干旱条件下冬小麦近等基因系水分利用效率及其与气冠温差的关系

鉴定比较供体亲本京411和轮回亲本晋麦47及其34个近等基因系材料之间产量和水分利用效率(WUE),同时测定不同生育期的气冠温差(CTD),分析WUE在这些材料之间的变异范围,筛选WUE与轮回亲本显著差异的材料用于QTL定位,同时探索干旱条件下CTD与产量和WUE的关系及其随生育期进程变化的趋势。利用防雨棚和渗漏池开展模拟干旱试验。结果表明,34个近等基因系及其父母本WUE为1.30~1.92 kg/m~3,其中9个品系WUE显著低于轮回亲本晋麦47,表明WUE为多基因控制的数量性状,而且存在明显的加性效应。CTD与产量和WUE均呈极显著正相关关系。不同的是,随生育期进程推进,CTD与产量的相关性增强,在灌浆期最高,R2达到0.684 9,而与WUE的相关性减弱,R2在拔节-孕穗期最高,达到0.769 8。研究初步表明,CTD可以作为干旱条件下产量和WUE的鉴定指标。     

干旱对不同类型冬小麦根系可溶性物质、相关酶活性及地上部形态的影响

为研究干旱对不同类型冬小麦根系抗氧化酶和渗透物质的影响,以水肥型冬小麦品种‘济麦22’、抗旱节水型冬小麦品种‘青麦6号’为材料,通过PVC土柱试验,设置全生育期正常浇水和不浇水2个处理,观察拔节、挑旗、开花、灌浆期小麦的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)等渗透调节物质及地上部形态的变化。随着生育时期的进行,冬小麦的群体数量、根系内过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性糖含量呈逐渐降低的趋势;根系内SOD活性、脯氨酸含量呈先增加后减少的趋势;MDA含量呈逐渐增加的趋势。2个冬小麦品种在不同控水条件下表现出不同的变化趋势,‘济麦22’在满足水分条件下根系内的SOD活性、POD活性以及可溶性糖含量显著大于‘青麦6号’。但在全生育期不浇水处理下,‘青麦6号’的群体数量、SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性糖含量以及脯氨酸含量均表现出显著增加的趋势。干旱胁迫下,‘青麦6号’在根系方面表现出较强的抗氧化能力与调节细胞渗透势的能力,以实现维持体内水分平衡、增强对干旱胁迫的适应性。     

四川冬小麦新品种（系）抗旱性鉴定及分析

干旱是四川麦区常发的自然灾害之一,培育抗旱性品种是一条抵御干旱既经济而又有效的途径。为探究四川麦区现有品种（系）的抗旱能力,采用小麦全生育期旱棚鉴定法,对四川省15个品种（系）进行抗旱性鉴定,并与北方抗旱品种‘洛旱7号’比较分析。根据国家《小麦抗旱性鉴定评价技术规范》标准,以籽粒产量抗旱指数为核心指标,以有效穗、千粒重、穗粒数及株高抗旱系数为重要参考指标。15个小麦新品种（系）中产量抗旱指数以‘川重组125’最高,抗旱能力较强;W138、‘10间236’、N08-51、BL227、‘川11131’、BL08512、10BMY12（杂交小麦）抗旱能力为中等;‘南30-7’、‘内3416’、L08-969、GHM3、‘南04-59’、HZ10-28、ym09-6抗旱能力处于较弱水平。在干旱胁迫下小麦各农艺性状均受损,但损伤程度存在差异。以株高受损最重,抗旱系数变幅在0.652~0.778之间;其次是有效穗,抗旱系数变幅在0.662~0.830之间;再次是穗粒数,抗旱系数变幅在0.724~0.866之间;最后是千粒重,抗旱系数变幅在0.807~1.013之间。从参试的15个小麦品种（系）来看,四川小麦品种与北方小麦品种相比,抗旱能力处于整体偏弱水平。     

