长期不同施肥对红壤性水稻土磷素及水稻磷营养的影响

【目的】合理的土壤磷素管理对作物生产和环境保护具有重要意义。南方双季稻田土壤磷素特征及磷素吸收信息相对缺乏,本文利用江西省稻田土壤质量演变定位监测试验为平台,系统分析长期不同施肥措施下土壤全磷、磷活化系数及水稻磷素吸收量的变化特征和全磷与磷盈亏的响应关系等,为指导磷肥合理施用提供重要科学依据。【方法】从1984年开始在江西省南昌市进行长期定位试验,设置8个处理,分别为不施肥对照(CK),PK、NP、NK、NPK、70%化肥氮+30%有机肥氮(70F+30M)、50%化肥氮+50%有机肥氮(50F+50M)、30%化肥氮+70%有机肥氮(30F+70M)。早稻施用纯N、P2O5和K2O量分别为150、60和150 kg/hm^2,晚稻分别为180、60和150 kg/hm^2。早、晚稻施用的氮、磷、钾化肥均分别为尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾,有机肥分别为紫云英(N、P2O5、K2O含量分别为0.30%、0.08%、0.23%)和腐熟猪粪(N、P2O5、K2O含量分别为0.45%、0.19%、0.60%)。除30F+70M处理,其余处理均为等氮磷钾设计。于1984-2012年每年早、晚稻收获期采集秸秆和稻谷计产,并于晚稻收获后,测定土壤全磷和有效磷含量。分析土壤全磷、磷活化系数(PAC)及早、晚稻磷素吸收量随种植年限的变化规律,研究土壤全磷含量与磷累积盈亏的响应关系。【结果】经29年连续试验,NK处理土壤全磷含量以每年4.6 mg/kg的速度下降,而含磷化肥处理土壤全磷含量升高速率为3.3~19.4 mg/(kg·a)。有机无机配施处理(70F+30M、50F+50M和30F+70M)升高速率平均为16.1 mg/(kg·a),是施NPK肥处理的4.89倍。施磷土壤全磷含量平均增至1.07 g/kg (2010-2012平均值),较初始值提高了1.18倍。不施磷肥处理土壤磷活化系数(PCA)由试验初始的4.24%下降至2.5%左右,施磷肥处理则均显著升高,其中有机无机配施处理平均升高至8.51%,平均年升高速率是施NPK处理的2.89倍。早、晚稻磷素吸收量,施磷肥(PK、NP和NPK)和化肥配施有机肥处理(70F+30M、50F+50M和30F+70M)均显著高于CK,提高幅度分别为29.9%~124%和28.6%~103%,均衡施肥(NPK、70F+30M、50F+50M和30F+70M)磷素吸收量显著高于不均衡施肥(PK和NP)处理,前者平均分别较后两者提高了38.7%和32.9%。早、晚稻产量与磷素吸收量呈极显著线性正相关关系,每吸收磷(P) 1 kg,早稻和晚稻产量分别可提高115和106 kg/hm^2。不施肥(CK)条件下,土壤全磷变化与累积磷盈亏间无显著相关关系,施NK肥处理土壤中每亏缺磷100 kg/hm^2,土壤全磷含量降低6.0 mg/kg,施化学磷肥的3个处理,土壤中每盈余磷100 kg/hm^2,平均提高9.3 mg/kg,而3个有机–无机配施处理,土壤中每盈余磷100 kg/hm^2,平均增加63.3 mg/kg,是无机磷肥的6.78倍。【结论】无论是单施化学磷肥,还是有机无机配施均有效提高土壤全磷含量及磷活化系数,且在等磷量投入条件下,有机无机配施较单施化肥的效果更优。建议减少中国南部红壤性稻田土壤的总磷输入量和提高有机肥施用比例,以改善粮食生产和保护环境。     

