）,6、12和24 h时极显著下降（P<0.01）。3）添加FA和CA可极显著降低ETEC K88感染细胞中促炎性细胞因子白细胞介素-8(IL-8...     

抑制大肠杆菌K88的益生菌体外筛选

本研究以从断奶仔猪肠道分离的益生菌为试验菌株,将大肠杆菌K88和益生菌接种到体外培养的猪小肠上皮细胞(intestinal porcine epithelial cell-1,IPEC-1)中,测定培养2.5h上清液中的乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活性,同时将益生菌和大肠杆菌K88体外混合培养2.5h,进行平板计数,统计大肠杆菌K88菌数的变化,筛选出可以抑制大肠杆菌K88的益生菌。试验结果显示,干酪乳杆菌和凝结芽孢杆菌能显著降低IPEC-1培养上清液中的LDH活性(P<0.05),降低大肠杆菌K88对细胞的损伤;凝结芽孢杆菌能降低DMEM培养基中大肠杆菌K88的生长速度,结合模拟制粒过程及胃肠道环境的耐高温、耐酸及耐胆盐研究进行综合分析,该凝结芽胞杆菌对大肠杆菌K88有较好的抑制作用且具有良好的耐高温、耐酸及耐胆盐性能,具有作为微生态制剂菌株的应用潜力。本试验建立了能够抑制大肠杆菌K88的益生菌体外筛选技术模型。     

植物乳杆菌对大肠杆菌感染猪肠道上皮细胞形态、存活和免疫应答的影响

本试验旨在探讨植物乳杆菌对大肠杆菌感染猪肠道上皮细胞(IPEC-J2细胞)形态、存活和免疫应答的影响。在体外条件下,采用吉姆萨和台盼蓝染色方法检测植物乳杆菌对大肠杆菌感染IPEC-J2细胞形态和存活的影响,并采用实时定量荧光PCR方法研究了其对大肠杆菌感染IPEC-J2细胞免疫应答的影响。结果表明:植物乳杆菌能够缓解大肠杆菌引起的IPEC-J2细胞形态损伤。与大肠杆菌处理组相比,植物乳杆菌与大肠杆菌共同处理可显著或极显著降低细胞死亡率(1、2 h,P0.01;3 h,P0.05)。植物乳杆菌可显著或极显著抑制大肠杆菌引起的IPEC-J2细胞Toll样模式识别受体2(TLR2)(2、3 h,P0.01)、Toll样模式识别受体6(TLR6)(2 h,P0.05;3 h,P0.01)、NOD样模式识别受体2(NOD2)(1 h,P0.05;2 h,P0.01)及炎症因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)(2、3 h,P0.01)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)(2、3 h,P0.01)mRNA的过表达(P0.05),还可显著或极显著促进IPEC-J2细胞NOD样模式识别受体1(NOD1)mRNA的表达(2 h,P0.05;3 h,P0.01)。结果提示,植物乳杆菌能够缓解大肠杆菌引起的IPEC-J2细胞形态损伤及死亡,并可通过调节模式识别受体TLR2、TLR6和NOD2 mRNA的表达缓解大肠杆菌引起的细胞炎症因子IL-6、IL-8 mRNA的过表达。     

几株益生乳酸菌对Caco-2细胞的黏附及其对致病菌黏附的影响

以Caco-2细胞作为体外模型研究几株乳酸菌的黏附性能及其对大肠杆菌K88和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的黏附抑制性能。采用荧光标记法评价这几株乳酸菌的黏附性能,并通过竞争、排斥和置换试验检测其对上述2株病原菌黏附的抑制作用。结果表明:1)除了乳酸乳球菌外,其他乳酸菌对Caco-2细胞的黏附率均高于这2株病原菌,且黏附率为乳杆菌(Lactobacillus)>肠球菌>致病菌>乳球菌。2)来源于健康鸡肠道的乳杆菌与分离于人肠道的鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lacto-bacillus rhamnosus)和食果糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fructivorans)的黏附率接近。3)大部分乳酸菌菌株能通过置换作用抑制大肠杆菌K88和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的黏附。结果提示,这几株乳酸菌对肠上皮细胞均有较高的黏附率,尤其是乳杆菌,且它们的黏附有菌属特异性。乳酸菌抑制上述2种病原菌的黏附主要通过置换方式,但没有菌属特异性,且与其自身的黏附力也没有必然的联系。     

