新疆天然胡杨林和野生骆驼刺丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究初报

为探明新疆常见的 2 种建群植物胡杨(Populus euphratica)和骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)丛枝菌根真菌的侵染状况、群落的种类和分布,在塔里木河中游和昌吉老龙河下游的胡杨林分别采集了 13 个土壤和根系样,在骆驼刺根周围分别采集了 8 个土壤和根系样,对土样中丛枝菌根真菌的种类和根系菌根的侵染状况进行了分析.结果表明:胡杨根周围 AM 真菌的优势种为缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)、大果球囊霉(G.macrocarpum)、沙荒球囊霉(G.deserticola)、透光球囊霉(G.diaphanum)和象牙白球囊霉(G.eburneum).骆驼刺根周围 AM 真菌的优势种为沾屑多样孢囊霉(Diversispora spurcum)、摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)和聚丛球囊霉(G.aggregatum).胡杨根系侵染频度和侵染强度分别可达80%和100%,骆驼剌根系侵染频度和侵染强度分别达65%和90%.说明胡杨和骆驼刺是丛枝菌根依赖性很强的植物,且丛枝菌根真菌的多样性也十分丰富.     

天津滨海盐碱土中VA茵根真菌资源调查研究

对天津盐碱土中植物的VA菌根真菌共生状况进行了研究,结果表明:在9科23种盐生植物中,有19种盐生植物被菌根真菌侵染。所调查植物的VA菌根结构类型与宿主植物类型有关,禾本科(Poaceae)植物为P型菌根,豆科(Leguminosae),菊科(Compositae),柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)等其它科植物均为A型菌根;植物的菌根侵染率和植物本身的特性有关;菌根侵染率和孢子密度显著不相关(P=0.9740,r=0.1841,n=23)。     

AM真菌对加拿大一枝黄花与菌根植物和非菌根植物种间作用的影响

为明确丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis与本地菌根植物和非菌根植物种间竞争格局的调控作用,采用温室盆栽试验,通过接种摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae(GM)、根内球囊霉G. intraradices(GI)及其混合菌种(GM+GI)3种处理,分析AM真菌对加拿大一枝黄花与本地菌根植物玉米Zea mays和非菌根植物油菜Brassica campestris种间作用的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,接种AM真菌均显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花和玉米的菌根侵染率,菌根侵染率为13.720%～50.015%,且前者的菌根侵染率明显高于后者。单独种植时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌尤其是接种混合菌种显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数和总干重。在加拿大一枝黄花与玉米混合种植时,与单独种植相比,加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数、根长和总干重均较低;同时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌显著提高了玉米的相对竞争强度而对加拿大一枝黄花的相对竞争强度没有显著影响。在加拿大一枝黄花和油菜混合种植时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌则显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数、净光合速率和总干重;同时,接种AM真菌促进了入侵种的竞争优势而抑制了非菌根植物油菜的生长。说明加拿大一枝黄花与本地种的竞争格局受到与之混生物种的菌根依赖性强度以及AM真菌的种类差异影响。     

荒漠生态系统中丛枝菌根真菌多样性

到目前为止,在全球荒漠生态系统中,共报道了69个科389种丛枝菌根真菌的寄主植物,其中,Compositae,Gramineae和Leguminosae 3个科的植物为荒漠生态系统中丛枝菌根真菌寄主植物的优势类群;共发表了7个属的89种丛枝菌根真菌,其中,Acaulospora和Glomus 属的真菌为荒漠生态系统中的优势类群.在此基础上,分析了荒漠生态系统中AM真菌多样性研究中存在的问题,并探讨了荒漠生态系统中AM真菌的研究方向.     

