我国水牛科技进步成果综述（二）

我国水牛科技进步成果综述（二）广西水牛研究所（南宁５３０００１）章纯熙３水牛解剖生理的研究３．１水牛解剖学研究：华中农大主持组织全国１２个高等农业院校对水牛解剖学如骨、关节、肌肉、消化、呼吸、泌尿、生殖、心血管、淋巴，内分泌、神经、感官、皮毛等１３个...     

江汉水牛杂交效果初报

江汉水牛是湖北省优良地方水牛品种,通过引入国外优秀水牛品种(尼里瑞菲水牛)对其进行了改良。试验选用40头试验牛(尼里瑞菲水牛与江汉水牛的杂交后代母牛),测定其出生时、3月龄和6月龄体重以及体高、体长、胸围、腹围和管围等体尺指标及每日泌乳量、泌乳天数和泌乳期总产奶量等产奶性能,并进行乳成分和奶品质检测。结果表明杂交水牛不但乳脂率、乳蛋白率较高,其乳中体细胞数也远远低于优质乳40万/m L的要求,保持了江汉水牛抗逆性强的特点,健康状况良好,且杂交后代水牛体尺性状尤其是体高和管围性状尚有提升的空间。因此,对江汉水牛进行本品种选育和复壮,是进一步改良江汉水牛的基础。     

湛江水牛头骨解剖研究

解剖观察湛江市各县、区26头成年水牛和5头未成年水牛的头骨,其枕骨、顶骨、额骨、上颌骨、顶窦等有不同于以前的有关资料所描述的特征。其中枕骨基底部两侧面上缘的浅沟及其前端的血管孔是首次报道。取测量上述各头骨的数字与《中国水牛解剖》一书中的相应数字比较,差异极显著。     

我国中东部地区地方水牛品种的遗传多样性分析

采用中心产区典型群随机抽样方法,检测了峡江水牛、海子水牛、西林水牛、恩施山地水牛、江汉水牛及一个对照群体尼里-拉菲水牛位点的遗传多态性并作分析,来探讨群体的遗传分化关系.研究表明:(1)五个群体及一个对照群体在11个微卫星座位中共检测到174个等位基因,其中有28个等位基因为品种所特有.(2)根据主成份分析结果聚类,先是江汉水牛与恩施水牛聚为一类,然后是与峡江水牛聚为一类,接着与海子水牛聚为一类,再后与西林水牛聚为一类,最后与尼里-拉菲水牛聚类.群体间亲缘关系的远近与其所处地理位置远近表现出了紧密相关.     

我国中东部地区地方水牛品种的遗传多样性分析

采用中心产区典型群随机抽样方法,检测了峡江水牛、海子水牛、西林水牛、恩施山地水牛、江汉水牛及一个对照群体尼里—拉菲水牛位点的遗传多态性并作分析,来探讨群体的遗传分化关系。研究表明:(1)五个群体及一个对照群体在11个微卫星座位中共检测到174个等位基因,其中有28个等位基因为品种所特有。(2)根据主成份分析结果聚类,先是江汉水牛与恩施水牛聚为一类,然后是与峡江水牛聚为一类,接着与海子水牛聚为一类,再后与西林水牛聚为一类,最后与尼里—拉菲水牛聚类。群体间亲缘关系的远近与其所处地理位置远近表现出了紧密相关。     

梅花鹿穴位的研究Ⅱ.穴位局部解剖特点

本文从针灸学角度,以大体解剖学的方法,对4只(8侧)梅花鹿各穴位的解剖学构造以及与邻近组织的关系,作了较系统的观察。结果表明,梅花鹿穴位的局部解剖构造,与牛、羊、马等家畜的基本一致,但其中充阳、茸基、颞脉、睛明、睛俞、膊栏、大椎、夹脊、尾本、尾尖、居髎、环跳、大胯、会阳及邪气等穴位的局部解剖构造具有某些特点。梅花鹿穴位的神经、血管分布非常丰富,由神经、血管所组成的综合性结构,被认为是梅花鹿穴位的主要形态学基础。     

