肉桂与丁香上的叶斑类真菌病害

报导1986～1989年在肉桂、锡兰肉桂、清化肉桂、小叶丁香和大叶丁香上发现的12种叶斑类真菌病害的症状、病原菌、病情及分布。12种病原菌中,肉桂圆褐斑病菌(Ascochyta cin-namomi P.K.Chi et S.Q.Chen)、肉桂斑枯病菌(Septoria cinnamomi S.M.Lin etP.K.Chi)、肉桂褐斑病菌(Sphaeropsis cinnamomi P.K.Chi et S.Q.Chen)、丁香叶桔病菌(Guignardia eugeniae s.M.Lin et P.K.Chi)和丁香灰斑病菌(Leptosphaeriaeugeniae S.M.Lin et P.K.Chi)是新种。     

128种南药植物提取物对6种病原菌的生长抑制作用

以水稻稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia oryzae Cav.)、香蕉枯萎病菌[(Fusarium oxysporum sp.cubense(E.F.Smith)Syn.et Han)]、香蕉炭疽病菌[Colletotrichum musae(Berk&Curt)Arx]、杧果炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides PenZ)、辣椒炭疽病菌[Colletotrichum capsici(syd.)Butl.]和西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)6种病原菌为供试菌种,对47科128种南药植物的丙酮提取物进行室内抑菌活性试验。结果表明:有36种植物提取物对6种病原菌菌丝生长抑制率在60%以上;22种植物提取物对至少4种病原菌菌丝生长抑制率在80%以上;经方差分析,荜茇、艾纳香、白背叶、香茅、阴香、九里香、花椒、高良姜、益智、山柰、姜等11种植物提取物的抑菌效果与化学农药0.5mg/mL施保功的抑菌效果差异不显著。      

甜菜褐斑病菌酯酶同工酶测定

对甜菜褐斑病菌(Cercospora beticola Sacc)9个不同地区菌种进行聚丙烯酰胺电泳,测定酯酶同工酶(Est),结果表明:1.供试菌种Est同工酶谱同属一个类型,E_2、E_3、E_5为共有酶带;2.ESt同工酶总活力值与病菌致病力无关,E_5酶带活力与致病力有关,二者有负相关趋势。所以,E_5酶带活力可以作为估计不同地区C.beticola Sacc.致病力强弱的依据。     

花生褐斑病菌产孢条件的研究

花生褐斑病菌(Cercospora arachidicola Hori)在花生秆汁培养基上的产孢量优于前人推荐的3种培养基。培养过程中,不同光照处理对病菌产孢不敏感;不同温度处理产孢量有显著差异。     

棉花铃病的发生及其防治对策

棉花铃病是棉铃在不良的气候条件下,受多种病原菌侵染所造成.得病后烂铃、僵瓣,对产量和品质影响很大.引起铃病的病原菌,常见的有疫病菌、炭疽病菌、红腐病菌、茎枯病菌、红粉病菌、曲霉病菌及角斑病菌(细菌)等.     

Analysis of Introgressed Segments in Near-isogenic Lines for F1 Pollen Sterility in Rice (Oryza sativa)

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广东省凤梨科观赏植物真菌病害鉴定

为给观赏植物病害的防治提供科学依据,根据病害症状和病原菌的形态特征以及有关文献的分类系统,鉴定了1998-2000年在广东调查的12种凤梨科观赏植物真菌病害,即围小丛壳[Glomerrellacinghlata(Stonem.)Spauld.etSchrenk]、辣椒刺盘孢[Colletotrichumcapsici(Syd.)Butl.etBisby]、水塔花星裂盘菌(PhacidiumbillergiaeL.ZengetP.K.Chi)、凤梨顶多毛孢菌(BartaliniaananassaL.Zeng,Z.D.JiangetP.K.Chi)、可可球二孢(BotryodiplodiatheobromaePat.)、钝头粘盘孢菌(ColletogloeumobtusumSutton)、油球拟茎点霉[Phomopsisdiplodinoides(Sacc.)Punith.]、筒凤梨拟茎点霉(PhomopsisspectabilisV.G.Rao&B.R.D.Yadav)引起的叶斑病,灰霉(BotrytiscinereaPers.)引起的花腐及分别由强雄腐霉(PythiumarrhenomanesDrechsler)、簇囊腐霉(PythiumtorulosumCoker&Patterson)和蕨柱帚霉(Cylindrocladiumpteridis Wolf)引起的根茎腐、叶基茎基腐和茎基腐。其中,星裂盘菌叶斑病、顶多毛孢叶斑病为凤梨科观赏植物的新病害;钝头粘盘孢菌、油球拟茎点霉为中国真菌新记录种。在温室生产中,以围小丛壳引起的叶炭疽病、筒凤梨拟茎点霉引起的叶斑病发生普遍而严重;根茎腐、叶基茎基腐和茎基腐在部分生产单位常引起死苗或死株     

