选择性自噬的研究进展

自噬是真核细胞中高度保守的一种亚细胞降解途径。该途径中,一些损坏、标记的大分子物质(如蛋白质等)或细胞器被自噬体包裹后送入溶酶体(动物)或液泡(酵母和植物)中降解并重新利用。长期以来,人们认为自噬在降解大量的细胞质成分时是一种非选择性的过程。然而,最近几年的研究结果表明,无论是酵母还是高等的真核生物细胞中均存在许多类型的选择性自噬。该研究主要综述了近几年选择性自噬过程与分子机制的研究进展。     

线粒体自噬在植物中的研究进展

线粒体自噬广泛存在于动物、植物以及酵母中,对于维持细胞中线粒体的平衡有重要作用。与酵母和哺乳动物线粒体自噬的研究进展相比,植物线粒体自噬的研究尚处于早期,对于植物线粒体自噬的机制和自噬过程中参与的蛋白还不清楚。对线粒体自噬在植物中的研究进展进行了综述,回顾了植物中的线粒体自噬调控机制以及相关的受体、蛋白酶和生物学功能,为后期对于植物线粒体自噬的研究提供借鉴。     

基于细胞自噬的靶向降解技术及在植物研究中的应用前景

靶向降解技术是一类利用真核细胞内天然存在的降解机制对胞内有害物质进行特异降解、以维持和改善细胞稳态的重要技术。该技术主要通过泛素?蛋白酶体系统 (Ubiquitin-proteasome system,UPS) 和自噬?溶酶体途径 (Autophagy-lysosome pathway),特异性清除细胞内错误折叠或聚集的蛋白质、大分子复合物、受损或老化的细胞器及一些非蛋白类物质。其中基于细胞自噬的靶向降解技术具有专一性强、底物种类广泛等诸多特征,使其成为一备受期待的技术,有望应用于神经退行性疾病、代谢性疾病等多种疾病的治疗。目前这一技术的应用潜能还远未被完全开发,特别是在植物研究领域。本综述首先详细介绍了各类基于自噬?溶酶体途径的靶向降解技术的作用机制、特点以及优势;并且结合华南农业大学李发强教授课题组的研究工作,着重介绍了设计和改造植物选择性自噬衔接蛋白方面的研究和设想,以期达到将对植物生长发育不利的因子经由细胞自噬转运并区室化隔离于液泡的目的,进而开发能够抵御病毒侵染或抵抗有害物质的农作物新品种;最后展望了靶向自噬的降解技术在植物科学研究和农业生产中的潜在应用前景和所面临的挑战。     

水稻自噬基因研究取得新进展

<正>自噬是发生在细胞内的"Self eating"现象,其主要的生理功能是将胞质中的大分子物质(如蛋白质等)和一些细胞内源性底物(包括由于生理或病理原因引起的衰老、破损的细胞器)在单位膜包裹的自噬体中大量降解,实现再循环,以维持细胞自身的稳定。这个过程对于细胞成分更新、逆境条件下营养成份的再利用等是至关重要的。它在植物正常生长发育与适应环境协迫中发挥重要作用,自噬过     

细胞自噬在植物天然免疫反应中的作用

在介绍植物细胞自噬的基础上,分析了细胞自噬对超敏反应细胞程序化死亡（HR-PCD）的控制及可能作用于启动HR—PCD的促死亡信号分子等方面作用,指出在植物免疫反应过程中,细胞自噬通过降解对病原菌诱导的HR—PCD产生负调控作用,对于将细胞死亡限制在感染部位具有重要的控制作用。     

细胞自噬机制与植物天然性免疫研究进展

介绍了植物中的细胞自噬系统,并对细胞自噬在植物天然性免疫反应中的作用进行阐述,它通过降解死亡信号分子对病原体诱导的过敏性细胞程序性死亡(HR-PCD)进行负调控,将HR-PCD限制在感染部位。同时阐述了自噬与HR-PCD效应的关系,以及叶绿体自噬对植物免疫作用的最新进展。     

细胞自噬与疾病的研究进展

细胞自噬(Autophagy)是细胞将受损的细胞器、废弃细胞质和变性或衰老的蛋白质转运至溶酶体(Lysosome),并进行酶解的一个生物学过程。在真核生物中,细胞自噬是一个高度保守的过程,而自噬是细胞的一种自我保护机制,维持了细胞内稳态。自噬在细胞程序性死亡(Programmed cell death,PCD)、心血管疾病、肝脏疾病、神经性疾病、癌症与肿瘤以及自身免疫性疾病等多种疾病过程扮演了重要的角色。该文综述了细胞自噬与多种疾病的研究进展,提示了细胞自噬在免疫相关性疾病过程中发挥着重要的调控作用,从而阐明细胞自噬可能作为疾病治疗的新靶点和突破口,为治疗免疫相关性疾病做铺垫。     

