甘蓝杂种致死遗传现象浅析及利用

杂种致死是一种生殖隔离类型,致死材料的鉴定及遗传分析不仅有助于了解杂种致死的遗传机制,还可以为致死基因的定位及克隆奠定基础。利用已知携带杂种致死基因的2份甘蓝材料35DH-26及Z-14,以及3份未知是否携带杂种致死基因的甘蓝材料YF(2)-2、103-34-7-6-337A、103-34-7-6-6-1121进行了有关杂交试验。试验结果表明,甘蓝杂种致死现象由细胞核基因控制,与细胞质基因无关;甘蓝杂种致死性状符合由2个显性互补基因控制的理论,2份材料35DH-26、YF(2)-2具有遗传等效性,而3份材料Z-14、103-34-7-6-337A、103-34-7-6-6-1121具有遗传等效性;在出现致死及半致死组合(35DH-26×Z-14)的基础上,对组合有半致死分离现象的父本材料继续进行系统分离、编号,并继续配对进行致死测配,最终从半致死现象的父本中筛选出一些单株,用这些单株配成组合(35DH-26×Z-14)后,植株性状正常。     

甘蓝枯萎病抗源材料筛选及抗性遗传研究

 利用采自北京延庆的甘蓝枯萎病病原FGL③-6对117份甘蓝自交系材料进行抗性鉴定,共获得47份抗病材料,其中高抗材料37份。对其抗性表现与地理来源、球型及叶色的关系进行分析,发现高抗材料主要由来自日本、韩国、俄罗斯和荷兰的种质资源中选出;扁球型和叶色灰绿的自交系中抗病材料比例高,而尖球类型中未发现抗病材料。通过苗期人工接种重复鉴定和田间鉴定,筛选出5份既抗枯萎病又具有优良经济性状的抗源材料。21份材料对延庆菌株FGL③-6和美国甘蓝枯萎病1号小种FOAM对比接种试验的结果显示,相同材料对二者抗性表现基本一致,认为引起延庆的甘蓝枯萎病原很可能为1号小种;对美国甘蓝枯萎病2号小种的初步研究表明,2号小种有更强的致病力。以延庆菌株FGL③-6为供试菌株,用8个抗病 × 感病甘蓝杂交组合和其中两个杂交组合的F2及回交一代作试材,初步研究了甘蓝对枯萎病抗性的遗传规律,结果表明,甘蓝对延庆枯萎病菌株的抗性为显性单基因遗传。     

甘蓝黑腐病和枯萎病兼抗材料的鉴定筛选

采用喷雾法与浸根法,分别对99份国内外甘蓝种质资源(83份自交系、16份杂交种)进行黑腐病与枯萎病苗期人工接种抗性鉴定。共筛选出26份抗黑腐病的材料,其中2份表现高抗,即99-192和20-2-5(病情指数10);同时还筛选获得引162、奥奇娜、96-100-919等54份高抗枯萎病的材料(病情指数10)。其中,秋德、99-192、HB34、JS119、ZL66为高抗或抗黑腐病兼高抗枯萎病的材料,且JS119和ZL66为早熟、圆球类型材料。进一步对抗性材料的地理来源及主要农艺性状进行分析,发现83份自交系材料中高抗枯萎病的材料多来自日、韩等国家,且多为早熟、圆球类型;而高抗黑腐病材料多为晚熟、扁球类型,早熟类型中对黑腐病有较强抗性的材料较少。分别对不同抗性材料配制的16份杂交种进行遗传分析,结果表明甘蓝黑腐病、枯萎病的抗性分别符合隐性和显性遗传。     

菜豆抗炭疽病遗传研究初报

对苗期人工接种炭疽病表现高抗且田间鉴定农艺性状优良的３份菜豆抗源材料进行了抗性遗传分析。结果表明，这些材料对炭疽病的抗性均为显性遗传，其中来自意大利和日本的２个矮生材料由显性单基因控制，而来自我国吉林的１个蔓生材料表现出较复杂的遗传特性。     

甘蓝显性雄性不育系的选育及其利用

从甘蓝原始材料７９－３９９的自然群体中获得雄性不育突变株７９－３９９－３。研究结果表明，该突变株的雄性不育受一显性不育基因ＣＤＭｓ３９９－３控制。该基因在不同的遗传背景下表现为环境敏感和环境稳定两种类型，且温度是影响不育稳定性的主要因素。环境敏感的显性雄性不育植株通过自交可以得到显性纯合的雄性不育植株。显性纯合不育植株与普通自交系或相应的姊妹系杂交获得了不育株率达到１００％、不育度达到或接近１００％的不育群体。根据ＣＤＭｓ３９９－３基因的这一遗传特点，建立了利用显性雄性不育基因配制甘蓝杂交种的新方法：利用组织培养技术保存和繁殖显性纯合雄性不育材料，然后与遗传差异较小的普通自交系或姊妹系杂交得到不育系。选择园艺性状优良、不育性稳定的不育群体作不育系，与配合力优良的自交系杂交，配制出了优良的杂交组合。试验采种结果表明，携带ＣＤＭｓ３９９－３基因的甘蓝雄性不育系结实性状优良     