不同比例有机肥替代化肥对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

在江西双季稻区进行30 a的田间定位试验,比较不施氮肥(CK)、施用化肥(NPK)、等养分条件下70%化肥配合施用30%有机肥(70F+30M)、50%化肥配合施用50%有机肥(50F+50M)、30%化肥配合施用70%有机肥(30F+70M)施肥条件下水稻产量、氮素吸收、氮素利用率的变化。结果表明:与等养分量NPK处理相比,有机无机肥配施处理能显著提高30 a双季稻平均产量(P0.05),增产幅度在2.47%～5.73%,其中30F+70M处理产量最高,且不同比例有机无机肥配施处理之间有显著差异,30F+70M处理显著高于50F+50M处理(P0.05)。在不同时间段,不同有机无机肥配施处理产量表现不同,低量有机肥配施处理在试验前期具有明显的增产优势,高量有机肥配施处理在试验中后期增产效果明显。与等养分量NPK处理相比,有机无机肥配施处理30 a平均吸氮量无显著差异,不同施肥处理每生产1 t籽粒对氮素的需求不同,有机无机肥配施处理(20.57～20.94 kg)低于NPK处理(21.77 kg),其中30F+70M、70F+30M处理具有较高的氮素生产效率。有机无机肥配施处理30 a平均氮肥吸收利用率与等养分条件下NPK处理无显著差异,但氮肥生理利用率显著提高。有机无机肥配施能提高双季稻产量、氮素利用效率,不同肥力水平稻田应选择适合的比例,中低肥力水平稻田以30%有机肥配施较为合适,而高肥力水平稻田宜选择50%、70%有机肥配施较为合适。     

长期不同比例有机肥-化肥配施下红壤性水稻土氮素矿化特征

土壤有机氮的矿化是土壤氮素肥力的重要指标之一,也是影响作物产量至关重要的因素。以33年长期定位试验为依托,对红壤性双季稻田土壤氮累积、矿化动力学特征等进行系统研究。定位试验始于1984年,选取其中5个施肥处理:不施肥(CK),施氮磷钾肥(NPK),施50%化肥+50%有机肥(50F+50M),施30%化肥+70%有机肥(30F+70M),施70%化肥+30%有机肥(70F+30M),于2017年早稻种植前采集耕层(0～20 cm)土壤样品,采用淹水密闭间歇淋洗法,对土壤氮矿化量和速率进行测定,并采用一级动力学方程拟合土壤氮矿化势(N_0)、矿化速率常数(k)等。结果表明,长期施肥显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮含量,以有机无机肥配施提升效果最为显著,且随有机肥投入量增加而递增,30F+70M处理较NPK处理显著提高铵态氮、硝态氮及总矿质氮含量,分别提高了47.0%、64.6%和49.7%。连续施肥33年后,施肥显著提高了土壤净矿化速率和土壤矿化氮释放量,排序为30F+70M50F+50M70F+30MNPKCK,配施有机肥较施化肥处理显著提高了土壤矿化氮累积释放量和土壤氮素矿化率,分别是化肥处理的2.70和1.41倍。长期施肥均显著提高了土壤氮素矿化势(N_0),提高幅度为65.9%～196.0%,配施30%有机肥(70F+30M)较施化肥处理(NPK)可显著增加水稻土氮素矿化势,降低氮矿化速率常数。土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮及铵态氮含量显著影响N_0、N_0/N、累积矿化量及矿化率,土壤氮矿化速率常数(k)与C/N呈现极显著负相关。长期化学氮肥与低比例有机肥配施,使水稻土供氮缓慢而持久,在水稻的生长发育过程中能够不断地补充氮素。     