LC3基因在细胞自噬过程中的表达研究

自噬是细胞为维持自身代谢发生的胞质组分降解的动态过程。自噬不仅是细胞在饥饿环境下的一种适应性反应,而且对于组织和细胞维持动态平衡十分重要。细胞自噬出现问题往往会导致多种疾病。自噬相关基因被命名为Atg(Autophagy-related gene),LC3(Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3)是哺乳动物中了解的最透彻的一个Atg同源蛋白。LC3蛋白在细胞中存在两种剪切形式,即LC3-Ⅰ和LC3-Ⅱ,定位于自噬体膜的LC3-Ⅱ是自噬的标志性分子。详细论述自噬过程和LC3在自噬过程中的表达修饰过程,并进一步讨论自噬在神经退行性疾病和微生物感染中的生物学功能。     

真菌细胞自噬的研究进展

为了维持细胞内部物质与能量的动态平衡,真菌在进化过程中形成了一些复杂的机制来调控胞内物质的代谢和循环,其中的一条重要途径就是自噬。自噬在真核生物体内是高度保守的,其通过形成具有双层膜结构的自噬体囊泡,将细胞内受损的细胞器或蛋白质包裹起来,随后运输到液泡中进行降解。在过去20多年里,人们对真菌细胞自噬进行了深入的研究,通过对自噬相关蛋白的分析,逐渐揭示了自噬过程中的一些分子及调控机制。在对丝状真菌自噬基因功能分析的过程中,发现自噬在丝状真菌营养生长、产孢、孢子萌发、侵染结构形成以及致病力等方面都起着非常重要的作用。本综述介绍了真菌细胞自噬的分子及调控机制以及自噬基因在丝状真菌中的功能的研究进展。     

细胞自噬在冠状病毒感染中作用机制的研究进展

细胞自噬在病毒感染和致病过程中具有重要作用。针对目前冠状病毒在全世界传播尤其是严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)引发的新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)危害人类健康的现状，综述了冠状病毒和细胞自噬的研究进展，分析了细胞自噬与病毒感染之间的关系，包括细胞自噬抑制及促进病毒感染的作用，重点探讨了冠状病毒诱导细胞发生自噬、细胞自噬影响冠状病毒的复制以及冠状病毒调控细胞自噬的分子作用机制3个方面，最后对靶向细胞自噬防控冠状病毒的感染与传播进行了展望，不仅有助于了解冠状病毒的致病机制，而且为抗病毒药物和疫苗的研发提供理论基础，从而为冠状病毒的防控提供新思路。     

玉米图像处理技术及其评价初探

研究玉米籽粒、幼苗、成株、果穗的图像处理技术,初步建立了40余性状的测定技术体系。与常规方法相比,图像处理在速度与效率、准确与客观、深度与广度上优势明显,易于智能化和自动化,将在玉米栽培领域发挥越来越重要的作用。     

棉花主要性状QTL定位的研究进展

棉花的许多农艺性状和经济性状都是数量性状,研究作物数量性状遗传对农作物育种具有十分重要的意义。综述了数量性状基因座QTL（quantitative trait locus）定位的原理和常用方法及近年来棉花的分子遗传图谱构建,主要性状,包括产量、纤维品质、抗性、生理、早熟性等QTL定位的研究进展,并对目前QTL定位存在的问题和发展前景进行了探讨。     

QTL Analysis of Major Agronomic Traits in Soybean

Soybean is a main crop, and most agronomic traits of soybean are quantitative; therefore, there is vely important studying and applying value to locating these traits. A F2：10 RIL population containing 154 lines, derived from the cross between Charleston as female and Dongnong 594 as male parent, were used in this experiment. A genetic linkage map was constructed with 164 SSR primers, which were screened with the two parents and amplified on the 154 lines. 12 agronomic traits different between the two parents were investigated, and QTLs of all the traits were analyzed using the software Windows QTL Cartographer V2.0. The agronomic traits included quality traits： protein content, oil content, and content of protein and oil; yield traits： pods per plant, seed weight per plant, and 100 seeds weight; and other agronomic traits： plant height, days to maturity, branches, nod number in main stem, average leaf length, and average leaf width. The results showed that 68 QTLs in total were found for the 12 agronomic traits. The number of QTLs per trait varied from 3 for the average leaf width to 11 for 100 seeds weight and plant height, and was 5.8 on average. Good accordance was seen in many QTLs between the results of this study and the results obtained by other similar studies; therefore, these QTLs may be valuable for molecular marker assistant selection in soybean. In this study, 68 major QTLs of 12 important traits of soybean were analyzed.     

