低温胁迫对蜡梅几个抗逆生理指标的影响

以3个蜡梅品种为试验材料,通过人工低温处理,对枝条相对电导率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、丙二醛(MDA)等指标进行了研究,并利用Logistic方程计算了各品种的半致死温度。结果表明,3个品种的抗寒性具有明显差异,抗寒能力依次为:‘玉碗藏红’>‘出水芙蓉’>‘琥珀’。降温过程中,耐寒性强的品种能保持较高的SOD和POD酶活性和较低的MDA含量。因此,相对电导率、SOD、POD、MDA在一定程度上能反映蜡梅的抗寒能力,可作为其抗寒性评价指标。     

4个苹果品种的抗寒性评价

【目的】探究4个具有亲代遗传关系苹果品种的抗寒性，明确能够反映抗寒性强弱的生理指标，为寒地苹果选育过程中优系快速筛选及抗寒栽培管理提供理论支持。【方法】以长富2号、寒富、东光和龙帅休眠期1年生枝为试材，分别在-15、-20、-25、-30、-35℃低温下处理24 h，并于4℃环境中缓冻24 h，测定膜结构稳定性、活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质生理指标，结合主成分分析综合评价影响苹果品种抗寒性差异的生理因素。【结果】随着处理温度的降低，4个苹果品种的相对电导率和丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量呈现升高趋势，抗寒性强的龙帅相对电导率在不同低温处理下均低于其他品种且变化较为平稳。相比于-15℃处理，长富2号枝条中的O₂^.-和H₂O₂含量在-35℃时分别增加了38.07%和12.63%，显著高于其他品种。抗寒性越强的品种抗氧化酶活性越较高，且响应低温的速率较快。低温下抗寒性品种积累大量的可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖等渗透调节物质，各品种苹果枝条糖组分主要是蔗糖和山梨醇。在-25℃低温胁迫下，...     

不同杏品种抗寒性及生理指标

以"晋梅杏""凯特""鸡蛋杏""金太阳"一年生休眠枝条和带花枝条为试材,通过不同低温处理,测定膜透性、保护酶活性和渗透调节物质,比较生理指标在低温下的变化以及与抗寒性的关系,分析各指标间的相关性,以期为筛选抗寒新品种提供参考依据。结果表明:随温度降低,枝条相对电导率、枝条丙二醛(MDA)含量、枝条脯氨酸含量、杏花MDA含量、杏花脯氨酸含量呈上升的趋势;枝条超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、花朵SOD活性整体呈先升后降的趋势。"凯特"枝条中MDA含量与其它3个品种差异显著;"金太阳"枝条中脯氨酸含量与其它3个品种差异显著。花朵中MDA含量与4个杏品种的抗寒性呈负相关;除"鸡蛋杏"以外,枝条中脯氨酸含量与抗寒性呈正相关。相对电导率和枝条中SOD活性、枝条中脯氨酸含量、花朵中MDA含量呈极显著正相关,与花朵中脯氨酸含量呈显著负相关。花朵中MDA含量与花朵中SOD活性、花朵中脯氨酸含量呈极显著负相关;花朵中SOD活性与花朵中脯氨酸含量呈极显著正相关。综上所述,4种杏品种抗寒性强弱顺序为"金太阳">"晋梅杏">"鸡蛋杏">"凯特"。     

5个砧木苹果枝条的抗寒性评价

【目的】对不同砧木的长富2号(Nagano Fuji No.2)苹果枝条进行抗寒性综合评价,旨在筛选能提高长富2号苹果抗寒性的优良砧木,为陇东地区长富2号苹果抗寒栽培和砧木引进提供理论依据。【方法】以SH1、Y-1、B9、T337和M26砧木嫁接的1年生深度休眠期苹果枝条为试材,分别在-15、-20、-25、-30、-35、-40℃的低温处理12 h,测定相对电导率(REC),丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SS)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量,以及过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等生理指标。利用电导法结合Logistic方程和隶属函数法综合评价5个砧木苹果枝条的抗寒性。【结果】随着温度的降低,5个砧木苹果枝条的相对电导率逐渐升高,呈"S"形变化曲线;丙二醛、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸在低温半致死温度附近出现突然跃变的现象;抗寒性强的砧木品种能保持较高的酶活性。【结论】5个砧木品种的耐寒性由强到弱依次为B9(-40.1℃)SH1(-36.0℃)Y-1(-32.7℃)M26(-31.3℃)T337(-23.4℃)。     

