微水溶性胶结包膜肥料氮素释放速率与预测

应用恒温培养试验研究了适用于半干旱气候条件下的微水溶性胶结包膜肥料在不同土壤含水量条件下的氮素释放速率,并基于一级化学反应、采用田间试验数据构建了氮素释放预测方程。结果显示:微水溶性胶结包膜肥料氮素累积释放量与土壤含水量呈一定的正相关关系,在75 d左右的时候,在22%土壤含水量下其氮素释放达到了85%~90%,14%土壤含水量下达到了60%~82%,6%土壤含水量下达到了35%~42%。同时,田间试验结果也说明了微水溶性胶结包膜肥料氮素瞬时释放速率受降雨及土壤含水量的影响显著;在降雨后或土壤含水量高的情况下,微水溶性胶结包膜肥料的释放速率加快。在此基础上,通过最小二乘法求参等方式构建了以土壤含水量为主要因子的微水溶性胶结包膜肥料氮素释放预测方程,预测值与实测值拟合程度较好,决定系数达到了0.976。     

不同碳氮施肥组合对新疆滴灌棉田冠层CO_2浓度、光合作用和产量的影响

基于棉田膜下滴灌技术的管网设施,开展了随水滴施高水溶性碳素肥料,以提高棉田冠层CO2浓度及其效应研究。通过设置不同的碳氮施肥组合处理,对棉花冠层CO2浓度、光合速率及产量构成等进行测定分析。结果表明：随水滴施高水溶性碳素肥料（水不溶物〈1%）能有效提高棉田冠层CO2浓度;在不同的碳氮施肥处理中,盛花期冠层CO2浓度随碳...     

三种氨态氮肥在石灰性土壤中硝化作用的模拟研究

新鲜干润均腐土采用室内培养的方法,在同一肥土比条件下,分析不同氮源对硝化作用过程中pH和Nmin的影响,并分别建立了NH4 -N和NO3--N的硝化动力方程.试验结果和模拟结果均表明,① NH -N消耗速率和NO3--N增加速均呈抛物线状变化.NH -N消耗速率高于NO3--N的增加速率.NH -N消耗起始速率高于NO3--N的增加起始速率.② NH4Cl的起始NH -N消耗和NO3--N增加速率在较长时间内(一周)维持在一个低水平,随后升至与(NH4)2SO4相当.Cl-能够抑制NH -N的转化.③钙积干润均腐土NO3--N增加最大速率[5.8～8.8 mg/(kg·d)]接近于一固定值与肥料种类无关.NH4 -N的消耗最大速率[7.8～23.5 mg/(kg·d)]变幅较大与肥料的性质和土壤生物性质有关.     

10种保水剂基本特性对比研究

本文通过室内实验,比较分析了N1,N2,Hl,B,S,Hm,K,Ph,J,Hs等10种农用保水剂在纯水及不同肥料溶液中的吸水倍数、吸水速率、保水率及反复吸水次数.结果表明:所有保水剂在纯水中都有较高的吸水倍数,但不同浓度的不同肥料溶液对所有保水剂吸水倍数有着不同的影响,在相同浓度条件下,保水剂B、K和Hs相对其他保水剂其吸水倍数较高;就吸水速率看,B、K、J、和Hs保水剂都能较快地吸水;各种保水剂在土壤中和加热蒸发条件下的保水率B、S、K、Hs四种保水剂的保水能力要好于其他保水剂;在经过25次反复吸水-烘干后,N2、S、Hm、Ph四种保水剂其吸水倍率仍能达到150倍以上;综合粒径对四种特性的影响可以看出,粒径只对保水剂吸水速率有较大的影响,而对吸水倍率、保水能力和反复吸水次数影响均不大.     

双S生物活性肥料增效材料在水稻减肥增效上的田间效果试验

田间试验表明,应用双S生物活性肥料增效材料在水稻生产中具有健株健苗、减少肥料使用、增产提质的效果。与常规方法相比,使用80%肥料+双S材料处理的稻田每667m~2减少肥料成本20元,增加收益26元,实现增收46元/667m~2,为进一步推广应用提供了依据。     

魔芋软腐病菌生物学特性及室内药剂控菌效果初步研究

在实验室可控制条件下,对魔芋软腐病菌在不同温度、不同酸碱度、不同光照强度、不同药剂与不同肥料环境条件下的生长状况及生物学特性表现的差异性进行了详细的观察试验,表明魔芋软腐病菌.其最适生长的外部环境条件为:24℃～31℃、2 000Lx光照强度、PH值5～8以及偏施KCI肥料等件下;38℃以上或8℃以下、强光照、PH值4以下或9以上以及两种农药对其有显著的杀灭或抑制作用等.     