大肠杆菌侵染猪肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2后TAP1基因表达量的变化分析

为了在细胞水平上探究抗原处理相关转运体1(TAP1)基因与仔猪大肠杆菌性腹泻间的关系以及在机体抗大肠杆菌侵染过程中是否发挥了作用,选用3种主要产肠毒素大肠杆菌(F18ab,F18ac和K88ac)刺激离体培养的猪肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2),用实时荧光定量PCR检测3种大肠杆菌刺激后IPEC-J2细胞中TAP1基因表达量的变化。结果显示:IPEC-J2细胞经过3种大肠杆菌刺激后,TAP1基因在细胞中的表达量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),差异倍数分别是对照组的1.7,1.8和1.5倍;3种不同的大肠杆菌刺激,TAP1基因在IPEC-J2细胞中的表达量不存在显著差异(P0.05)。通过分析3种大肠杆菌侵染离体培养的猪肠上皮细胞后TAP1基因表达量的变化,在细胞水平上验证了TAP1基因的表达对仔猪抗细菌性腹泻具有一定的作用,为TAP1基因作为机体免疫调控的相关基因提供了一定的理论依据。     

圈养非人灵长类乳酸杆菌的分离筛选和功能鉴定

乳酸杆菌对于动物的肠道健康有着非常重要的作用。为研究圈养非人灵长类动物肠道乳酸杆菌,无菌采集不同品种的表观健康的圈养灵长类动物新鲜粪便,进行乳酸杆菌的分离培养及纯化,并通过耐酸耐胆盐试验、细胞黏附试验和对大肠杆菌抑菌试验,对其进行生物学特性研究。结果显示:共分离得到17株乳酸杆菌,有3株菌Lac5-2、Lac5-4、Lac6-2在pH 3.0和胆盐浓度0.5%时表现出良好耐酸耐胆盐性能,且无耐药性。其中菌株Lac6-2黏附性及对大肠杆菌的黏附抑制性均较好,黏附率为16.2%(MOI=100),黏附抑制率为85.5%(MOI=10)。经16S r DNA测序,Lac5-2、Lac5-4、Lac6-2均为罗伊氏乳酸杆菌。最终确定菌株Lac6-2为候选优势益生菌株。该研究为利用乳酸杆菌防治圈养野生动物消化道疾病提供基础。     

大肠杆菌刺激猪肠上皮细胞后Nramp1基因的表达变化分析

猪天然抗性相关巨噬细胞蛋白基因1(Naturalresistance-associated Marophage Protein 1,Nramp1)作为影响抗病力的重要候选基因之一,在机体的免疫过程中发挥着重要的调控作用。为了在细胞水平上探讨Nramp1基因与引起仔猪腹泻的致病性大肠杆菌的关系及其在大肠杆菌感染过程中发挥的免疫调控作用,本研究利用F18ab、F18ac和K88ac等3种致病性大肠杆菌刺激体外培养的猪肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2,并利用实时荧光定量PCR检测3种菌体刺激IPEC-J2后Nramp1基因的表达变化情况。结果表明:F18ab、F18ac和K88ac 3种大肠杆菌刺激IPEC-J2后,Nramp1基因的表达均发生极显著(P0.01)上调,差异倍数分别为10、8、11倍,且F18ab和K88ac 2种菌体刺激后Nramp1基因的表达上调程度均极显著高于F18ac。本研究结果提示,Nramp1基因的表达与大肠杆菌的侵染有很大的相关性,其在大肠杆菌侵袭猪肠道中发挥了重要的免疫调控作用。本研究在细胞水平分析探讨了Nramp1基因的表达与3种致病性大肠杆菌侵袭的关系,为Nramp1基因在大肠杆菌侵染机体的过程中发挥的免疫调控作用研究提供了参考依据。     

载铜蒙脱石对病原菌黏附Caco-2细胞的影响

为了探讨载铜蒙脱石( MMT - Cu)对大肠杆菌K88和猪霍乱沙门菌的黏附作用,试验采用Caco -2细胞培养模型,观察被标记的大肠杆菌K88、猪霍乱沙门菌对载铜蒙脱石的黏附作用；并在培养液中加入载铜蒙脱石,计算其对细菌黏附的阻断率,测定胞内乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的释放情况.结果表明:测试菌与Caco -2细胞的黏附率...     