3个石榴品种越冬抗寒性及生理差异分析

以石榴品种‘鲁青1号’‘泰山红’和‘突尼斯软籽’的一年生枝条为试材，采用电解质渗出率拟合Logistic方程确定低温半致死温度（LT50）评价抗寒性，测定相对含水量、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、丙二醛（MDA）含量，测定过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性，结合田间越冬率、枝条植物学特征、冻害胁迫后枝条恢复能力，研究其越冬期间抗寒性及其生理基础。研究发现：3个品种抗寒能力差异显著，‘鲁青1号’抗寒性最强，田间越冬率远高于‘泰山红’和‘突尼斯软籽’，‘突尼斯软籽’抗寒性最差，田间越冬率为0。与‘突尼斯软籽’相比，‘鲁青1号’枝条粗壮，硬，节间相对短；枝刺粗壮，硬；皮孔封闭早且封闭层数多，包被严密；低温处理后生理指标变化幅度相对小，MDA含量较低，可溶性蛋白含量、POD活性较高，能较好地维持其渗透压和氧化还原平衡，使其抗寒能力远大于‘突尼斯软籽’。     

陇东地区不同矮化中间砧对‘长富2号’苹果抗寒性的影响

【目的】筛选在甘肃陇东地区适宜‘长富2号’苹果树体安全越冬的抗寒矮化中间砧,并初步确立不同矮化中间砧‘长富2号’苹果抗寒性鉴定的综合评价方法。【方法】以9种不同矮化中间砧(SH_1、SC_1、SH_6、SH_(38)、M_(26)、M_7、M_9、T_(337)、JM_7)‘长富2号’(‘长富2号’/中间砧/新疆野苹果)的1 a(年)生枝条为试材,采用人工模拟低温的方法,测定不同温度(-15、-20、-25、-30、-35、-40℃)处理下枝条相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、花青苷含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,并分析各抗寒相关指标变化趋势。【结果】随着处理温度的降低,9种中间砧‘长富2号’的REC、可溶性糖含量、MDA呈现上升趋势,可溶性蛋白、花青苷含量以及SOD、POD和CAT活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势;电导率结合Logistic方程计算出了各中间砧‘长富2号’半致死温度(LT_(50)),SH6中间砧‘长富2号’LT_(50)最低,为-35.293℃,JM_7中间砧‘长富2号’LT_(50)最高,为-23.759℃;主成分分析、隶属函数分析、聚类分析等多元方法成功应用于综合鉴定各中间砧‘长富2号’的抗寒性。【结论】不同中间砧‘长富2号’抗寒性可划分为3类:第1类为SH_6、SH_1、SH_(38)、SC_1,抗寒性最强;第2类为M_7、M_(26)、M_9,抗寒性较强;第3类为JM_7、T_(337),抗寒性较弱。     

不同苹果砧木枝条生理指标与抗寒性的关系

通过对从国内外引入的10个苹果抗寒矮化砧木的一年生枝条进行室内人工模拟低温抗寒性检测、单项生理指标的测定和综合评价,结果显示,枝条的相对电导率在-30℃时剧烈增加;所有砧木枝条中MDA含量在-35℃以后总体呈下降趋势,表明细胞后期已经死亡;SOD的活力变化整体呈先增后降趋势;POD的酶活性变化趋势与SOD酶活性变化趋势基本相同,随温度的降低而增强,在整个降温过程中呈现先升高后降低的趋势;CAT的活性变化除了MD001、GM256和辽砧2号是先升高后降低之外,其他砧木都是"升-降-升"的趋势。     

