江淮地区冬闲田豆禾牧草混播生产模式的发展前景

随着动物性食品需求的快速增长和“粮改饲”政策的实施,推进农区产业结构调整和草食畜牧业全面发展势在必行,江淮地区作为我国南方重要的粮食生产基地和畜牧业发展基地,可充分利用其冬闲田的生产潜力,推行粮草兼顾型种植模式,探索出适合当地冬季种植的牧草生产模式。江淮地区冬闲田种草现多以黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)等单播为主,多花黑麦草+紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)/白三叶(Trifolium repens)/光叶紫花苕(Vicia villosa)、燕麦(Avena sativa)+毛叶苕子(Vicia villosa)/金花菜(Medicago hispida)等冬闲田豆禾混播生产模式可以克服禾本科单播施肥较多、土地翻耕难、豆科单播产量较低和营养不全面等方面问题,能够更加有效地提高生产力,增强土地持久力,对于增加农民收入,推进江淮地区草食畜牧业发展,促进南方农业生态转型有着积极作用。本研究分析了江淮地区饲草种植的发展前景和现状,阐述了在江淮地区施行豆禾牧草混播生产模式的优势,并探讨了优质豆禾牧草混播模式及其生态经济效益,以期为江淮地区及类似地区的冬闲田牧草种植提供参考。     

广西冬季牧草混播试验

为探讨合理的亚热带地区冬季牧草高产、高品质种植模式,本研究通过将多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)分别与4种豆科牧草苕子(Vicia dasycarpa)、豌豆(Pisum sativum)、紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)进行混播,测定不同组合的生产性能和营养特性指标。结果表明,混播组合均表现出较好的适应性和鲜草产量以及良好的营养特性;在刈割3次的情况下,多花黑麦草+紫云英、多花黑麦草+豌豆、多花黑麦草+白三叶、多花黑麦草+苕子和多花黑麦草+苕子+紫云英组合的鲜草总产量分别为44 863.33、43 923.33、47 003.33、46 470.00和37 970.00 kg·hm-2,豆禾比分别为0.076、0.198、0.085、0.116和0.137;在品质方面,多花黑麦草+苕子和多花黑麦草+白三叶组合的营养产出量较优,但前者粗蛋白总产量最高,各项营养产出量中,多花黑麦草+豌豆组合与多花黑麦草+紫云英组合较接近,但稍低于多花黑麦草+苕子和多花黑麦草+白三叶两个组合。综合分析比较不同种植模式下的产量和品质,以多花黑麦草+苕子和多花黑麦草+豌豆两个组合为最佳。     

冬闲田多花黑麦草十光叶紫花苕混播草地生产性能与种间竞争的研究

以“特高”多花黑麦草(Lolium multi florum cv.‘Tetragold’)和光叶紫花苕(Vicia villosa var.glabrescens)为材料,利用冬闲田研究其单播和混播的生产性能和种间竞争变化.结果表明,多花黑麦草与光叶紫花苕混播组合均可提高饲草产量,达14125.05～17730.52kg·hm-2,比单播多花黑麦草提高14.08％～43.19％,比单播光叶紫花苕提高54.67％～94.15％.在整个生长利用期,多花黑麦草的生物量在各次刈割中均占主导地位,在混播群落中竞争力一直超过光叶紫花苕,处于竞争优势地位.产草量、生长竞争态势以及群落结构的综合分析证明,二者以50％多花黑麦草+50％光叶紫花苕混播饲草产量最高,组分构成适宜,为最佳混播种植模式.     

冬闲田多花黑麦草+光叶紫花苕混播草地生产性能与种间竞争的研究

以"特高"多花黑麦草(Lolium multi florumcv. ‘Tetragold’)和光叶紫花苕(Vicia villosa var. glabrescens)为材料,利用冬闲田研究其单播和混播的生产性能和种间竞争变化。结果表明,多花黑麦草与光叶紫花苕混播组合均可提高饲草产量,达14125.05~17730.52kg·hm^-2,比单播多花黑麦草提高14.08%~43.19%,比单播光叶紫花苕提高54.67%~94.15%。在整个生长利用期,多花黑麦草的生物量在各次刈割中均占主导地位,在混播群落中竞争力一直超过光叶紫花苕,处于竞争优势地位。产草量、生长竞争态势以及群落结构的综合分析证明,二者以50%多花黑麦草+50%光叶紫花苕混播饲草产量最高,组分构成适宜,为最佳混播种植模式。     

燕麦-豆草混播组合对草地生产性能的影响

为了探究燕麦(Avena sativa)–豆草混播组合的增产提质效应,采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了干旱地区滴灌条件下燕麦与光叶紫花苕(Vicia villosa Roth)、箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)、毛苕子(Vicia villosa)同行混播对牧草农艺性状、营养品质的影响,并利用主成分分析方法(principal component analysis,PCA)进行综合评价,探寻燕麦与3种豆科牧草最佳混播组合.结果表明,各混播组合均对牧草生产性能有影响.其中,燕麦与光叶紫花苕混播干草产量最高,达9490.67 kg·hm?2;燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播组合牧草相对饲喂价值为108.61,仅低于豆科牧草单播.经PCA分析评价,燕麦与光叶紫花苕混播组合草地生产性能最好,可在干旱地区推广应用.     