不同有机替代对黄土旱塬土壤碳、氮组分及冬小麦产量的影响

探讨黄土旱塬冬小麦区不同有机肥替代化肥氮对小麦产量及土壤碳氮组分的影响,为该区减施化学氮肥、促进小麦提质增效和农业绿色可持续发展提供理论依据。于2019年在山西黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区设置100%化肥N处理(HF)、10%腐殖酸N+90%化肥N (F1)、30%腐殖酸N+70%化肥N (F3)、50%腐殖酸N+50%化肥N (F5)、10%有机肥N+90%化肥N (Y1)、30%有机肥N+70%化肥N (Y3)、50%有机肥N+50%化肥N (Y5)7个试验处理,系统研究了不同比例腐殖酸、有机肥替代化肥对小麦产量及产量构成和土壤碳、氮组分含量的影响。结果表明:F3、F5、Y3和Y5处理,分别较HF显著提高9.7%,8.0%,9.2%和18.2%。同时,Y5对土壤中各种活性有机碳、氮组分含量的提高均有显著促进作用,提高幅度在36.8%~114.4%和27.8%~105.4%;Y3处理下可溶性、水溶性、微生物有机碳、氮和轻组有机碳、氮组分的含量较HF显著提高21.1%~156.8%;F3和F5处理下土壤中可溶性、微生物和轻组有机碳、氮组分含量较HF显著提高25.4%~119.3%。可溶性有机碳、微生物有机氮、轻组有机氮与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关;可溶性有机氮通过促进公顷穗数增加而提高冬小麦产量;总有机碳、水溶性有机碳和微生物有机氮则通过提高穗粒数达到增产效果。综上,在黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区进行30%~50%的有机肥和腐殖酸替代化肥后,可达到显著增产效果,同时提高土壤中活性碳、氮组分的作用。其中,50%有机肥替代处理的增产与培肥地力效果更为显著,适宜在当地推广应用。     

施入~(15)N标记氮肥在长期不同培肥土壤的残留及其利用

采用盆栽试验和短期矿化培养相结合的方法,研究了施入15N标记氮肥(+N)及其与秸秆配施(+1/2N+1/2S)在3种长期(19年)不同培肥土壤(即:No-F,长期不施肥土壤;NPK,长期施用NPK化肥土壤;MNPK,长期有机无机肥配施土壤)中的残留及其矿化和作物吸收特性。结果表明,第一季小麦收获后,+1/2N+1/2S处理下三供试土壤和+N处理下的NPK和MNPK土壤残留肥料氮(残留15N)中有82.6%~95.1%以有机态存,而+N处理下No-F土壤残留15N有47.7%以矿质态存在。经过28 d矿化培养后,与NPK土壤相比,MNPK土壤氮素净矿化量显著增加,增幅为39%~49%;NPK和MNPK土壤残留肥料氮(残留15N)矿化量为1.23~1.90 mg kg-1,占总残留15N的2.78%~5.53%,均显著高于No-F土壤。与+N处理相比,+1/2N+1/2S处理显著提高了3供试土壤氮素净矿化量,但两施肥处理对NPK和MNPK土壤残留15N矿化量无显著影响。+N处理下No-F土壤残留15N的利用率为20%,显著高于NPK(9%)和MNPK(12%)土壤。两种施肥处理下,MNPK土壤残留15N的利用率均显著高于NPK土壤。短期培养期间土壤氮素矿化量和第二季小麦生育期作物吸氮量呈显著性正相关,而残留15N矿化量和第二季小麦吸收残留15N量间无显著性相关关系。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤残留肥料氮的矿化量及有效性。     

长期施用不同有机肥对甘薯产量和土壤生物性状的影响

以花生—甘薯轮作的长期定位试验为研究对象,研究不同(类)有机肥对甘薯产量、土壤微生物丰度和酶活性的影响,为选取合适的有机肥在提高作物产量和改善土壤生物性状方面提供依据。共选取5个施肥处理:(1)CK,空白对照;(2)NPK,单施化肥;(3)NPK+SR,化肥+稻草;(4)NPK+M,化肥+商品有机肥;(5)NPK+P,化肥+猪粪。结果表明:与CK相比,NPK、NPK+SR、NPK+M和NPK+P处理均显著增加鲜薯产量和地上部生物量(P<0.05),其中NPK+P处理效果最好。与CK比较,NPK处理显著降低土壤细菌、真菌、固氮菌和活化有机磷微生物的丰度(P<0.05),而NPK+SR、NPK+M和NPK+P处理在不同程度上缓解了NPK处理对土壤微生物丰度的抑制作用。土壤酶的加权平均值(GMea)在一定程度上可用来评价土壤酶的总体活性。与CK相比,NPK、NPK+SR和NPK+M处理的土壤酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),而NPK+P处理的土壤酶活性有所提高;对于土壤单一酶活性,NPK+P处理与CK比较显著降低土壤脲酶活性(P<0.05),但显著提高酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性。此外,主成分和相关性分析表明,土壤养分和土壤有机碳与鲜薯产量和地上部生物量显著正相关,土壤pH是驱动土壤微生物丰度和土壤酶活性变化的主要因素。因此,长期有机无机肥配施通过提高土壤养分、有机碳含量以及调节土壤pH变化在提高甘薯产量和改善土壤生物性状方面取得良好效果。总体来说,化肥配施猪粪在培肥地力和增产增收方面效果最佳。     