沼泽型水牛微卫星DNA的遗传多样性分析

为探究中国沼泽型水牛品种或类群的遗传多样性,本研究采用了沼泽型水牛30个微卫星标记结合LabChip芯片检测法对德昌水牛、德宏水牛、温州水牛、贵州水牛、西林水牛、富钟水牛及两个引进品种摩拉水牛、尼里－拉菲水牛等40个样本进行了检测和遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在30个微卫星DNA标记上共发现332个等位基因,平均基因多样性和PIC值分别为0.7808和0.7554。聚类分析结果显示,德宏水牛和德昌水牛先聚为一类,随后与富钟水牛、贵州水牛、温州水牛、西林水牛聚为一类;摩拉水牛与尼里－拉菲水牛聚为一类。本研究证实了所选的30个沼泽型水牛微卫星DNA标记可作为有效的遗传标记用于水牛品种间的遗传多样性分析,同时也丰富了当前的水牛微卫星标记资源。     

奶水牛品种改良技术

一、品种 我国牛品种资源十分丰富,有记录的牛品种共45个,其中,水牛是特色优良乳业品种,中国作为世界第三水牛大国,存栏数为2 200万头.我国水牛主要分布在南方18个省区市.广西水牛存栏量225万头,居全国首位.     

水牛κ-酪蛋白外显子4基因的克隆及序列分析

本研究根据普通牛的κ-酪蛋白基因设计一对引物,首次成功扩增出了水牛的κ-酪蛋白外显子4基因,并经序列分析,结果表明κ-酪蛋白外显子4基因片段长780 bp。利用GenBank上的Blast进行比较,中国水牛κ-酪蛋白外显子4序列与地中海水牛、牛、牦牛的κ-酪蛋白外显子4序列同源性分别为99.5%、96.4%、95.9%;氨基酸同源性比较,中国水牛、地中海水牛、牛、牦牛均编码260个氨基酸,中国水牛与地中海水牛、牛、牦牛同源性分别为98.9%、92.0%和91.2%。核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性结果显示,中国水牛和地中海水牛κ-酪蛋白基因变异不大。但由于在碱基230 bp处发生了一个碱基(A→C)的变化,从而导致其氨基酸也发生了变化,即K(Lys赖氨酸)→R(Arg精氨酸)。本研究为进一步对该基因的功能奠定基础。     

家兔头骨的解剖

通过对青年兔和幼年兔头骨的解剖,观察和研究了兔头骨的形态结构,并对组成头骨的29块骨进行了观察描述,精确测量了头骨的长、宽、高以及重量,以期为家兔的进化研究、饲养管理及疾病防治提供理论依据.     

Advances on Molecular Biology Technology of the Water Buffalo （Bubalusbubalus）

The water buffalo (Bubalusbubalus) is an important economic specie in southern provinces that was acclaimed as the most potential and valuable development on the livestock by FAO. The new molecular biology technology will bring the new challenge and opportunity for buffalo researches in recent years. Many major breakthroughs have been made in the research area on the molecular biology technology of the water buffalo, which should reveal its great superiority and development potential on the buffalo genetics and breeding. Consequently, the molecular biology technology applied to the buffalo genetics and breeding and its prospect will be discussed, mainly including the molecular marker, gene chip, transgenic technology and high-throughput sequencing technology, etc. It will lay a foundation for further research on the molecular biology technology of the water buffalo and play an important role in promoting the rapidly development of the buffalo industry.     

Lacrimal bone agenesis in a dog

A 20-month-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred because of a 10-week history of swelling close to the medial canthus of the left eye. Recurrence of the lesion and cytological appearance of the fluid content were suggestive of inflammation. Computed tomography revealed a triangular-shaped bone defect in the skull deep to the lesion. Computed tomography dacryocystography demonstrated contrast medium pooling within the maxillary recess and nasal cavity rather than filling the lacrimal duct. Lacrimal bone agenesis was diagnosed.Key clinical message:Congenital skull including lacrimal bone agenesis may be responsible for swelling of the medial canthus of the eye and computed tomography dacryocystography is helpful in making a diagnosis.     