U-box蛋白质的结构及其功能研究进展

泛素系统是选择性降解细胞内蛋白质的重要系统之一,U-box蛋白质是此系统中决定底物特异性识别的一种新型E3蛋白质,部分U-box蛋白质属于泛素链聚集因子-E4。U-box结构域大约由70个氨基酸残基构成,在酵母、植物和动物等真核生物中保守存在,但植物中的数目远多于动物中。该蛋白质在细胞内异常蛋白质的降解及质量控制方面具有重要的作用,了解U-box蛋白质的功能对疾病的发生控制机理有重要意义。     

VIGS基因沉默技术在作物基因功能研究中的应用与展望

随着作物基因组测序工作的陆续完成,大量影响作物重要农艺性状的基因功能等待挖掘.由于缺少高效的遗传转化方法,多种作物的基因功能研究进展缓慢.病毒诱导的基因沉默(virus-induced gene silencing,VIGS)技术不依赖遗传转化,通过病毒载体接种即可在当代植物体内实现对靶向基因的沉默.VIGS技术因其起...     

Gene transfer in crop improvement

Transfer of genes between plant species has played an important role in crop improvement for many decades. Useful traits such as resistance to disease, insects, and stress have been transferred to crop varieties from noncultivated plants. Recombinant DNA methods greatly extend (even outside the plant kingdom) the sources from which genetic information can be obtained for crop improvement. Gene transfer systems based on recombinant DNA are available for several crop species and are under development for others. The concerted use of traditional and more recent methods for plant genetic manipulation will contribute to crop improvement.     

Detection of QTLs for Important Agronomic Traits and Analysis of Their Stabilities Using SSSLs in Rice

Single segment substitution lines （SSSLs） each with a single chromosome segment from a donor under the same genetic background as the recipient were developed in rice by advanced backcrossing and molecular marker-assisted selection. Using the SSSLs, the QTLs for the important agronomic traits in rice would be detected under different environmental conditions. Detection of the QTLs controlling 22 important traits in rice was done with 32 SSSLs by the randomized block design in 2-4 cropping seasons. 59 QTLs were detected and distributed on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 11, of which 18 QTLs were detected more than twice. Only 30.5% of the QTLs were detected repeatedly in different cropping seasons. Most of the QTLs of important agronomic traits were of little additive effects and instability. The QTLs controlling the traits, such as grain weight, grain length, ratio of grain length to width, and heading date were relatively stable. The stable QTLs usually had larger additive effects and were less affected by environment. The QTLs for the important agronomic traits were detected using the SSSLs in rice with high resolution under different environmental conditions. The instability of the QTLs may be the basis of the variation of rice plants during growth and development. It would be the genetic basis for improving yield and quality in rice cultivars by farming methods.     

作物QTL定位研究进展

作物的许多农艺性状和经济性状是数量性状 .研究作物数量性状遗传对农作物育种具有十分重要的意义 .近年来 ,由于分子标记技术的发展 ,许多作物均已构建了饱和的分子遗传连锁图谱 ,促进了 QTL定位统计方法的快速发展 ,提出的许多方法成功地应用于多种作物的 QTL定位 ,为进一步的 QTL精细定位 ,分子标记辅助选择和 QTL克隆分离打下基础 .本文简要评述有关这方面研究的现状     

FLOWERING PLANTS AND ENTOMOPHAGOUS ARTHROPODS IN THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE: A PRACTISE-ORIENTED SUMMARY OF A COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP

● Most entomophagous arthropods consume nectar or pollen as alternative diets. ● The attractive of floral resource with different traits varies in a wide degree. ● Floral resource plays positive effects on not only entomophagous insects but also agricultural biodiversity, multiple ecosystem services and crop production. There is a growing demand for high-quality agricultural products and more countries have adopted landscape management by sowing flowering plants in agricultural fields as an important branch of conservation biological control. However, there has been less concern over the interactions and trade-offs between floral plants and entomophagous arthropods. This paper review progress in pollen/nectar feeding habits of entomophagous insects including parasitoids and predators which are important natural enemies of crop pests in agricultural fields. Factors that influence the preference of different guilds of natural enemies are reviewed to guide the selection of flowering plants in conservation biological control practices. Most studies find that floral resources have positive effects on both biological traits of natural enemies and their abundance and diversity, and this is believed to contribute greatly to pest control. Furthermore, the potential impacts of floral resources on crop yields are also discussed with an emphasis on a guild of entomophagous insects that provides both pest control and pollination services.