贵州典型黄壤辣椒生长、品质及光合特性对新型肥料的响应

为探究新型肥料在贵州黄壤区辣椒上的施用效果,本研究通过盆栽试验研究了普通复合肥(FHF)、保水型(BSX)、稳定性(WDX)、包膜型(BMX)缓释肥和长效氮肥(CXDF)五种新型肥料施用对贵州辣椒生长、品质及光合特性的影响,并通过相关分析明确影响辣椒产量的主导因素,以期为适宜的新型肥料品种筛选及其在辣椒种植中的推广应用提供参考依据。结果表明∶与普通复合肥(FHF)相比,施用新型肥料使辣椒株高增加0.72%~3.76%,但对辣椒茎粗影响不大。新型肥料显著提高辣椒分蘖数和产量,分蘖数和单株产量较FHF处理分别增加2.65%~19.75%和12.26%~29.77%,稳定性缓释肥(WDX)产量最高,达到300.35 g·株~(-1)。不同类型新型肥料对辣椒品质影响存在差异,与普通复合肥(FHF)相比,保水型缓释肥(BMX)可使辣椒硝酸盐含量显著降低23.93%、还原糖增加10.65%、Vc增加38.61%,长效氮肥(CXDF)处理的硝酸盐含量显著降低12.64%,稳定性缓释肥(WDX)处理的Vc含量显著增加56.21%,而包膜型缓释肥(BMX)和长效氮肥(CXDF)处理的Vc含量则明显著降低。相关分析结果表明,辣椒株高、分蘖数以及净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均与辣椒产量存在显著或极显著的线性相关,而综合考虑多个影响因子并利用逐步回归分析进行拟合后得到逐步回归分方程为Y=52.316X7-1.714X_6+640.888(X_6为胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、X_7为蒸腾速率(Tr),相关系数r为0.924**),说明收获期辣椒叶片的胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)与蒸腾速率(Tr)对辣椒产量的影响起到了主导作用。综上所述,新型肥料对贵州典型黄壤上辣椒生长、品质以及光合特性的影响效果是显著的,综合来看以稳定性(WDX)和包膜型(BMX)缓释型的施用效果最优。     

发酵肥料对沙地水分与植物生长的影响

向沙地加入由牛粪分别与棉秆、玉米秆和麦糠发酵而成的肥料,然后种植梭梭与白梭梭,研究发酵肥料对土壤水分和植物生长的影响。结果表明:仅施加1.6%的发酵肥料,不能明显提高土壤含水率;发酵肥料提高了植物的存活率,梭梭的存活率平均比对照高28.1%,白梭梭平均比对照高3.6%;发酵肥料能提高梭梭、白梭梭株高生长量,梭梭、白梭梭肥料处理的累积株高生长量平均比对照高20.3 cm、18.8 cm,两种植物的月生长量与对照差异达显著或极显著水平(P<0.05,P<0.01);发酵肥料能够明显提高两种植物的单枝生长量,肥料处理的月生长量与对照的差异达显著或极显著水平(P<0.05,P<0.01),两种植物肥料处理的累积单枝生长量平均比对照高30.4 cm、25.0 cm。     

10种农用保水剂基本性能的比较研究

为了比较目前市场上各类保水剂的基本性能,为保水剂应用提供参考,文章比较分析了国内外10种农用保水剂在纯水中的吸水倍数、吸水速率、保水性能、反复吸水性,以及两种类别的保水剂在不同肥料溶液中的吸水性能.结果表明:所有保水剂在纯水中都有较高的吸水倍数；吸水速率方面,BY,S1,S2,S3和JF都能较快地吸水；在35℃加热蒸发...     