Radiographic techniques of the nasal cavity and sinuses

Diseases of the nasal cavity and sinuses can be frustrating problems for owners and veterinarians alike. Initial physical examination and routine blood work are often unrewarding in directing the clinician at a diagnosis. Diagnostic imaging can help characterize the disease process and direct treatment or further diagnostics. Radiographs of the skull are an excellent first-line diagnostic step in the analysis of nasal disease. The following article reviews basic techniques, positioning, and interpretation of radiographs of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.     

Buffalo (Bubalus bubali) Late Embryo and Foetus Development: A Morphological Analysis

Many researches describe the embryonic developmental features in domestic animals; however, in farm animals, they are scarce. Most farm animal studies are related to assisted reproduction and embryos transfer techniques. But, morphological features and size measure to estimate the age gestation are rarely reported in literature. Thus, in this study, we described the developmental changes in the bubaline (Bubalus bubali) concepts from 21 to 60 days of gestation. Our results revealed that buffalo embryos similar morphological characteristics similar to other mammalian species. Also, similarities between bovine and bubaline persist; except on foetal stages when buffalos have a faster development than bovine. Therefore, buffalo's gestation period exhibits some varieties and accurate embryo age is more difficult. Yet, when we use a combination of the crown–rump, macroscopic analysis and alizarin red, it is possible to describe better the whole embryogenesis stages of the buffalo and which can contribute for future reproduction researches and applications in veterinary practice.     

Reproduction in Domestic Buffalo

The domestic buffalo is an indispensable livestock resource to millions of smallholder farmers in developing countries, particularly in Asia. Although its reproductive biology is basically similar to that of cattle, there are important differences and unique characteristics that need to be considered in order to apply modern reproductive technologies to improve its productivity. Under most smallholder production systems, the reproductive efficiency of buffalo is compromised by factors related to climate, management, nutrition and diseases. However, when managed and fed properly, buffalo can have good fertility and provide milk, calves and draught power over a long productive life. The basic technical problems associated with artificial insemination in buffalo were largely overcome two decades ago, but the technology has not had the expected impact in some developing countries, because largely of infrastructural and logistic problems. Approaches involving the use of hormones for treating anoestrus and for synchronizing oestrus have had varying rates of success, depending on the protocols used and the incidence of underlying problems that cause infertility. Embryo technologies such as multiple ovulation embryo transfer, in vitro embryo production, cryopreservation and cloning are being intensively studied but have had far lower success rates than in cattle. Improving the productivity of buffalo requires an understanding of their potential and limitations under each farming system, development of simple intervention strategies to ameliorate deficiencies in management, nutrition and healthcare, followed by judicious application of reproductive technologies that are sustainable with the resources available to buffalo farmers.     

Repair of horn and frontal bone avulsion in a forest buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus) with a polymethylmethacrylate dressing.

A 2-yr-old female forest buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus) presented with acute trauma to the right horn following a fight with a conspecific resulting in fracture and avulsion of the frontal bone, cornual process, horn, and juxtaposed skin. The animal was sedated for wound care and debridement followed by placement of an antibacterial-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) dressing. The dressing was noted to be intact on examination at day 7 post-injury, but had become dislodged and had to be replaced at day 11 postinjury. The replacement dressing ultimately fell off 68 days post-injury, revealing a healed circular scar. The use of PMMA in this case provided optimal wound care. In the 6 yr since the injury, the animal has grown a nearly normal-appearing horn, suggesting that the noncornual skin and associated skull structures may retain the ability to differentiate into a near-normal appearing horn because the entire horn apparatus in this case was avulsed.     