菌肥与有机无机肥配施对石灰性土壤不同形态氮素的影响

利用不同施肥处理对山西省晋中市石灰性土壤几种不同形态氮素含量的变化及其相关性进行研究。结果表明:每个施肥处理施入等量的氮(N)、磷(P2O5),土壤的铵态氮、硝态氮及微生物氮含量都在逐年增加,其中有机肥+化肥+菌肥处理对提高土壤铵态氮作用明显;单施有机肥处理对提高土壤硝态氮效果显著,与有机肥+化肥+菌肥、有机肥+化肥处理效果差异性不显著;有机肥+化肥+菌肥处理对土壤微生物氮效果最明显,有机肥+化肥效果次之,两处理差异显著。土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量呈显著正相关;微生物氮与铵态氮、硝态氮含量相关性都不好;菌肥与有机无机肥配施后,菌肥对于提高土壤微生物氮最显著(10.09%),铵态氮次之(6.24%),硝态氮不明显(2.05%),因此虽然添加了菌肥,但是没有完全改变"有机肥+化肥+菌肥"仍然是"有机肥+化肥处理"的本质属性。     

长期有机无机肥配施下玉米氮素利用率和红壤碱解氮含量的阶段性变化

  【目的】  充足的氮素供应是玉米高产的保证,研究红壤上玉米氮素吸收和土壤氮素盈余对长期不同施肥措施的响应特征,旨在为红壤地区玉米持续高产和土壤氮素科学管理提供依据。  【方法】  本研究依托江西进贤双季玉米定位试验,选择不施肥(CK)、常量化肥(NPK)、两倍量化肥(DNPK)、有机肥(OM)与常量化肥+有机肥(NPKM) 5个处理,以10年为一个试验阶段,分析了35年来玉米产量、氮肥利用率、0—20 cm土层土壤碱解氮含量以及氮素表观盈余量等的阶段性变化规律。  【结果】  施肥处理(NPKM、DNPK、OM和NPK)玉米35年平均产量较不施肥对照(CK)分别显著提高了3.36～9.07、3.31～5.64、2.46～6.72和1.91～3.70倍,氮素吸收量分别显著提高了5.20～11.93、4.33～7.02、3.66～5.90和1.80～3.64倍。在试验0～10年,各施氮处理间玉米产量无显著差异,氮素吸收量NPKM、DNPK和OM处理间无显著差异,但均显著高于NPK处理。在试验11～20年,NPKM和DNPK处理产量与氮素吸收量显著高于NPK和OM处理;在试验21～35年,NPKM处理的产量和氮素吸收量均显著高于其他处理。NPK和DNPK处理的氮肥偏生产力在0～20年期间升高,在21～35年间下降,而NPKM和OM处理的氮肥偏生产力逐渐升高,至试验31～35年时,显著高于NPK和DNPK处理。各施氮处理土壤氮素均处于盈余状态,前30年均以NPKM处理氮素盈余量最高,较DNPK与NPK处理分别显著提升了13.63%～37.48%、133.95%～208.24%,而在试验31～35年,DNPK处理氮素盈余量与NPKM处理无显著差异。0—20 cm土层土壤碱解氮含量与氮素盈余量呈显著正相关 (P<0.05),氮素盈余量每增加 10 kg/hm2,0～10、11～20、21～30、31～35年耕层土壤碱解氮含量分别增加1.00、1.20、1.60、2.80 mg/kg。  【结论】  在试验前20年,单施化肥玉米氮素吸收量和肥料的偏生产力呈增加趋势,之后呈下降趋势。而有机无机肥配施或者单施有机肥可持续提高氮肥利用率,促进玉米增产。氮素盈余量的增加与耕层土壤碱解氮含量呈显著正相关;随施肥年限的延长,有机无机肥配施对土壤养分含量提升效果增强。     