产肠毒素大肠杆菌感染IPEC-J2细胞后IL-17细胞因子表达变化及其功能初探

产肠毒素大肠杆菌(enterotoxigenic E.coli, ETEC)是引起新生和断奶仔猪腹泻(post-weaning diarrhea, PWD)的最重要的病原之一。ETEC进入肠道后与肠上皮细胞的相互作用既是该细菌致病的前提条件,也是激发宿主免疫反应的基础。本研究旨在分析ETEC感染猪肠上皮细胞后IL-17细胞因子表达变化,同时探索细胞因子在抵抗ETEC感染中的免疫防御机制。本研究采用猪肠上皮细胞系IPEC-J2和产肠毒素大肠杆菌标准株(C83901)为主要研究材料,通过RT-PCR、ELISA、免疫荧光及免疫印迹的方法分析了IL-17细胞因子及肠黏膜免疫防御相关基因在感染前后的变化。同时,进一步研究了IPEC-J2细胞中相关IL-17细胞因子刺激对肠黏膜防御相关基因的调控作用。结果表明,除IL-17D未检测到外,C83901能促进所有IL-17细胞因子mRNA的转录,尤其能显著上调IL-17A、IL-17C在基因和蛋白水平的表达。ETEC感染或者体外添加IL-17A/IL-17C有利于IPEC-J2细胞中黏蛋白(mucin-2)、紧密连接蛋白(claudin-1、 claudin-2)及防御素pBD-2的表达。结果提示,ETEC感染后,肠上皮细胞通过调节IL-17细胞因子的表达进而增强肠黏膜屏障功能以抵抗该细菌的入侵。     

肠炎沙门菌SEF14菌毛与肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2和Caco-2的体外黏附作用研究

为研究肠炎沙门菌SEF14菌毛对肠上皮细胞的黏附作用,本试验利用肠炎沙门菌50336株、突变株50336△sefA、50336△sefD以及互补株50336△sefA (pBRA)、50336△sefD (pACYCD)与肠上皮细胞系细胞(IPEC-J2和Caco-2)进行了黏附作用.结果显示:上述菌株均能与IPEC-J2、Caco-2细胞进行有效黏附,并且随时间延长黏附数量有所增多,相同时间各菌株与IPEC-J2细胞的黏附数量明显多于Caco-2细胞;但细菌和细胞共感染1和4h后,肠炎沙门菌野生株、相应的突变株和互补株与IPEC-J2和Caco-2细胞黏附的数量差别很小,未到达显著差异水平(P＞0.05).结果表明:SEF14菌毛并不特异性介导肠炎沙门菌与肠上皮细胞系IPEC-J2和Caco-2的黏附作用,或者不是介导黏附作用的主要因子.     

Porcine intestinal epithelial cell lines as a new in vitro model for studying adherence and pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections result in large economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. The organism causes diarrhea by adhering to and colonizing enterocytes in the small intestines. While much progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of ETEC, no homologous intestinal epithelial cultures suitable for studying porcine ETEC pathogenesis have been described prior to this report. In the current study, we investigated the adherence of various porcine ETEC strains to two porcine (IPEC-1 and IPEC-J2) and one human (INT-407) small intestinal epithelial cell lines. Each cell line was assessed for its ability to support the adherence of E. coli expressing fimbrial adhesins K88ab, K88ac, K88ad, K99, F41, 987P, and F18. Wild-type ETEC expressing K88ab, K88ac, and K88ad efficiently bound to both IPEC-1 and IPEC-J2 cells. An ETEC strain expressing both K99 and F41 bound heavily to both porcine cell lines but an E. coli strain expressing only K99 bound very poorly to these cells. E. coli expressing F18 adhesin strongly bound to IPEC-1 cells but did not adhere to IPEC-J2 cells. The E. coli strains G58-1 and 711 which express no fimbrial adhesins and those that express 987P fimbriae failed to bind to either porcine cell line. Only strains B41 and K12:K99 bound in abundance to INT-407 cells. The binding of porcine ETEC to IPEC-J2, IPEC-1 and INT-407 with varying affinities, together with lack of binding of 987P ETEC and non-fimbriated E. coli strains, suggests strain-specific E. coli binding to these cell lines. These findings suggest the potential usefulness of porcine intestinal cell lines for studying ETEC pathogenesis.     