水牛有腔卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡的生物形态学特征

为了解水牛有腔卵泡闭锁的起因和有腔卵泡中是否存在卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡，本研究选择青春期前水牛和成年（发情间期和发情期）水牛的卵巢，采用石蜡组织切片、HE染色技术进行光镜观察，并采用DNA原位末端标记（TUNEL）技术和透射电镜观察研究了卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡的特征。结果表明：青春期前水牛的健康有腔卵泡上无或仅有极个别凋亡的卵泡颗粒细胞（GCs），而闭锁有腔卵泡上存在有多量凋亡的GCs，凋亡的形式：GCs层内出现单个或多个凋亡细胞，卵泡腔内出现凋亡小体群。在成年水牛发情间期的闭锁大卵泡上，GCs层弯曲皱折，存在多量凋亡的GCs。发情期水牛成熟卵泡的GCs层也存在GCs凋亡，排卵前的GCs层细胞全部脱落到卵泡腔内。本研究首次在同一组织切片上先后分别应用HE染色和TUNEL检查细胞凋亡，且证实了水牛有腔卵泡GCs凋亡的存在。超微结构显示了GCs凋亡的核边集化、核浓缩及凋亡小体的形态。上述结果提示：在水牛闭锁有腔卵泡中存在着GCs凋亡，GCs凋亡是启动水牛有腔卵泡闭锁的潜在机理。     

我国首例本土河流型水牛——槟榔江水牛的种质特征

槟榔江水牛在云南西部槟榔江上游的腾冲县饲养已有500年以上的历史。该水牛经过长期闭锁繁育和风土驯化，已适应当地亚热带气候环境，是我国发掘的首例本土河流型水牛类群。具有典型的河流型水牛体型外貌特征，但体型相对较小。遗传学分析表明：槟榔江水牛体细胞核型染色体数多为2n=50；其群体内遗传变异水平较高，遗传多样性丰富；该水牛与河流型水牛表现出较近的遗传关系，与沼泽型水牛遗传关系较远；确认在群体遗传组成和血统来源上，该水牛由差异十分明显的河流型和沼泽型两个世系所构成，但河流型水牛世系在该水牛群体中占主体，揭示该水牛存在一定的沼泽型水牛基因渗入。生产性能测定结果显示：该水牛一个泌乳期泌乳量为（2452．2±553．8）kg，比河流型摩拉和尼里一拉菲水牛高8．4％～15．0％，比沼泽型本地乳用水牛高124．4％～140．3％；且其乳质佳，乳蛋白率和乳脂率分别为4．60％和6．82％。该水牛在2008年经国家畜禽遗传资源委员会颁布为我国遗传资源的牛种之一，发展前景看好，将有望培育成中国首个河流型乳用水牛新品种。     

福安水牛研究利用的现状与展望

 福安水牛是我国优良的水牛品种之一,是福建省唯一的水牛地方良种。论文分析了福安水牛在品种资源调查、役用性能、肉用性能、乳用性能、血液生理生化、血液蛋白多态性、线粒体DNA D loop区遗传多样性分析、DGAT基因多态性分析、分子遗传多样性研究等领域的研究现状,提出要开展品种资源保护和开发利用,认为福安水牛应该由以前“役用为主,乳肉为辅”向“乳用为主,肉役为辅”方向转变。     

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF SKULL OSTEOMYELITIS IN FOUR YOUNG DOGS

Computed tomography (CT) features of four immature to young adult dogs with osteomyelitis of the skull are described. Trauma or bite wounds were the cause of infection and Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen. CT features were a combination of soft tissue thickening, bone lysis, and bone proliferation. Bone lysis was extensive in some dogs with a moth-eaten appearance and involved the calvarium, base of the skull, the frontal sinuses, and the temporomandibular joint. In other dogs it was more focal with thinning of the bone rather than complete lysis. Bone proliferation also varied in appearance from irregular palisading or spiculated to expansion and septation of the frontal bone. Sequestrum formation was seen in one dog. Widespread infection in one dog involved the tympanic bullae and the temporomandibular joint. Lysis of the calvarium resulted in bacterial meningitis in two dogs. One dog was euthanized and three were treated with surgical curettage of the affected bone and antibiotic therapy which resulted in resolution of the clinical signs in one dog whereas two dogs had recurrent disease. CT was very helpful for characterizing extent and localization of the infection. Despite the aggressive CT features, osteomyelitis should be considered especially in young animals with a history of trauma or bite wounds. The pathophysiology of skull bone infections is discussed.