长期施肥对南方黄泥田水稻养分吸收利用的影响

黄泥田为南方广泛分布的一类中低产田，为探明长期不同施肥模式对水稻养分吸收利用的影响，基于南方黄泥田连续 35年长期定位试验平台，设置 1)不施肥(CK)，2)单施化肥(NPK)，3)化肥 +牛粪(NPKM)，4)化肥 +稻秆还田(NPKS)4个处理，于试验的第 35年分析水稻各生育期的植株养分与累积吸收利用。结果表明，长期施肥均提高了水稻籽粒和秸秆产量，其中籽粒产量增幅 61.1%～ 97.7%，以 NPKM与NPKS处理最高，其籽粒产量分别较 NPK处理提高 22.7%和 20.4%。与 CK相比，各施肥处理成熟期籽粒 N、P、K吸收量分别增幅 137.6%～206.2%、86.0%～ 172.4%和 71.6%～142.5%，茎叶N、P、K吸收量分别增幅98.4%～240.8%、145.7%～419.8%、94.4%～142.8%，且均以 NPKM处理最高。施肥的土壤有机质、碱解N、速效 K含量分别较 CK增幅 21.0%～42.1%、34.0%～ 86.0%和 40.9%～127.3%，差异均达显著水平，有机质、碱解 N及有效 P含量以 NPKM处理提升最为显著，速效 K含量以 NPKS处理提升最为明显。不论是籽粒、茎秆还是地上部植株，成熟期 N、P、K养分吸收量均与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关，且 N、P、K养分吸收量分别与相应的土壤碱解 N、有效 P及速效 K含量呈显著正相关。综合考虑施肥对水稻产量、养分利用与稻田土壤肥力的影响，NPKM与 NPKS处理优于 NPK，而 NPKM与 NPKS二者产量基本相当。土壤有机质是影响黄泥田水稻植株N、P、K养分吸收累积的关键因子。     

长期不同培肥措施下玉米产量稳定性及棕壤氮素累积分布特征

  【目的】  研究长期不同培肥措施下玉米产量的稳定性、可持续性和土壤矿质氮累积分布、微生物量氮含量特征,为制定合理的施肥措施和保证东北棕壤地区农业的可持续绿色发展提供理论依据。  【方法】  棕壤肥料长期定位试验始于1979年。选取其中的12个处理:不施肥对照(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷肥配施(NP)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、低量有机肥(M1)及其与化肥配施(M1N、M1NP和M1NPK)、高量有机肥(M2)及其与化肥配施(M2N、M2NP和M2NPK),分析长期施肥下玉米产量的变化,并于2018年在玉米收获期采集植株和土壤样品,阐明玉米地上部吸氮量变化,0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮分布、累积及微生物量氮含量的差异。  【结果】  长期不同施肥下玉米产量呈波动变化,且在1979—1998年内玉米产量变化趋势较平稳,1999—2018年内变幅较大。M1NPK、M2NPK处理玉米平均产量最高,在试验前20年较NPK处理分别提高了10.3%、11.7%,后20年分别提高了17.1%、19.4%。随着试验年限增加,玉米产量的稳定性和可持续性增加,有机肥配施化肥各处理高于单施化肥处理,在试验前20年和后20年玉米产量的可持续性指数(SYI)介于0.43～0.58和0.50～0.67,低量有机肥配施处理高于高量有机肥配施处理。配施有机肥各处理肥料贡献率高于单施化肥处理,且试验后20年M1NPK处理肥料贡献率最高,达54%。施肥40年后(2018年)玉米地上部吸氮量以M1NPK处理最高(302 kg/hm2),与M2NPK处理差异不显著。配施低量有机肥玉米收获期80—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮含量较低,M1NPK处理 0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮贮量为127 kg/hm2,显著低于M1N和M1NP处理。而高量有机肥配施各处理0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮贮量较化肥试区和低量有机肥试区分别增加了324.5%和172.9%,增加了氮素损失风险。此外,长期配施有机肥处理0—40 cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量增加,但低量和高量有机肥试区各处理间差异不显著。  【结论】  长期不同培肥措施会影响玉米产量的稳定性和可持续性,改变土壤氮素分布和累积,进而影响玉米氮素吸收。低量有机肥(13.5 t/hm2)配施氮磷钾化肥可促进玉米生长和氮素吸收,降低0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮贮量,降低氮素损失风险,增加微生物量氮含量,较高的微生物量氮又可作为有机氮库来增加土壤供氮并固持易损失的矿质氮和肥料氮,以保证玉米的高产稳产和环境友好。     