Porcine IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cells in microbiological investigations

IPEC-J2 cells are porcine intestinal columnar epithelial cells that were isolated from neonatal piglet mid-jejunum. This cell line forms polarized monolayers with high transepithelial electrical resistance when cultured on 0.4 μm pore-size filters. The cell line is unique in that it is derived from small intestinal tissue (compared to the common human colon-derived lines HT-29, T84, and Caco-2) and is not transformed (compared to the porcine small intestinal line, IPI-2I). Porcine intestinal epithelial cells more closely mimic human physiology than analogous rodent cell lines (e.g. IEC-6 or IEC-18), which is important in studies of zoonotic infections; in addition, they provide specificity to study porcine-derived infections. IPEC-J2 cells are increasingly being used in microbiological studies to examine the interactions of various animal and human pathogens, including Salmonella enterica and pathogenic Escherichia coli, with intestinal epithelial cells. The IPEC-J2 cell line has also been employed in some probiotic studies, in which the cells have been used as an initial screening tool for adhesiveness and anti-inflammatory properties of the potential probiotic microorganisms. The validity of these studies is not clear as follow-up studies to assess the efficacy of the probiotics in vivo have not been published to date. The aims of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the microbiological studies that have been conducted with IPEC-J2 cells and a reference guide of key cellular and immune markers that have been identified in this cell line that may prove to be useful in future studies.     

Influence of dietary ingredients on in vitro inflammatory response of intestinal porcine epithelial cells challenged by an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88)

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 is the main bacterial cause of diarrhea in piglets around weaning and the adhesion of ETEC to the intestinal mucosa is a prerequisite step for its colonization. In this study, the adhesion of a fimbriated ETEC and a non-fimbriated E. coli (NFEC) to the intestinal cells and the activation of the innate immune system were evaluated using a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The impact of several feedstuffs (wheat bran (WB); casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP); mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS); locust bean extract (LB) and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (AO)) on ETEC attachment and the inflammatory response were also studied. The gene expression of TLR-4; TLR-5; IL-1β; IL-8; IL-10 and TNF-α were quantified using Cyclophilin-A, as a reference gene, and related to a non-challenged treatment. The fimbriated strain was markedly better than the non-fimbriated strain at adherence to intestinal cells and inducing an inflammatory response. All the feedstuffs studied were able to reduce the adhesion of ETEC, with the greatest decrease with CGMP or MOS at highest concentration. Regarding the inflammatory response, the highest dose of WB promoted the lowest relative expression of cytokines and chemokines. All tested feedstuffs were able to reduce the adhesion of ETEC to IPEC-J2 and interfere on the innate inflammatory response; however WB should be further studied according to the beneficial results on the intestinal inflammatory process evidenced in this study.     

载铜蒙脱石对病原菌黏附Caco-2细胞的影响

为了探讨载铜蒙脱石(MMT-Cu)对大肠杆菌K88和猪霍乱沙门菌的黏附作用,试验采用Ca-co-2细胞培养模型,观察被标记的大肠杆菌K88、猪霍乱沙门菌对载铜蒙脱石的黏附作用;并在培养液中加入载铜蒙脱石,计算其对细菌黏附的阻断率,测定胞内乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的释放情况。结果表明:测试菌与Caco-2细胞的黏附率分别为13.23%和10.78%;载铜蒙脱石对病原菌黏附Caco-2细胞均有不同程度的阻断作用,对大肠杆菌K88、猪霍乱沙门菌的阻断率分别为67.38%和60.45%,并能极显著降低LDH的释放(P<0.01)。说明载铜蒙脱石可有效阻断病原菌黏附,从而防治肠道细菌感染和细菌移位,可作为一种消化道黏膜保护剂。     

预防犊牛腹泻复合微生态制剂3株菌种的配比优化

试验旨在研究预防犊牛腹泻复合微生态制剂3株菌种的配比优化。通过研究嗜酸乳杆菌、布氏酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌不同浓度人工胃液、人工肠液、牛胆盐的耐受性及其对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌性,确定其生物学特性;以大肠杆菌K99为指示菌,研究3种益生菌不同配比对大肠杆菌K99的抑菌效果,以确定其最佳组合。结果表明:(1)3种益生菌在不同pH人工胃培养条件下都具有较好的耐受性,其中嗜酸乳杆菌、芽孢杆菌在pH为5时,存活率达到了118.75%、142.24%,布氏酵母菌对不同pH均表现成活率达到了100%以上。(2)3种益生菌在人工胃液中9 h存活率较高,与0 h的OD600相比,布氏酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌存活率分别为108.7%、129.73%、96.37%。(3)在含有不同浓度的牛胆盐培养基中,布氏酵母菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌存活率较对照组的存活率最高为60.49%、85.1%、47.42%。(4)3株益生菌按照不同配比在培养12 h后,试验组第2、4、8组较对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05);培养24 h后,试验组第3、4、5、6较对照组差异显著(P<0.05),组间差异不显著(P>0.05);第8个处理组在培养12 h后对大肠杆菌K99的抑菌效果较好。综合分析,3株益生菌对人工胃液、人工肠液、牛胆盐具有较好的耐受性,并具对大肠杆菌K99、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等致病菌均有一定的抑菌特性。嗜酸乳杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、布氏酵母菌最佳的优化配比为3:3:1。     