玉米自交系生理指标与抗旱性及复水恢复能力的关系研究

【研究目的】为了评价不同玉米自交系的抗旱性，探究生理指标与抗旱性、恢复能力和综合抗旱能力之间的关系。【方法】本研究以19份自交系为材料，采用盆栽称重控水法对苗期玉米进行中度旱胁迫及复水，测定生物量、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、Fv/Fm、脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶活性对干旱和复水的响应。【结果】分析发现自交系‘郑8713’、‘郑63’和‘昌7-2’的抗旱性、恢复能力和综合抗旱能力均较强，自交系‘郑C112’、‘郑718’和‘郑6722’虽然抗旱性较弱，但是恢复能力和综合抗旱能力较强，自交系‘郑3733’、‘郑E846’和‘郑36’恢复能力较弱，但是抗旱能力和综合抗旱能力很强；同时发现类胡萝卜素与抗旱性之间呈现显著的相关性(P=0.503*)，POD抗氧化酶与复水后的恢复能力之间关系显著(P=0.421*)，Fv/Fm与综合抗旱性之间呈显著的相关性(P=-0.456*)，叶绿素含量与抗旱性(P=0.468*)和复水后的恢复能力(P=0.407*)之间均呈现显著的相关性。【结论】以上结果为培育抗旱型品种提供优良的种质资源，同时为玉米抗旱性、恢复能力及综合抗旱能力的筛选与鉴定提供一定的指导意义。     

水稻品种苗期抗旱性筛选与评价

为了比较黑龙江省主栽粳稻品种苗期抗旱性,通过苗期反复干旱胁迫法,研究了干旱胁迫对水稻苗期各形态性状及反复干旱存活率等指标的影响,并通过聚类分析筛选抗旱性强的品种。结果表明,干旱处理后的株高、叶干重、叶鲜重、根数、根长、根干重等形态指标相对值均小于100%,幼苗存活率明显下降,不同品种下降幅度不同。通过对主成分分析和相关分析,得出株高、叶干重、根长及根干重可以作为水稻苗期抗旱性鉴定的形态指标。经反复干旱存活率和聚类分析,筛选出‘东农426’、‘松粳6’、‘五优一’、‘松05-274’和‘松05-276’5份苗期抗旱性较好的品种。     

新单系列玉米品种的遗传基础解析以及品质和产量性状变化趋势分析

为探索新单系列玉米品种籽粒品质性状之间的关系以及产量性状的变化趋势,以新乡市农科院2003年以来审定的玉米品种为材料,研究了它们的遗传基础、杂优模式、品质性状以及群体、个体生产力。结果表明：13个玉米品种利用的杂优模式主要有2种,9个品种杂优模式为改良Reid×唐四平头,4个品种为外来种质×唐四平头。品质分析中,‘新单28’、‘新单38’、‘新单66’粗淀粉含量高,‘新单61’、‘新单65’和‘新单68’的粗蛋白和赖氨酸含量高。粗脂肪含量和粗淀粉含量之间呈显著负相关,相关系数为0.610,粗蛋白含量和赖氨酸含量之间呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.491。产量分析表明,‘新单22’单株生产力最大,‘新单33’单株生产力最小,‘新单58’的群体生产力最大,‘新单28’的群体生产力最小。群体生产力随密度增加呈现上升趋势,其中密度为75000株/hm²时的群体生产力较45000株/hm²高62.9%,平均每公顷增加7500株产量增益为12.97%。单株生产力随密度增加开始呈下降趋势,增至60000株/hm²后逐渐平缓,低密度时单株生产力较高密度高5.5%。外来种质×唐四平头杂优模式选育的玉米新品种在品质上优于改良Reid×唐四平头模式选育的品种,且耐密性也显著增加,群体生产力也不断上升。     