干旱对冬小麦粒重形成的影响及灌浆特性分析

在干旱胁迫条件下，以豫西地区种植的6个主要小麦品种为试验材料，用Logistic方程对籽粒灌浆过程拟合，，并推导出一系列次级参数，用相关与逐步回归等分析方法对不同灌浆参数与粒重关系进行分析。结果表明，干旱条件下，冬小麦的平均灌浆时间T相对缩短，平均灌浆速率R相应增加，籽粒灌浆速率对小麦粒重形成作用显著，而灌浆持续时间与粒重形成无显著相关关系；提高渐增期和快增期灌浆速率对提高粒重尤为重要。     

Weed composition and cover after three years of soil fertility management in the central Brazilian Amazon: Compost, fertilizer, manure and charcoal applications

Soils of the lowland tropics in the central Brazilian Amazon are generally highly leached, acidic and nutrient-poor. Charcoal, combined with other soil amendments, might improve fertility but this, in turn, could lead to increased weed problems for agricultural production. This experiment was conducted to assess weed pressure and species composition on plots receiving various inorganic and organic soil amendments, including charcoal. Additions of inorganic fertilizer, compost and chicken manure resulted in increases in weed ground cover of 40, 22 and 53%, respectively, and increases in species richness of 20, 48, and 63%, respectively. When chicken manure was applied, dominance by a few weed species was reduced, such that different species were more evenly represented. Although charcoal additions alone did not significantly affect weed ground cover or species richness, a synergistic effect occurred when both charcoal and inorganic fertilizers were applied. The percentage ground cover of weeds was 45% within plots receiving inorganic fertilizer, 2% within plots receiving charcoal and 66% within plots receiving both amendments. Improvements in the fertility of nutrient-poor soils of the tropics might increase weed pressure and make the development of effective weed management strategies more critical. These effects on weed populations were observed nearly 2.5 years after the addition of charcoal, chicken manure and compost, and > 1 year after the last application of inorganic fertilizer.     

Calcium Interference with Zoospore Biology and Infectivity of Phytophthora parasitica in Nutrient Irrigation Solutions

ABSTRACT Calcium, applied as either CaCl2 or Ca(NO3)2 to water or calcium-free soluble fertilizer solution (Peters 20-10-20 Peat Lite Special), affected several important stages of Phytophthora parasitica zoospore behavior relevant to infection and disease spread. Release of zoospores from sporangia was suppressed by Ca(2+) concentrations in the range of 10 to 50 meq. These concentrations also curtailed zoospore motility; 20 meq of Ca(2+) in fertilizer solution caused all zoospores to encyst within 4 h, whereas 94% of zoospores remained motile in unamended solution. In addition, Ca(2+) in the range of 10 to 30 meq stimulated zoospore cysts to germinate in the absence of an organic nutrient trigger, while suppressing the release of a single zoospore (diplanetism) from cysts that did not germinate. In growth chamber experiments, the amendment of the fertilizer solution with 10 or 20 mM Ca(NO3)2 greatly suppressed infection of flood-irrigated, containerized vinca seedlings in a peat-based mix by motile or encysted zoospores of P. parasitica. These results demonstrate that Ca(2+) amendments interfere with P. parasitica zoospore biology at multiple stages, with compounding effects on epidemiology, and suggest that manipulation of Ca(2+) levels in irrigation water or fertilizer solutions could contribute to management of Phytophthora in recirculating irrigation systems.     

Effects of cotton field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in an arid region of Northwest China

Changes in both soil organic C storage and soil respiration in farmland ecosystems may affect atmospheric CO2 concentration and global C cycle. The objective of this field experiment was to study the effects of three crop field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in a cotton field in an arid region of Northwest China. The three management practices were irrigation methods（drip and flood）, stubble managements（stubble-incorporated and stubble-removed） and fertilizer amendments（no fertilizer（CK）, chicken manure（OM）, inorganic N, P and K fertilizer（NPK）, and inorganic fertilizer plus chicken manure（NPK＋OM））. The results showed that within the C pool range, soil CO2 emission during the whole growing season was higher in the drip irrigation treatment than in the corresponding flood irrigation treatment, while soil organic C concentration was larger in the flood irrigation treatment than in the corresponding drip irrigation treatment. Furthermore, soil CO2 emission and organic C concentration were all higher in the stubble-incorporated treatment than in the corresponding stubble-removed treatment, and larger in the NPK＋OM treatment than in the other three fertilizer amendments within the C pool range. The combination of flood irrigation, stubble incorporation and application of either NPK＋OM or OM increased soil organic C concentration in the 0-60 cm soil depth. Calculation of net ecosystem productivity（NEP） under different management practices indicated that the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK＋OM increased the size of the C pool most, followed by the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK. In conclusion, management practices have significant impacts on soil CO2 emission, organic C concentration and C balance in cotton fields. Consequently, appropriate management practices, such as the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation, and either NPK＋OM or NPK could increase soil C storage in cotton fie     