丛枝菌根真菌和甜菜夜蛾的相互作用

为探索丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌与植食性昆虫的相互作用,将摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae BEG167,Fm)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices BEG141,Gi)和地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme Berch,Gv)3种AM真菌以及甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua分别接种至花生和番茄上,通过测定AM真菌的侵染定殖和甜菜夜蛾的生长发育指标分析AM真菌与甜菜夜蛾的相互作用。结果显示,甜菜夜蛾取食菌根花生植株后,Fm、Gv和Gi的侵染率和泡囊数均有增加,侵染率分别是未取食的1.15、1.10和1.11倍,而Fm的泡囊数增加最显著,是未取食的1.27倍。在菌根番茄植株上,Fm和Gv的侵染率显著增加,分别是未取食的1.24倍和1.94倍,Fm、Gv和Gi的泡囊数均显著增加,分别是未取食的1.50、1.98和1.42倍。甜菜夜蛾取食菌根花生和菌根番茄植株后,幼虫存活率下降,幼虫历期和蛹期明显延长;Fm对其影响最显著,甜菜夜蛾在花生上的存活率、幼虫历期和蛹期分别为26.67%、26.78 d和10.67 d,在番茄上分别为35.52%、24.33 d和10.39 d,与取食非菌根植株处理差异显著。表明甜菜夜蛾能在一定程度上促进AM真菌的侵染和定殖,而AM真菌能抑制甜菜夜蛾的生长和发育,但其影响因AM真菌种类而不同。     

固沙植物的内生菌根

菌根是真菌和植物的共生联合体,广泛存在于自然界。许多树木、农作物和经济作物的根部都能形成菌根,菌丝在根的周围扩展增加了吸收面积,从土壤中吸取更多的水份和磷及其它矿质营养,以促进根的发育。氮有可能做为营养被菌根吸收。此外,菌根还能产生一些植物生长的激素物质,防止其根部病原菌的侵袭,增加植物的抗病抗旱的能力。孢囊(Vesicule)状和丛枝(arbuscules)状形成物的存在是内生菌根的典型特征,因此内生菌根又称VA菌根(Vesicular—arbuseu Mycorrhiza)本文所介绍的5科13属17种植物均为VA菌根,都具有泡囊丛枝和无隔菌丝的结构。     

生防荧光假单胞菌CPF-10对西瓜根围土壤真菌群落的影响

探讨了生防菌荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonas fluorescens CPF-10对西瓜根围土壤真菌群落结构的影响。采用传统分离培养法,结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析,研究了施用CPF-10后不同生育期西瓜根围土壤真菌群落结构的变化。结果表明:施入生防菌CPF-10后2周,其对土壤真菌有一定的促进作用;第3～7周时,CPF-10对土壤真菌尤其是部分病原菌有较强的抑制作用;CPF-10对丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)有一定的促进作用,可维持3周左右;收获期后则检测不到CPF-10对土壤真菌群落的影响。生防菌CPF-10对西瓜根围土壤真菌群落产生的短暂影响不会对土壤生态系统构成长期威胁。对比土著真菌及丛枝菌根真菌的DGGE图谱和切胶条带测序结果,发现DGGE技术更适用于分析小范围特定菌属如丛枝菌根真菌的变化。     

菌根真菌菌剂防治作物土传病害潜力分析

 菌根真菌(mycorrhizal fungi,MF)对植物土传病害有一定的拮抗或抑制作用,能提高植物对土传病害的抗/耐病性。MF菌剂尤其是丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)及外生菌根真菌(ectomycorrhizal fungi,ECMF)菌剂作为一种生物防治剂在生产实践中的应用也是人们关心和感兴趣的问题。本文对MF菌剂防治土传病害的可能性、MF生态生理学、MF菌剂的生产、MF菌剂应用方法以及今后努力的方向进行了系统分析,并对MF菌剂防治土传病害的潜力和应用范围进行了评价。     