燕麦–豆草混播组合对草地生产性能的影响

为了探究燕麦(Avena sativa)–豆草混播组合的增产提质效应,采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了干旱地区滴灌条件下燕麦与光叶紫花苕(Vicia villosa Roth)、箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)、毛苕子(Vicia villosa)同行混播对牧草农艺性状、营养品质的影响,并利用主成分分析方法 (principal component analysis, PCA)进行综合评价,探寻燕麦与3种豆科牧草最佳混播组合。结果表明,各混播组合均对牧草生产性能有影响。其中,燕麦与光叶紫花苕混播干草产量最高,达9 490.67 kg·hm~(-2);燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播组合牧草相对饲喂价值为108.61,仅低于豆科牧草单播。经PCA分析评价,燕麦与光叶紫花苕混播组合草地生产性能最好,可在干旱地区推广应用。     

黑麦草与豆科牧草混播技术

多花黑麦草作为一种很好的饲草作物,目前在南方地区已得到广泛的种植,但多为单播。如将黑麦草与豆科牧草特别是短期生长的豆科牧草如苕子、紫云英(绿肥与饲草兼用)混播,因豆科牧草根系发达,具有根瘤菌,能固定空气中的游离氮,为黑麦草提供氮素,不但能提高多花黑麦草的品质和产量     

生草对关中地区有机猕猴桃园土壤理化性质及细菌群落的影响

为评估不同生草措施对关中地区有机猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)园土壤理化性质和细菌群落结构的影响,本试验于2021年在陕西杨凌百恒有机猕猴桃园进行,设置3种人工生草模式：一年生黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)+紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)、一年生黑麦草+秣食豆(Glycine max)、一年生黑麦草+毛苕子(Vicia villosa),以自然生草(CK)为对照,测定耕层(0～20 cm)土壤的理化性质和细菌群落结构。结果表明,人工生草土壤有机质含量、脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著提升(P<0.05),一年生黑麦草+紫云英模式有机质含量达到26.69 g·kg^-1,一年生黑麦草+毛苕子模式土壤酶活性提升效果最为显著(P<0.05);人工生草处理的土壤细菌beta多样性、细菌群落之间的相互作用关系增加,有机系统代谢功能基因丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。综上,在关中地区有机猕猴桃园中种植一年生黑麦草+紫云英和一年生黑麦草+毛苕子有助于改善土壤微生态环境。     

广西冬闲田豆-禾牧草混播组合的遴选试验研究

为了遴选适合广西地区冬闲田种植的豆-禾牧草混播组合,选用苜蓿、豌豆、苕子、紫云英和白三叶等15种豆科牧草与黑麦草进行混播,测定鲜草产量、干草产量、营养成分和粗蛋白总产量,并进行比较和分析。结果表明:苕子产量为12 026 kg/hm~2,与其他豆科牧草品种间差异极显著(P0.01);豆-禾牧草混播组合中毛叶苕子+黑麦草鲜草和干草总产量最高,分别达34 299 kg/hm~2和5 769 kg/hm~2;苕子+黑麦草粗蛋白净产量最高,为1 004.25 kg/hm~2,显著高于其他混播组合(P0.05);白三叶+黑麦草混播组合产量最低,平均鲜草产量为25 662.67 kg/hm~2;说明毛叶苕子+黑麦草是综合生产性能最优的豆-禾牧草混播组合,值得在广西地区生产中进一步推广应用。     

不同混播方式下燕麦+箭筈豌豆混播草地的生产性能及土壤养分特征

为阐明混播方式对燕麦(Avena sativa)+箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)型豆禾混播草地混播优势的影响,在新疆昭苏盆地采用同行混播、异行混播与不同豆禾比的播种方式建植混播草地,利用牧草产量、营养物质产量和籽粒产量等指标分析混播方式对生产性能优势的影响,以不同混播方式下土壤养分变化与生产性能的内在联系为依据,探讨生产性能优势获得的途径。结果表明,1)燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播可获得混播优势,其中同行混播+豆禾比50∶50、异行混播+豆禾比50∶50和同行混播+豆禾比75∶25组合牧草产量和种子产量优势明显,生产性能较高。2)混播方式对土壤有机质和土壤全量养分影响较小,单播燕麦具有较高的土壤浅层速效磷含量,箭筈豌豆的生物固氮作用可增加土壤氮素养分的供应,而同行混播方式则有利于土壤碱解氮的积累。3)以混播群体结构作为控制因素时,牧草和粗蛋白产量依赖土壤氮素养分,与土壤速效磷含量呈负相关关系;以混播比例作为控制因素时,高箭筈豌豆混播比例下(80%和100%),土壤氮素养分可负向影响牧草和粗蛋白产量、牧草产量优势,否则则为正向影响,土壤速效磷含量负向影响牧草和粗蛋白产量、产量优势,正向影响种子产量优势,与混播比例无关联。因此,在冷凉牧区进行燕麦+箭筈豌豆型混播草地建植时,采取同行混播+豆禾比75∶25的混播组合既能提高土壤肥力,还能收获牧草产量和品质较优的草产品。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。