Effect of prior tillage and soil fertility amendments on dispersal of Phytophthora capsici and infection of pepper

Organic soil amendments including composted cotton gin trash, composted poultry manure, an incorporated rye-vetch green manure, or synthetic fertilizer were applied to subplots, and main plots were either tilled frequently or surface-mulched in experimental field plots between 1997 and 2004. Soil from each replication of the tillage and fertility treatments was sampled in August of 2001, 2002, and 2003, brought to the greenhouse, and infested with Phytophthora capsici to study the effect of previous soil treatments on disease incidence and dispersal of the pathogen. Both the previous tillage and fertility amendments affected the incidence of disease and dispersal of the pathogen. Final disease incidence, AUDPC and the distance of pathogen spread were significantly greater in soils with previous surface mulch applications than in frequently tilled soils. Final disease incidence, AUDPC and the distance of pathogen spread were also significantly higher in soils amended with cotton gin trash, than rye-vetch green manure, poultry manure, or synthetic fertilizer. Soils amended with cotton gin trash had higher soil water content, lower bulk density, higher humic matter content, higher porosity and higher levels of mineralizable N, than soils with other fertility amendments. Soil water content, soil porosity, humic matter content, and net mineralizable levels nitrogen were positively correlated and bulk density was negatively correlated with final incidence of disease.     

不同控氮比掺混肥对土壤无机氮与脲酶及冬小麦产量的影响

开展田间小区试验,研究了控释氮肥与尿素掺混施用对土壤无机氮与脲酶及冬小麦产量的影响,旨在寻求控释氮肥与尿素最佳掺混比例,提出缓解氮肥损失、降低面源污染、节约成本、易于推广的施肥方式。结果表明:较常规尿素处理,控释氮肥与尿素掺混对土壤铵态氮含量影响总体差异不显著;在小麦分蘖期,常规尿素处理土壤硝态氮含量和土壤脲酶活性较高,而小麦拔节期至成熟期,则以掺混40%比例以上控释氮肥处理的土壤硝态氮含量和脲酶活性较高;各施氮处理对小麦穗粒数和千粒重影响差异不显著,产量以掺混40%控释氮肥处理最高,较常规尿素处理增产14%,因产值最高,投入成本适中,净收入水平和产投比均为最高,分别为5 875.72元·hm~(-2)和2.24,较常规尿素处理提高了23.24%和9.27%。综上,40%控释氮肥与60%尿素掺混处理在提高土壤无机氮含量,激活小麦生长中、后期脲酶活性,增加冬小麦产量方面效果显著。     

Ammonia and Nitrous Acid from Nitrogenous Amendments Kill the Microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae

ABSTRACT This study examined the mechanisms by which nitrogenous amendments such as meat and bone meal kill the soilborne plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. The effect of nitrogen products from the amendments on the survival of microsclerotia of V. dahliae was examined by solution bioassay and soil microcosm experiments. Ammonia and nitrous acid but not their ionized counterparts, ammonium and nitrite, were toxic to microsclerotia in bioassays. In microcosms, addition of meat and bone meal (2.5%) to an acidic loamy sand resulted in the accumulation of ammonia and death of microsclerotia within 2 weeks. At lower concentrations (0.5 and 1%), microsclerotia were killed after 2 weeks when nitrous acid accumulated (>0.03 mM). In an alkaline loam soil, microsclerotia survived at 3% meat and bone meal and neither ammonia nor nitrous acid accumulated. The toxicity of ammonia to the pathogen was verified by increasing the concentration of meat and bone meal to 4% or addition of urea (1,600 mg of N per kg) to the loam soil resulting in the accumulation of ammonia (>35 mM) and death of microsclerotia. The toxicity of nitrous acid was verified by adding ammonium sulfate fertilizer to an acidic sand soil. Inhibiting nitrification with dicyandiamide revealed that nitrous acid was generated as a result of the accumulation of nitrite and an acidic pH. Thus, levels to which the toxins accumulated and the effective concentration of amendment were dependent upon the soil examined. Of the two mechanisms identified, accumulation of nitrous acid is the more promising strategy to control plant diseases in acidic soil because it is more toxic than ammonia and is formed at lower concentrations of amendments.     

