烟叶主要化学成分在不同烘烤方式中的动态变化

为了探索密集烤房烘烤技术,研究了不同装烟方式密集烘烤过程中的烟叶主要化学成分的动态变化。结果表明：在挂竿、烟夹、散叶三种装烟方式的烘烤过程中,散叶堆积式烘烤淀粉酶活性前期较高,后期酶活性降低较为缓慢,烘烤结束后烟叶的淀粉含量较低;叶绿素降解,挂竿式和烟夹式烘烤24小时之前下降幅度较为明显,散叶式烘烤在12小时之内降解速度明显不如挂竿和烟夹方式,12小时后降解加快;蛋白质含量均呈缓慢下降趋势。     

烤烟散叶堆积式烘烤技术研究Ⅰ-不同堆积方式的烘烤效果

为了探索烤烟散叶烘烤技术,摸索出适宜的堆积方式,进行了本试验。结果表明：装烟筐、固烟架和随机堆放三种堆积方式中,装烟筐方式有利于烟叶烘烤质量的提高,外观质量与挂竿方式差别不明显,身份适中,桔黄烟较多,上中等烟比例为91.87%,较挂竿方式提高了0.49个百分点,挂灰烟和光滑烟比例较低,鲜干比较小,均价为12.85元/Kg,较挂竿方式提高了3.05%,烤后烟叶的化学成分较为协调,淀粉含量较低,还原糖含量较高,烟碱含量适宜,烘烤过程中失水速度与挂竿方式近;固烟架方式的烘烤质量较挂竿方式略差;随机堆放方式因脱水困难不利于烟叶烘烤质量的提高。     

密集烤房不同装烟方式烘烤效益对比试验

为探索现代烟草农业省工降本措施,设计了烟夹、散叶堆放、常规挂竿3种密集烤房装烟方式试验,对其省工、节能效果进行了试验。结果表明,与常规挂竿装烟方式相比,散叶堆放、烟夹装烟方式均显著降低烤烟烘烤环节的用工成本和耗能成本;烟夹和散叶堆积装烟方式烘烤综合效益高于挂杆方式,而散叶堆积又要高于烟夹装烟方式,说明散叶堆积装烟方式最值得推广应用。     

印江县2012年密集烤房散叶堆积装烟烘烤示范效益分析

散叶密集烤房改变了传统的装烟方式,简化了原有烤房的绑竿、上炕、下炕、解烟工序,具有用工投入减少、烟叶损失减少、能有效提高烘烤质量等各种优势.使烟农种烟达到“减工、降本、提质、增效”.本文通过散叶堆积烘烤的用工量、烘烤用煤、用电量和烘烤质量(均价)与密集烤房常规挂竿烘烤对比.结果表明,散叶堆积烘烤比常规挂杆烘烤综合效益每kg干烟增加收入2.28元;2012年推广52座密集散叶堆积烘烤烟叶,推广面积86.67hm2,实际烘烤81炕,交售干烟叶88820.55kg,增加了烟农收入20.25万元;散叶堆积烘烤的烟叶不易弯曲;使用下降式密集烤房进行散叶堆积烘烤的烟叶不易收张,上升式密集烤房烤出的烟叶要相对要收张些.     

烤烟散叶堆积烘烤工艺分析

介绍了上升式密集烤房散叶堆积烘烤在烤前的准备,烟叶成熟采收、散叶烘烤装烟量、装炕前按成熟度大致分类、装炕操作、门窗堵漏,以及散叶烘烤操作要点和烤后烟叶回潮.阐述了散叶烘烤原理,特别是装炕均匀度和防止风力“短路”等关键问题.     

远红外散叶烤房应用效果研究

为探索现代烟草农业省工降本措施,设计了远红外散叶烤房并对其省工节能及烘烤效果进行研究。结果表明：远红外散叶烤房与常规燃煤挂竿烤烟方式相比,装烟密度提高2.3倍,极大地提高了烤房利用效率;降低了装卸烟和烘烤环节的用工,可节约劳动成本73.6%;避免了煤燃烧后粉尘、硫化物等污染物的产生,低碳环保;烤后烟叶经济性状、外观品质与内在品质明显提高,上等烟比率提高了15.8%,中等烟率提高了10.7%,均价提高6.24%,烟叶烟碱、总氮含量降低,总糖和还原糖含量升高,品吸质量明显改善。     

铜仁市密集烤房散叶堆积烘烤技术推广

为实现传统烟草农业向现代烟草农业的转变,满足不断提升的规模化种植水平需求,解决制约铜仁市烟叶质量持续提升的烘烤问题,散叶堆积烘烤,是提升中、上部烟叶烘烤质量最行之有效的新技术.具有烤出烟叶成熟特征明显、颜色均匀而鲜亮、减少挂灰和微青烟、单叶重增加、编烟下烟劳力减少、提高装烟量而增加烘烤面积等优点.为此,铜仁市在原有密集烤房配套散叶设备基础上,新（改）建大卧密集烤房增加散叶烘烤设备,实施散叶烘烤,全面提升烟叶烘烤质量,实现烤烟生产持续、稳定、健康发展.     

烤烟上部烟叶不同采收烘烤方式试验研究

通过在龙岗烟草科技园烘烤工场对南江3号上部烟叶4～8片采取分次采收、一次性砍烤、一次性砍收捆绑烘烤3种方式对比试验研究.结果表明:上部烟叶一次性砍收捆绑烘烤技术整个过程用工5个,上中等烟比例为93.7％,比上部一次性砍烤技术节约用工0.5个,多装鲜烟叶216kg,烤后烟叶上中等烟叶高出9.2个百分点;比上部烟叶分次采收上中等烟比例提高19.2个百分点,用工节约2.3个.因此,上部烟叶充分成熟一次性砍收捆绑烘烤烤后烟叶上中等烟比例、用工等都显著优于上部烟叶一次性砍烤与分次采烤处理.     

烤烟不同装烟方式的烘烤性能及效果研究

为了探索烤烟生产减工降本、提质增效的技术措施,研究散叶烘烤和挂杆烘烤两种不同装烟方式的烘烤性能及对烟叶质量、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明:每50kg鲜烟叶散叶烘烤产生的干烟较挂杆烘烤增加0.33kg,散叶烘烤的不列级干烟较挂杆烘烤减少0.25kg,均价提高2.60元/kg,产值增加24.61元;按单产干烟叶125kg/667m~2计算,散叶烘烤较挂杆烘烤能耗降低17.41元/667m~2,烘烤劳动力成本节省162.50元/667m~2。     

散叶烘烤推广应用效果分析

2009—2011年遵义县开展了散叶烘烤技术的推广应用,在全县范围内基本实现了散叶烘烤,散叶烘烤量占到了收购量的86.43%,散叶烘烤烤后烟叶外观质量明显提高,均价、上等烟率和桔黄烟率分别提高6.24%、3.70%和13.06%,劳动用工成本下降0.67元/kg,能耗下降0.16元/kg,综合效益增加1.89元/kg。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.