我国甘蔗锈病病原菌及甘蔗品系抗褐锈病基因Bru1的分子检测

为了解我国甘蔗锈病病原菌发生以及优良甘蔗新品种(系)抗褐锈病基因Bru1的分布频率情况,以来自我国5省(区)81份疑似甘蔗锈病叶片样品为材料,分别用Pm1-F/Pm1-R和Pk1-F/Pk1-R引物对进行褐锈病菌(Puccinia melanocephala)与黄锈病菌(Puccinia kuehnii)分子鉴定。结果表明,锈病病原菌检出率为40.7%,除了福建省福州市叶片样品仅检测到P.melanocephala外,其他省(区)的叶片样品均检测到2种锈病病原菌,且存在混合侵染现象。对24份黄锈病菌阳性PCR产物(527 bp)克隆并测序,结果发现P.kuehnii间隔区1(ITS1)第183个核苷酸存在单核苷酸多态性(SNP),其中,A碱基(183A)、G碱基(183G)位点的病菌分离物分别占29.2%和25.0%,2种碱基(183A/G)位点的混合病菌分离物有45.8%。通过R12H16与9020-F4/Rsa I两种分子标记对40份甘蔗新品种(系)抗褐锈病基因Bru1进行分子检测,结果表明,42.5%参试新品种(系)含抗褐锈病基因Bru1,这些材料可作为甘蔗抗褐锈病新品种加以推广应用。     

苎麻疫病病原菌的鉴定及病害诊断

本文报道了对江苏、江西苎麻疫病菌的鉴定结果及苎麻疫病的简便诊断方法。上述地区苎麻上分离的37个疫霉菌株被鉴定为3个种:苎麻疫霉(Phytophthora boehmeriae)、恶疫霉(P.cactorum)和Phytophora SP.(种名待定)。苎麻疫霉是江苏苎麻疫病的主要病原菌,恶疫霉是江西宜春地区苎麻疫霉的主要病原菌,Phytophthora SP.是首次在南京苎麻上分离的异宗配合疫霉种。通过保湿和组织透明镜检病组织表面及内部的孢子囊和卵孢子可以快速确诊苎麻疫病。     

木薯细菌性枯萎病菌转座子库的构建及其质量评价

为了研究木薯细菌性枯萎病菌的致病分子机理,本研究开展了病原菌的转化子库构建工作.采用电击法,将EZ::TN转座体转化野生型菌株.获得了总数为20 382个转化子并进行了质量评价,采用剪叶法从9 872个转化子中筛选出94个致病性变异的转化子.采用Tail-PCR获得了致病力丧失突变体Xtn62-36的侧翼序列,分析结果表明可能是外源片段插入预测基因AspCxam的编码区而造成致病力丧失.病原菌转化子库的构建及Tail-PCR技术的应用为进一步开展致病相关基因功能的研究提供了基础.     

海南水葫芦病原真菌分离及致病性测定

海南水葫芦发生普遍,在部分调查区域危害严重,并成为优势物种。通过对海南自然发病的水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.)Solms)调查采集,发现2种叶斑病分布广泛,它们发病的典型症状存在较大差异。根据培养性状、形态特征初步鉴定为链格孢(Alternaria sp.)和炭疽菌(Colletotrichum sp.)。致病性测定结果表明2种病菌都有很强致病性,可以侵染健康的水葫芦;但仅有链格孢的次生代谢产物能引起与病原相似的发病症状使水葫芦叶片发黄枯萎,表明该代谢产物具有一定的除草活性。     

Fungal endophyte diversity in Paspalum and effects on plant growth

In natural ecosystems, plants appear to be in symbiosis with diverse fungal endophytes which can have impacts on plant communities. Paspalum is one of the most important grass genera in South American grasslands. The aim of this work was to determine the presence of fungal endophytes in two Paspalum species and evaluate their effects on plant growth. Sixty plant samples were collected for Paspalum notatum in a rangeland in northeastern Argentina, and the same number for Paspalum dilatatum in central Argentina. A triple-sterilization process was carried out by submerging small pieces of leaves and stems for the isolation of fungi from the collected plants. In order to identify endophytes, morphological characters and fungal sequences corresponding to the ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region were analysed. A total of eight genera were identified: Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium and Trichoderma. A greenhouse trial was conducted to determine the effects of fungal endophytes on growth. Trichoderma significantly increased relative chlorophyll content in P. notatum and Acremonium endophytes increased tiller number, and above- and below-ground biomass in P. dilatatum. The diversity of fungal endophytes that was present in P. notatum and P. dilatatum was described. In conclusion, some aspects of growth of these Paspalum species seem to be positively affected by Trichoderma and Acremonium.     