大白菜TuMV抗性的主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

以大白菜抗TuMV品种BP8407的高代自交系和感TuMV品种极早春的高代自交系,抗TuMV品种二青的高代自交系和感TuMV品种春大将的高代自交系配制两个F2群体。以F2群体人工摩擦接种TuMV-C4后的ELISA鉴定的P/N值为抗性鉴定指标,应用P1、P2、F1、F2 4个世代的数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传分析方法,分析了大白菜TuMV抗性的遗传规律。结果表明：大白菜TuMV的抗性由2对主效基因控制,遗传模型分别为E-1、E-0,主基因遗传率分别为86.51%、77.64%。因此,大白菜对TuMV-C4抗性符合2对主基因+多基因的遗传模式,抗性遗传以主基因为主。     

添加甘蓝2号染色体片段的大白菜易位系的获得及其遗传稳定性分析

为创建大白菜—结球甘蓝易位系,以大白菜—结球甘蓝2号单体异附加系(AC_2)为试材,对其花蕾辐射后获得的M_2植株进行游离小孢子培养。利用与结球甘蓝2号染色体对应的26个InDel标记对小孢子植株进行鉴定,结合细胞学观察,确认获得了6株添加甘蓝2号染色体片段的大白菜易位系植株。通过对InDel标记的加密设计,明确了6个大白菜易位系植株中均含有甘蓝特异标记C09-4和C09-4-52,片段大小为788.3 kb。选择两个来自不同M2单株的大白菜易位系‘AT2-1’和‘AT2-2’进行自交、回交及与大白菜高代自交系杂交,利用结球甘蓝特异的InDel标记对其后代进行鉴定。结果表明,两个大白菜易位系的85份自交后代、82份回交后代及188份杂交后代中均含有甘蓝特异标记C09-4和C09-4-52,说明这些易位系中的甘蓝染色体片段能够稳定遗传。     

结球甘蓝抗寒性配合力分析及优良抗寒组合选育

通过自交分离和抗寒性鉴定,选育出经济性状优良的结球甘蓝抗寒自交系逾30份,以其中6份抗寒性有一定差异的自交系为试材,按照Griffing双列杂交方法Ⅳ进行甘蓝抗寒性配合力及遗传力分析。结果表明：甘蓝抗寒性遗传符合加性-显性模型,以加性效应为主,随着寒害程度的增加其加性效应所占比重增加|一般配合力方差在总遗传方差中所占比重较大,一般配合力/特殊配合力的均方比大于7,且差异达极显著水平,因此在甘蓝抗寒育种中应重视早期世代的选择。结合配合力测定结果及田间经济性状调查结果,初步明确两个优良抗寒越冬甘蓝新组合。     

SSR标记遗传距离与结球甘蓝杂种优势的关系分析

利用SSR标记对23份春甘蓝自交系和29份秋甘蓝自交系进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明:春甘蓝自交系在遗传相似系数0.61处可以划分为极早熟和早熟2个类群。秋甘蓝自交系在遗传相似系数0.58处可以分为中晚熟群、中早熟群和中熟群3个类群。从上述材料中挑选15份代表性材料作为亲本,采用完全双列杂交法组配105个杂交组合,对其进行杂种优势分析,同时探究SSR分子标记遗传距离与杂种优势之间的关系。结果发现,不同类群间杂交或同一类群不同亚群间杂交产生的后代杂种优势较强,遗传距离与全株质量中亲优势的相关性达显著正相关,表明基于SSR分子标记划分的类群对于杂种优势的预测具有一定的价值。此外还发现,在105个杂交组合中,全株质量中亲优势最强的10个组合的组配方式均为春甘蓝×秋甘蓝,表明春甘蓝×秋甘蓝可能是一种潜在的杂种优势利用模式。     

两个甘蓝自交系自交不亲和S单元型的初步鉴定

根据甘蓝SRK基因序列保守区设计特异性引物,通过PCR扩增和克隆测序,结合生物信息学分析方法对两个甘蓝自交系材料的S单元型进行初步鉴定。BLAST分析表明：甘蓝自交系96-100与Brassica oleracea的SRK29基因核苷酸序列相似性最高（91 %）,但蛋白序列与S14相似性最高（在84 %的序列覆盖度下相似性达100 %）。自交系俄引165与Brassica oleracea的BoSRK28基因核苷酸序列相似性达100 %,推测其S单元型为S28。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.