Kinetics of 15N -labelled nitrogen from co-compost made from cattle manure and chemical fertilizer in a paddy field

In order to produce an effective organic fertilizer, cattle manure was cocomposted with chemical fertilizer. And the kinetics of nitrogen uptake by rice plants from the co-compost was investigated using the ¹⁵N labelled co-composts on either cattle manure or chemical fertilizer. As a control, nitrogen kinetics from the mixture of cattle manure and chemical fertilizer without co-composting was investigated. At the early stage, rice growth may have been promoted by co-composting, while, it may have been promoted by the larger N-content of cattle manure at the harvesting stage. The ratios of nitrogen uptake by rice plants and residual nitrogen in soil from the cattle manure and chemical fertilizer were determined by measuring ¹⁵N -atom%. The N -uptake ratios by rice plants from the cattle manure in the co-composted plot were about 2–4 times higher than those from the cattle manure without co-composting. However, the N -uptake ratios from the chemical fertilizer in the co-composted plot were lower than those from the chemical fertilizer without co-composting. The N -content of the rice plants derived from chemical fertilizer without co-composting decreased consistently after 28 d. The nitrogen from chemical fertilizer in the co-compost was absorbed again in the latter period of rice growth. The total nitrogen uptake by rice plants from cattle manure and chemical fertilizer was similar regardless of co-composting. However, co-composting would be advantageous at least· in terms of the following aspects: increase of the N -uptake by rice plants from cattle manure, slow-release ability of nitrogen from chemical fertilizer, decrease of nitrogen loss by denitrification.     

Mineralization of soil organic nitrogen solubilized by aqua ammonia fertilizer

Organic N solubilized by NH_3(aq) was extracted from ¹⁵N-labelled or unlabelled soil, concentrated and added to non-extracted soil, which was incubated under aerobic conditions at 27±1°C. Gross N mineralization, gross N immobilization, and nitrification in soils with or without addition of unlabelled soluble organic N were estimated by models based on the dilution of the NH ₄ ⁺ or NO _inf3 ^sup- pools, which were labelled with ¹⁵N at the beginning of incubation. Mineralization of labelled organic N was measured by the appearance of label in the mineral N pool. Although gross N mineralization and gross N immobilization were increased in two soils between day 0 and day 7 following addition of unlabelled organic N solubilized by NH_3(aq), there was no increase in net N mineralization. Solubilization of ¹⁵N-labelled organic N increased and the ¹⁵N enrichment of the soluble organic N decereased as the concentration of NH_3(aq) added increased. A constant proportion of approximately one-quarter of the labelled organic N added at different rates to non-extracted soil was recovered in the mineral N pool after an incubation period of 14 days, and the availability ratios calculated from net N mineralization data were 1.1:1 and 2.1:1 for 111 and 186 mg added organic-N kg^-1 soil, respectively, indicating that the mineralization of organic N was increased by solubilization.     