西梅不同砧木抗寒性综合评价

为西梅抗寒栽培及育种提供科学理论依据,以3种不同西梅砧木的1年生枝条为试验材料,通过不同低温(-15℃、-18℃、-21℃、-24℃、-27℃、-30℃、-33℃、-36℃)处理,测定其相对电导率、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、MDA含量和POD、CAT、SOD活性等生理生化指标,并利用相关性分析和主成分分析对不同砧木抗寒性进行综合评价。结果表明,随着温度的下降,枝条的相对电导率和MDA含量呈上升趋势;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和POD、CAT、SOD活性呈先上升后降低趋势。通过主成分分析提取出了3个主成分,其累计方差贡献率达到79.023%,可以解释绝大部的原始信息。主成分分析得出不同砧木抗寒性评价方法表达式为F=3.190F1+2.107F2+1.024F3。通过该模型计算出不同砧木综合得分,并排序。不同砧木综合得分为-0.105~0.062之间,综合得分排序为酸梅实生杏毛桃。综合比较发现在实际生产中,推广酸梅做砧木较好。该研究结果为西梅抗寒栽培和抗寒育种提供参考。     

不同杏品种的抗寒性研究

以杏1年生枝条为材料，对9个杏品种的6个生理生化指标通过运用SAS软件进行综合评价，排出了抗寒性大小：意大利2号〉苹果杏〉山黄杏〉鸡蛋杏〉华县大接杏〉麻真核〉猪皮水杏〉金荷包〉大杏梅；不同杏品种在低温下通过增加POD、SOD、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质将有利于提高品种的抗寒性；MDA和相对电导率会协同低温进一步伤害植物的细胞组织。     

持续淹水处理对寒富苹果抗逆性酶及光合作用影响初探

针对多雨地区及低洼地果园生产上面临的涝害问题,对'寒富'苹果抗逆性方面进行研究.以3 a生盆栽'寒富'苹果为试材,持续淹水处理后,测定'寒富'苹果根系和叶片抗逆性酶(POD、SOD、PAL)活性以及叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度,胞间CO2浓度.随着淹水时间的延长,POD、SOD、PAL活性都呈先升高后降低的趋势.叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度,都随着淹水时间的延长显著下降,而胞间CO2浓度显著上升,根系活力总体上呈下降趋势,但在处理3 d左右有所回升,根系活力于淹水3 d稍有升高,但整体呈下降趋势.在淹水处理过程中,'寒富'苹果树体保护性酶系都表现出积极的响应,在处理前期都表现出上升趋势,在处理后5 d～7 d达到最大值,随后随着处理时间延长而降低.处理18 d后植株死亡.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. west coast

Habitat for wide-ranging species should be addressed at multiple scales to fully understand factors that limit populations. The marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, forages on the ocean and nests inland in large trees. We developed statistical relationships between murrelet use (occupancy and abundance) and habitat variables quantified across many spatial scales (statewide to local) and two time periods in California and southern Oregon, USA. We also addressed (1) if old-growth forest fragmentation was negatively associated with murrelet use, and (2) if some nesting areas are more important than others due to their proximity to high quality marine habitat. Most landscapes used for nesting were restricted to low elevation areas with frequent fog. Birds were most abundant in unfragmented old-growth forests located within a matrix of mature second-growth forest. Murrelets were less likely to occupy old-growth habitat if it was isolated (> 5 km) from other nesting murrelets. We found a time lag in response to fragmentation, where at least a few years were required before birds abandoned fragmented forests. Compared to landscapes with little tono murrelet use, landscapes with many murrelets were closer to the ocean's bays, river mouths, sandy shores, submarine canyons, and marine waters with consistently high primary productivity. Within local landscapes (≤ 800ha), inland factors limited bird abundance, but at the broadest landscape scale studied (3200 ha), proximity to marine habitat was most limiting. Management should focus on protecting or creating large, contiguous old-growth forest stands, especially in low-elevation areas near productive marine habitat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。