丛枝菌根菌丝桥传递作用对烟草抗病性相关酶活性的影响

为明确供体与受体植株间菌丝桥传递抗病信号对受体植株生长以及抗病性相关酶活性的影响,利用丛枝菌根真菌在供体与受体烟苗植株间建立菌根菌丝桥,对供体植株接种青枯菌的方法进行研究。结果表明:在供体烟苗接种丛枝菌根真菌条件下,再接种青枯菌,比只有菌丝连接的受体烟苗叶片内的过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonialyas,PAL)的活性分别提高了21%、29%和14%,地上部干重和植株磷含量也有相同的趋势;而在不接种丛枝菌根真菌条件下,供体烟苗接种青枯菌与否对酶的活性、植株干重及氮、磷含量均无显著影响。表明供体烟苗产生的抗病信号可以通过菌丝桥传递给受体烟苗,增强受体烟苗的抗病性。     

西部矿区接菌对风化煤与黄土配比的土壤改良效应

针对西部矿区土壤贫瘠、有效养分缺乏和作物难以生长的现状,采用盆栽试验方法,风化煤与黄土按不同配比混合为供试基质,玉米为供试植物,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生长的影响及其对不同混合基质的改良效应,寻求风化煤与黄土最佳配比。结果表明:接种丛枝菌根真菌促进了玉米的生长和对矿质元素的吸收,在风化煤与黄土质量比(1∶1)时菌根生态效应达到最大,玉米干质量、叶色值、地上部分氮磷钾累积量分别达到4.61 g·株~(-1),41.17,53.01 mg·株~(-1),7.15 mg·株~(-1),79.42 mg·株~(-1);风化煤与黄土(1∶1)处理菌丝密度达到4.91 m·g~(~(-1)),且玉米根系侵染率达到最大。随着风化煤比例的增加,根际土壤中球囊霉素相关蛋白和酸性磷酸酶活性逐渐递增。丛枝菌根与风化煤的协同作用促进了作物的生长,改善了根际土壤微环境,实现了对沟壑区土壤的改良和培肥。     

河北中部药用植物AM真菌生态学研究

2005年8月和10月,对河北省安国市境内种植的9种药用植物AM真菌侵染状况及与土壤因子的相关性进行了调查分析.结果表明,9种药用植物都能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系,不同药用植物形成菌根的能力不同.形成的菌根包括重楼型(Paris-type)和疆南星型(Arum-type)2种类型.土壤碱解N与丹参和麻山药的孢子密度、北沙参菌丝定殖率和总定殖率呈显著正相关,与紫苑丛枝定殖率呈显著负相关.土壤速效P与丹参丛技定殖率、麻山药泡囊定殖率呈显著正相关,与桔梗孢子密度、白术泡囊定殖率呈显著负相关.土壤有机质与北柴胡孢子密度呈显著负相关.土壤pH与北沙参菌丝定殖率和总定殖率、北柴胡孢子密度呈显著负相关,与北沙参孢子密度呈显著正相关.     

Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with desert ephemeral plants in Gurbantunggut Desert

Previous studies documented that most desert plants can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi,however,little is known about how the dynamics of AM fungi are related to ephemerals in desert ecosystems.The dynamics of AM fungi with desert ephemerals were examined to determine the effects of host plant life stages on the development of AM fungi.Mean colonization of ephemeral annual plants was 45% lower than that of ephemeral perennial plants.The colonizations were much higher in the early part of the growing season than in later parts,peaking at flowering times.The phenology of AM fungi in root systems varied among different ephemerals.The density of AM fungal spores increased with the development of ephemeral annual plants,reached its maximum at flowering times,and then plateaued about 20 days after the aboveground senescence.A significant positive correlation was found between AM fungi spore density and biomass of ephemeral annual plants.The life cycles of AM fungi associated with desert ephemerals were very short,being about 60-70 days.Soil temperature and water content had no direct influence on the development of AM fungal spores.We concluded that the development of AM fungi was in response to desert ephemeral phenology and life history strategy.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved plant growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta under variable soil water conditions