A study of soil and fertilizer phosphorus intake by Barley plants,using Radioactive tracer technique

Introduction

Phosphorus applied on a phosphate deficient soil, by increasing the root development of the plant, or by stimulating the soil microflora especially in the rhizosphere, may increase the amount of phosphorus which the plant takes up from the soil. This present paper is a report on a pot culture investigation of such an effect of added phosphorus.     

氮肥施用对作物吸收土壤氮的影响——兼论作物氮肥利用率

在15N标记肥料微区试验中采取了抑制土壤中氮生物固持作用的措施——用长期不施肥试验地、小麦拔节前施15N标记KNO3,成功显示了影响施氮作物吸收土壤氮的另一个过程:肥料氮对土壤氮库的稀释作用(或作物吸收养分过程中肥料氮和土壤氮的库替换作用)的存在;试验中施氮作物较不施氮作物少吸收土壤氮,呈现负的ANI(加入氮交互作用)。生物固持作用和肥料氮对土壤氮库的稀释作用是两个作用相反且交织在一起的过程,其相互抵消、平衡后的最终结果可以是正ANI,也可以是负ANI,决定于两者影响力的强弱。由于受上述过程的影响,用田间试验估测作物氮肥利用率,无论15N标记法或传统的差值法,均不可能获得可信的结果。作为替代方法,比值法可避免上述过程的影响,经本试验检验,结果良好。     

Effect of Organic matter application on the fate of 15N-labeled ammonium fertilizer in an upland soil

Abstract

The clay mineral composition of two “terra roxa estruturada” (TRE) soils occurring in the tropical rain forest and tropical forest/savannah transition zone, and a reddish brunizem in the savannah/semi-arid transition zone was studied comparatively in the southeast Amazon region.

Kaolin minerals were dominant in these soils, and hematite and goethite were found in the clay fraction. A small amount of 2 : 1-type clay minerals was found in two soils. The mineral composition of the clay fraction in the TRE soils was hardly influenced by the difference of the meteorological factor or their water condition in this region, and this factor should not control the influence of parent materials derived from basic rocks. The TRE soils were developed under the condition of laterite genesis, and were regarded claymineralogically as a kind of the lateritic soils.     

Impact of top-pruning time on the fertilizer N use efficiency of flue-cured tobacco as assessed by 15N tracing technique

To evaluate the impact of top-pruning time on fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE) of flue-cured tobacco, we adopted ¹⁵N tracing technique and conducted a 2-year experiment from 2014 to 2015 in eastern China. The experiment included three top-pruning points of time: 5th, 25th and 45th day after flowering (DAF), abbreviated, respectively, as TP5, TP25 and TP45. The amounts of plant N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) and soil (Ndfs) were observed during 0–55th DAF. Results showed that top-pruning slowed down the increase of Ndff in tobacco organs, particularly in the leaf, but accelerated the increase of Ndfs dramatically. The proportion of Ndff (%) accounted for the total N reduced dramatically after top-pruning. This reduction might attribute to the selectivity of plant to different N sources as influenced by top-pruning while had little relationship with soil N supply, according to the analysis on the soil total mineral N and mineral ¹⁵N. The average NUE for the 2 years was 32%, 41% and 47%, respectively, for TP5, TP25 and TP45, showing significant (p < 0.05) differences. We concluded that the tobacco preferred to uptake soil N rather than fertilizer N after top-pruning; thus, optimizing the top-pruning time might be one of the approaches to improve the in-season NUE of flue-cured tobacco.     