Effect of synthetic and organic soil fertility amendments on southern blight, soil microbial communities, and yield of processing tomatoes

ABSTRACT Soil fertility amendments, including composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, a rye-vetch green manure, or synthetic fertilizers, were applied to subplots and tillage on bare soil; or tillage followed by surface mulch with wheat straw were applied to main plots to determine the effect on the incidence of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, yield of processing tomato, and soil microbial communities. The amendment-tillage interaction was significant in 1997 and disease incidence was 67% in tilled bare soil receiving synthetic fertilizers; whereas disease incidence was 3, 12, and 16% in surface-mulched plots amended with a composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or a rye-vetch green manure. The amendment effect was significant in 1998, and disease incidence was 61% in plots receiving synthetic fertilizer and was 23, 44, and 53% in plots receiving cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or rye-vetch green manure, respectively. In 1997, yields were highest in tilled surface-mulched plots amended with synthetic fertilizers, cotton-gin trash, or swine manure, respectively. In 1998, yields were low in all plots and there were no significant differences in yield due to treatment. Propagule densities of antagonistic soil fungi in the genus Trichoderma were highest in soils amended with composted cotton-gin trash or swine manure in both years. Propagule densities of fluorescent pseudomonads in soil were higher in plots amended with organic amendments than with synthetic fertilizers in both years. Propagules densities of enteric bacteria were elevated in soils amended with raw swine manure biosolids in both years. Our research indicates that some organic amendments, such as cotton-gin trash, reduced the incidence of southern blight in processing tomato and also enhanced populations of beneficial soil microbes.     

Microbial N-dealkylation of atrazine: Effect of exogeneous organic substrates and behaviour of the soil microflora

It has been demonstrated that atrazine side-chain mineralisation could be substantially stimulated by addition of carbon-containing substrates such as cellulose, green manure, straw or sawdust in the presence of NH₄⁺ nitrogen but poorly affected by amendments with glucose. Cellulose has the most beneficial effect. For that substrate it has been shown that (i) simultaneous application of the organic amendment and atrazine results in kinetics for side-chain dealkylation showing a lag phase which is reduced or even eliminated by preliminary incubation with the amendment, (ii) rate and extent of mineralisation of the ethylamino side chain are significantly accelerated by decreasing the C/N ratio of the amendment. By comparison, mineralisation of the isopropylamino side chain is not appreciably affected by a change in the value of the C/N ratio as far as atrazine is applied within a two- to three-week period following the organic treatment after which a small deficit in N supply has a definite beneficial effect on mineralisation. Cellulose and, to a lesser extent, straw induce a biphasic change in bacterial number with more numerous and/or active atrazine degraders being predominantly found in the later-developing bacterial community. The fungal microflora is relatively unaffected by all types of carbon substrates but glucose and, unexpectedly, by atrazine at high ratio of application. Activation of atrazine mineralisation seems to be a co-metabolic process which is kinetically controlled by the rate of release from polymerised C substrates of easily available and readily metabolisable low-molecular-weight co-substrates. Transient production of glucose as an end-product of cellulose depolymerisation might induce catabolic repression of dealkylation enzyme systems and be responsible for a lag in atrazine side-chain mineralisation. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

Organic soil amendments in relation to nematode management with particular reference to India

The addition of organic materials to soil has been used in managing plant-parasitic nematodes and has resulted in increased crop yield. Research on the utilization of waste materials such as oilseed cakes, chitin, compost, livestock and poultry manures, and cellulosic wastes appears promising for reducing populations of plant-parasitic nematodes. Nitrogen based amendments, plant phenolics, nematotoxic chemicals, development of predators and parasites of nematodes and microorganism stimulation have been considered to be promising agents for nematode management. In addition, organic amendments change the physical as well as the trophic structure of soil, which affects the pathogen development and overall plant growth performance. Mechanisms of action of organic soil amendments in relation to nematode management are yet to be fully explored.Plant Protection Division, Institute of Agriculture     

有机改良剂在防治植物土传病害中的应用

 本文综述了有机改良剂的类型及其在防治作物土传病害的应用情况,包括壳质粗粉、植物残体、绿肥、饼肥、堆肥和粪肥;概括了有机改良剂的防病机制,如直接的抑菌作用、对土壤微生物区系的调节、诱导抗病性、改良土壤结构和促进植物生长等;讨论了当前有机改良剂防治作物土传病害研究存在的一些问题及今后应重点研究的课题,并对有机改良剂防治植物病害在未来的发展前景提出了自己的看法。