Desert ephemeral plants play an important role in desert ecosystem.Soil water availability is considered as the major restrictive factor limiting the growth of ephemeral plants.Moreover,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM fungi) are widely reported to improve the growth of desert ephemerals.The present study aimed to test the hypothesis of that AM fungi could alleviate drought stress of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta,and AM fungal functions reduced with the improvement of soil water content.A pot experiment was carried out with three levels of soil water contents(4.5%,9.0%,and 15.8%(w/w)),and three AM inoculation treatments(Glomus mosseae,Glomus etunicatum and non-inoculation).The results indicate that mycorrhizal colonization rate decreased with the increase of soil water availability.Inoculation improved plant growth and N,P and K acquisition in both shoots and roots regardless water treatments.When comparing the two fungi,plants inoculated with G.mosseae performed better than those inoculated with G.etunicatum in terms of plant growth and nutrient acquisition.These results showed that ameliorative soil water did not suppress arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal functions in improving growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta.     

关中西部葛藤(Puerraria)根区AM真菌分布与定殖

分析陕西武功的药葛、粉葛和菜葛3个葛藤品种（Puerraria lobata）根区AM真菌的空间分布和定殖情况,以了解AM真菌分布和定殖与土壤因子间的相关性。结果表明：AM真菌定殖和空间分布与宿主种类和土壤深度密切相关。同一植物,品种不同AM真菌定殖率也不同,菜葛的总定殖率,泡囊和菌丝定殖率分别高达98．85％,82．79％,95．96％,均高于粉葛与药葛。丛枝定殖率粉葛显著高于药葛;孢子密度药葛高达7．95个/g土,显著高于菜葛和粉葛。AM真菌孢子密度和菌丝,丛枝及总定殖率均在0～10cm土层达到最大值,而其泡囊定殖率最大值则出现在10-20cm土层。葛藤根际土壤有机质与丛枝定殖率呈显著正相关。土壤pH值与总定殖率呈极显著负相关,与菌丝定殖率呈显著负相关。土样中AM真菌多为球囊霉属（Glomus）种类。也有少数无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）和盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）种类,详细情况有待于进一步鉴定。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal association in Asteraceae plants growing in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia

The present research was undertaken to explor the possibility of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) association with Asteraceae plants in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia(Al-Ghat, Buraydah, Thumamah and Huraymila). AM fungal colonization in the roots, spore numbers in the rhizosphere soil, fungal species diversity and correlation between AM properties and soil properties were determined. The highest colonization was in Conyza bonariensis(65%) from Al-Ghat, Anthemis cotula(52%) from Buraydah and C. bonariensis(53%) from Thumamah. The lowest was in Vernonia schimperi(41%) from Al-Ghat, Pulicaria undulata(25%) from Buraydah, Acanthospermum hispidum(34%) from Thumamah, Asteriscus graveolens(22%) and V. schimperi(22%) from Huraymila. Vesicular and arbuscular colonization were also presented in all plant species examined. The number of spores were 112–207 in Al-Ghat, 113–133 in Buraydah, 87–148 in Thumamah and 107–158 in Huraymila. Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum and G. aggregatum were identified. Relative frequency of AM fungal species varied widely and was irrespective of location and plant species. Diversity index varied with the rhizosphere soils of different plant species at various locations. Soil properties varied with locations and no distinct correlations were observed among the soil properties, root colonization and the number of spores. The results of the present study specified the association of AM fungi in different plants of Asteraceae and its significance in the ecological functioning of annual plants in the punitive environments of the rangelands in Saudi Arabia.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity are affected by host plant species and soil depth in the Mu Us Desert,northwest China