有机无机氮肥配施对土壤氮淋失及油麦菜生长的影响

利用网室盆栽试验,研究了相同施氮量不同有机无机氮配施比例：0∶4、1∶3、1∶1、3∶1和4∶0对油麦菜产量及土壤氮淋失的影响。结果表明,0∶4配比（单施无机氮肥）处理土壤渗虑液pH值最低,而总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮淋失量最高,分别为926.6、648.3和194.7mg;配施有机肥能够显著提高渗滤液pH值和增加油麦菜产量,同时降低土壤氮淋失量,且随有机肥配施量增加,土壤氮淋失量下降明显,而1∶1有机无机氮配比处理油麦菜产量最高;硝态氮是土壤主要的氮淋失形态;油麦菜移栽第5 d和第18 d是土壤总氮、硝态氮淋失高峰期,且无机氮肥追施能够增加总氮、硝态氮的淋失量;土壤铵态氮淋失量随油麦菜生长总体上呈下降趋势。从兼顾油麦菜产量和减轻氮对环境污染两个角度考虑,有机无机氮1∶1的用量配比较佳。     

Identification of amino acids in humic acid

Davidson, Sowden and Atkinson^l) in 1951 reported on the amino acids in the three soil organic matter fractions, and Stevenson, Marks, Varner and Martin~) in 1952 reported on the identification of eight amino acids from clay-adsorbed organic colloids in Brookstom slity clay loam. Also, some investigations on these amino acids have been carried out in our laboratory.     

烤烟烟碱合成及其氮素来源与移栽期和氮肥的关系研究

采用田间试验与15N同位素示踪微区试验,在湖北襄樊植烟生态区老湾村(N 31°27,′E 111°14′,海拔1130 m)研究了3个不同移栽期和施用氮肥对烤烟烟碱含量和烟碱氮素来源的影响。研究结果表明,与5月5日移栽相比,推迟移栽期至5月15日2~5日,烟碱含量、烟碱氮占总氮比例以及烟碱肥料氮比例分别平均增加10%8~5%、5%1~10%和21%5~6%;与不施氮相比,施用氮肥提高烟碱含量12%5~9%,提高烟碱氮占总氮比例5%~127%。烤烟烟碱氮占总氮的比例随生育进程逐渐增加,而各部位烟叶烟碱肥料氮比例随生育进程和叶位上升逐渐下降。土壤氮是烟碱氮的主要来源,对烟叶烟碱含量有决定性影响。结果说明在当地条件下,控施氮肥和适当提前移栽期更有利于降低烟叶(尤其是中、上部叶)中的烟碱含量。     

Effects of NPK fertilizer combinations on yield and nitrogen balance in sorghum or pigeonpea on a vertisol in the semi-arid tropics

A long-term experiment was carried out on a Vertisol from 1986 to 1992 to examine the combined effects of NPK fertilizers on yield using sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. CSH 5) and short-duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. cv. ICPL 87). The fertilizer treatments were as follows: 0 (no fertilization), N (150 kg N ha^-1 ), P (65.5 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1), K (124.5 kg K₂O ha^-1), and all possible combinations (NP, NK, PK, and NPK). In this study we continued this experiment during the period 1993 to 1994 and analyzed the crop yield response to fertilizers and the N balance. The amount of N derived from the atmosphere and fertilizer was estimated by the ¹⁵N natural abundance method and ^l5N isotope dilution method, respectively. A combined application of Nand P fertilizers gave the highest grain yield for the two crops under the 8th and 9th continuous croppings, unlike the application of K fertilizer. The values of total N for the two crops were significantly higher in the NP and NPK plots. These crops took up N mainly from soil. There was a significant positive relationship between the uptake of N_dff and N_dfs by each crop. Pigeonpea or sorghum took up more N from the soil in the N fertilizer plots than in the plots without N, suggesting that soil N fertility was enhanced and the amount of N supplied from soil increased in the plots with consecutive application of N fertilizer for 7 y. Even pigeonpea, which fixes atmospheric N inherently, needed N fertilizer to achieve high grain yield, suggesting that N fixation by the nodules was not always sufficient to meet the N requirements of the crop under these conditions. Although fertilizer N exerted a beneficial effect on plant growth and yield in the two crops, the values of fertilizer N recovery (FNR) by the two crops were considerably low. Therefore, it is suggested that the development of N fertilizer management which could maximize FNR of each crop should be promoted.