In vitro adhesion of K88ab-, K88ac- and K88ad-positive Escherichia coli to intestinal villi, to buccal cells and to erythrocytes of weaned piglets

The phenotype of 21 weaned piglets, concerning adhesion of Escherichia coli possessing K88ab, K88ac or K88ad fimbriae to pig cells, was determined in an in vitro assay. Comparison was made with adhesion of these three K88 variant strains to buccal mucosal epithelial cells and to erythrocytes (haemagglutination) in the same piglets. Whereas adhesion of the three K88 variant strains to intestinal villi was piglet specific, buccal cell adhesion (BCA) and haemagglutination (HA) were not. The K88ab strain was weakly adhesive or non-adhesive in the BCA and negative in the HA test. K88ac strains consistently gave negative and K88ad consistently gave positive results in both assays. After washing the bacteria with phosphate-buffered saline, the K88ab strain revealed a positive HA test. Neither the BCA, nor HA test can be used to determine the pig intestinal adhesive phenotype.     

Screening of Probiotics Inhibiting E. coli K88 in vitro

The probiotics tested in the experiment were isolated from the intestinal of weaning piglets.The isolated probiotics and E.coli K88 were inoculated into the culture of intestinal porcine epithelial cell-1 (IPEC-1).The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the supernatant was measured after incubating for 2.5 h.At the same time, the probiotics and E.coli K88 were co-cultured in vitro, the number of E.coli K88 was counted and the probiotics which could be resistant to the E.coli K88 were selected 2.5 h later.The results showed that the Lactobacillus casei and Bacillus coagulans could significantly reduce LDH activity (P<0.05), decrease the damage of E.coli K88; Bacillus coagulans could inhibit the growth of E.coli K88.At the same time, Bacillus coagulans could resist high temperature, acid and bile salt.The results showed that Bacillus coagulans strains had great potential as the application of probiotics strains.The methods could be used as a model of screen probiotics which could inhibit the growth of E.coli K88 in vitro.     

Transfer of plasmid Hly in vivo in pigs intestine

The results of our study suggest the in vivo transfer of Hly plasmid from native pathogenic and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain to autochtonous Escherichia coli, using ileal loop test. To confirm this hypothesis pHly::Tn5 and PHly::Tn3 were obtained using an in vitro recombination method, and introduced to Escherichia coli laboratory strain. For experiments the laboratory strain, carrying pHly::Tn5 and pHly::Tn3 and pHly::Tn5 strain which acquired K88(F4) by means of conjugation, were used. In the study in which the donor Escherichia coli pHly::Tn5 strain, carrying antigen K88(F4), was injected into the ileum, pHly conjugants were isolated from faeces after 48 h in 2 out of 5 pigs, which was a low frequency. After the oral introduction of 10(9) cells of pHly::Tn5 and pHly::Tn3 Escherichia coli strains without the colonizing factor K88(F4), conjugants were not isolated from faeces of experimental animals. However when the pigs received donor CSH55 pHly::Tn5 Escherichia coli strain orally, which were also carrying plasmid K88(F4), transconjugants were obtained in a low frequency of 3 out of 9 pigs. Our experiments confirmed the suggestion of Smith that in vivo transfer of plasmid in the intestine of animals is only possible when the donor transfers the plasmid with high frequency and readily colonizes the intestine. The pHly::Tn5 plasmid acquired by in vitro recombination does not spread with time throughout the autochtonic population of Escherichia coli present in the intestine of swine. The results of our study showed the in vivo transfer in pigs intestine of Hly pathogenicity marker from both native pathogenic strains carrying antigen K88(F4) and constructed donor laboratory strain of Escherichia coli pHly::Tn5 also carrying antigen K88(F4) to autochtonous intestinal strains.