The vertical diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were investigated in the Mu Us Desert, northwest China. Soils were sampled to 50?cm in depth in the rhizospheres of Hedysarum laeve, Artemisia ordosica, and Psammochloa villosa and 44 AM fungal species belonging to 10 genera were isolated. Several of these species have peculiar morphological features, which are distinct from other habitats. AM fungal diversity and distribution differed significantly among the three host plants and the five soil layers. Spore density, species richness, and the Shannon-Wiener index of AM fungi were 0.55–4.3 spores g^?1 soil, 7–36 and 1.78–2.89, respectively. Spore density and species richness had a significant positive correlation with soil total phosphorus content (0.0377–0.1129?mg?g^?1), and a negative correlation with soil pH (7.19–7.64). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling, PerMANOVA, and structural equation model analysis demonstrated that host plant species and soil depth significantly and directly influenced the structure of AM fungal communities. We concluded that diversity and distribution of AM fungi might be influenced by plant species, soil depth patterns, and soil nutrient availability in desert ecosystems. This research into AM fungal communities may lead to the development of AM fungi treatment for the mitigation of soil erosion and desertification using mycorrhizal plants, such as H. laeve, A. ordosica, and P. villosa.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots enhances plant biomass,phosphorus uptake and concentration of root secondary metabolites

Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi penetrate the cortical cells of the roots of vascular plants,and are widely distributed in soil.The formation of these symbiotic bodies accelerates the absorption and utilization of mineral elements,enhances plant resistance to stress,boosts the growth of plants,and increases the survival rate of transplanted seedlings.We studied the effects of various arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on the growth and development of licorice(Glycyrrhiza glabra).Several species of AM,such as Glomus mosseae,Glomus intraradices,and a mixture of fungi(G.mosseae,G.intraradices,G.cladoideum,G.microagregatum,G.caledonium and G.etunicatum)were used in our study.Licorice growth rates were determined by measuring the colonization rate of the plants by the fungi,plant dry biomass,phosphorus concentration and concentration of secondary metabolites.We established two cloned strains of licorice,clone 3(C3)and clone 6(C6)to exclude the effect of genotypic variations.Our results showed that the AM fungi could in fact increase the leaf and root biomass,as well as the phosphorus concentration in each clone.Furthermore,AM fungi significantly increased the yield of certain secondary metabolites in clone 3.Our study clearly demonstrated that AM fungi play an important role in the enhancement of growth and development of licorice plants.There was also a significant improvement in the secondary metabolite content and yield of medicinal compounds from the roots.     

禾草内生真菌与丛枝菌根互作对多年生黑麦草生长及叶斑病的影响

为明确禾草内生真菌和丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)互作对多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne生长发育及叶斑病的影响,设置禾草内生真菌处理(由带有和不带禾草内生真菌种子建立)、AMF(幼套球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum和根内球囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices)单独接种和混合接种处理及不接菌处理(对照),并在植物生长6周后接种或不接种多年生黑麦草叶斑病病原菌根腐离蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana,测定各处理多年生黑麦草的发病率、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、水分利用效率、AMF侵染率、P含量和生物量。结果表明:接种病原菌2周后,多年生黑麦草叶斑病的发病率为25.00%～38.75%,禾草内生真菌和幼套球囊霉均在一定程度上降低了多年生黑麦草的发病率,二者共同作用时发病率显著降低了35.48%。禾草内生真菌与AMF互作能在一定程度上提高植物叶绿素含量,促进光合作用,并促进P吸收和植物生长,二者的互作效应因禾草内生真菌与AMF组合而异,但均优于二者单独使用时的效应,其中禾草内生真菌与幼套球囊霉互作对多年生黑麦草生长及叶斑病防治的效果最好。     

茉莉酸介导的丛枝菌根真菌诱导植物抗病性研究进展

丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌能与植物根系建立共生体提高植物抗病性。植物激素茉莉酸（jasmonic acid,JA）参与AM的形成,介导AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性。目前,关于AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性内容较为丰富,但是关于JA介导的AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性却有待进一步研究。本文首先总结了JA对AM形成和AM对植物内源JA积累的影响;其次介绍了AM真菌对植物抗病性影响及诱导机制;最后从诱导形成防御结构、提高酶活性及合成防御蛋白、诱导次生代谢物质合成、诱导调控信号分子、JA与其他激素相互作用五个方面探讨了JA在AM真菌诱导抗病性中的作用,并对本领域的研究方向进行展望,以期为植物病害防治和菌根研究提供可借鉴的思路。