温度对莲雾毒蛾实验种群影响的研究

通过室内饲养观察,测定了不同温度下莲雾毒蛾卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期、发育速率、发育起点温度和有效积温;测定了不同温度下莲雾毒蛾各虫态的存活状况,并就卵孵化率、幼虫存活率、蛹羽化率、产卵量和种群趋势指数等指标与温度的关系进行相关性分析。结果表明,莲雾毒蛾世代发育起点温度为9.83℃,有效积温为810.48日度;该虫卵孵化率、幼虫存活率、产卵量与温度的关系均能较好的拟合抛物曲线,其回归关系分别为:SE=-7.7966+0.7612X-0.0164X2;SL=-0.0067X2+0.3053X-3.0686和E=-6.7819X2+310.66X-3197.2。      

呋喃丹降解菌的分离与特性研究

采用富集驯化培养方法,从长期施用呋喃丹的大豆田土壤中分离到1株可高效降解呋喃丹的菌株.生物降解表明,5 d内该菌株生物降解农药牢达到94.7%;降解后期培养液采用气质联用分析方法末能检测到原药呋喃丹,检测到有新的化合物生成,而对照培养液中末发现有该类化合物的生成.同时无机盐培养液后期有红色现象生成,可能与呋喃酚开环有关;无细胞提取液加入农药重新培养表明,菌株可通过分泌胞外诱导酶在周质空间内降解农药;经16S rDNA鉴定,初步认为该菌株属于沙雷氏菌属(Serratia sp.).     

大豆根绒粉蚧发生及防治

介绍了大豆根绒粉蚧形态特征及防治技术。大豆根绒粉蚧害虫是黑龙江省中北部部分市县新发生的一种大豆虫害，以成虫、若虫刺吸大豆茎部及叶片，严重影响豆株的生长发育。防治措施一是减少大豆根绒粉蚧在田间的越冬基数，二是以内吸型药剂为主，在害虫尚未形成蜡质保护层的一龄若虫期及时进行药剂防治。     

不同种类杀虫剂对线虫的选择毒性研究

通过采集标样,分离得到头叶线虫,并对此线虫进行培养,获得大批量线虫,作为供试线虫,在室内对几种不同类型杀虫剂进行毒力测定。结果表明:50%辛硫磷乳油、40%氧乐果乳油、50%对硫磷乳油、40.7%乐斯本乳油对头叶线虫具有一定的杀线虫活性,好于其它药剂,同时指出评价一种药剂杀线虫能力的高低还应进行田间试验。     

细胞分裂素对蝴蝶兰胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响

分别以6-Benzylaminopurine(6-BA)和2,4-Dichloro phenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D)诱导蝴蝶兰外植体.6-BA从嫩茎切块诱导出胚性愈伤组织,细胞富含淀粉粒,而2,4-D得到的愈伤组织不能分化.6-BA易于从嫩叶切片诱导胚性愈伤组织,进行体细胞胚发生过程的显微观察和代谢分析.6-BA诱导期间,DNA含量上升伴随胚性愈伤组织生长,水溶性蛋白变化稍延缓于RNA含量变化.培养第11天新出现12.13,13.08,66.30,97.25,104.31 ku蛋白质,可能与胚性细胞出现有关,第25天新出现40.87 ku蛋白质,与体细胞胚形成有关.     

几株尖孢镰刀菌的绿色荧光蛋白基因转化

利用PEG介导的原生质体转化方法,将绿色荧光蛋白基因转入到6株香蕉枯萎病菌和1株棉花枯萎病菌中。结果表明：转化子连续转接5代能够稳定遗传,荧光强度良好,PCR验证gfp基因已转入到菌株中,为后续研究香蕉枯萎病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的侵染、防治等提供可视化的检测和分析手段。     

2株高产蛋白微藻细胞代谢物的比较

以2株新近分离出来的链带藻(Desmodesmus sp. QL96和Desmodesmus sp. QJ74)为研究对象,检测胞内主要细胞代谢产物组成及含量变化,找出优势细胞代谢产物。收集相同时间间隔下培养的2株微藻,经过冻干、研磨、复溶,制备成细胞溶解液,再进行逐级萃取,分级检测每个萃取步骤中所得细胞代谢产物的含量。结果表明:在BG11培养基中生长30 d,链带藻Desmodesmus sp. QL96和Desmodesmus sp. QJ74的最高蛋白含量分别达到细胞干重的71.68%和62.14%,其他代谢产物,如碳水化合物、脂质和色素,在2株微藻中的含量都没有超过20%。对比其他微藻的文献报道,链带藻Desmodesmus sp. QL96是目前发现的蛋白含量最高的藻株,其蛋白的表达模式和蛋白相关产品的开发具有研究价值。