干旱胁迫下‘宛麦632’的抗旱性分析

为了探究小麦新品种‘宛麦632’的抗旱性，以‘周麦18’为对照试验材料，采用PEG模拟干旱和田间自然干旱的方法测定抗旱指标。无干旱胁迫条件下，‘宛麦632’与‘周麦18’的各项抗旱指标均无显著差异，其产量分别为7052 kg/hm²和6916 kg/hm²。干旱胁迫条件下，在萌发期，‘宛麦632’的发芽率、发芽势分别较‘周麦18’高44.23%、106.25%；在苗期，‘宛麦632’的苗高、根长、茎叶鲜重和根鲜重分别较‘周麦18’高62.90%、55.32%、83.33%和60.00%；在成株期，‘宛麦632’的株高、最高分蘖、有效穗、穗粒数、千粒重和产量分别较‘周麦18’高2.99%、1.94%、1.44%、14.71%、10.61%和6.80%。除有效穗外，其他性状差异均达显著水平。此外，‘宛麦632’和‘周麦18’的综合抗旱指数分别为0.901、0.582。据此认为，在干旱胁迫条件下，‘宛麦632’生长受抑制程度小，其各项抗旱指标均优于‘周麦18’；‘宛麦632’具有较好的抗旱性，在干旱环境下有产量优势。     

黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)成株期抗旱性综合评价

为了探讨小麦成株期抗旱性评价方法并筛选抗旱小麦种质资源,本研究以黄淮麦区119份小麦品种(系)为材料,进行了2年3点(每点在同一地块设置正常和干旱胁迫处理)的大田试验和成株期抗旱性评价。结果表明,与正常处理相比,在干旱胁迫下,各鉴定指标的平均值均有所下降,下降幅度由大到小为产量、千粒重、穗数、穗粒数和株高;以产量抗旱指数、产量抗旱系数、综合抗旱指数、综合抗旱系数等4个指标为抗旱指标,抗旱指标间均极显著正相关,在干旱胁迫条件下,抗旱指标与株高、穗数、穗粒数、产量多呈显著正相关;基于4个抗旱指标,对品种(系)进行综合评价,筛选出抗旱品种(系)15份,可以在小麦育种中作为抗旱种质重点利用。     

水分胁迫对春大豆叶片保护酶活性及相对电导率的影响

为了研究了水分胁迫对大豆叶片保护酶活性和相对含水率的影响，以3 个大豆品种‘黑农57’、‘改良168’、‘绥农26’为材料，采用盆栽控水试验，设置中度干旱、重度干旱和适宜水分处理。结果显示：（1）在适宜水分条件下，叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势，过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和相对电导率表现为降低的趋势。（2）各时期SOD和CAT活性为中度胁迫>重度胁迫>适宜水分，差异显著；各时期POD活性和苗期-盛花期的相对电导率为重度胁迫>中度胁迫>适宜水分，差异显著。（3）在干旱胁迫条件下，POD活性和SOD活性，‘黑农57’>‘改良168’>‘绥农26’；CAT活性品种间差异不显著。综上，在干旱胁迫下，春大豆叶片保护酶活性和相对电导率比在适宜水分下活性要高，体现了春大豆对干旱环境的自我调节能力。     

PEG和干旱胁迫对3种纤维亚麻幼苗理化特性的影响

旨在为筛选耐旱的纤维亚麻种质提供参考。选用‘天鑫3号’、‘YOI303’、‘双亚5号’3个纤维亚麻品种种子经培养皿滤纸法进行PEG胁迫种子萌发试验,萌芽种子经盆栽获得幼苗,对幼苗进行了盆栽控水试验,研究了幼苗对干旱胁迫的理化响应。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,3个品种纤维亚麻幼苗的株高、根长、叶绿素含量有下降趋势,脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、CAT活性呈总体上升趋势,但不同种源的变化幅度有所不同。综合评价认为,‘YOI303’亚麻品种耐旱性最好,其次是‘天鑫3号’与‘双亚5号’。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.