等离子体处理选育之江菌素产生菌

以之江菌素产生菌玫瑰黄链霉菌杭州亚种 93 -1 5-3 2菌株为出发菌 ,研究离子注入微生物的诱变效应。结果表明 ,各剂量N+离子注入之江菌素产生菌的总变异率达 42 4%～ 73 0 % ,其中正变异率为 5 8%～ 3 8 2 %。通过 9批诱变实验 ,筛选到 1株高产菌株 97 49,效价比出发菌株提高 4倍多。通过 5代传代 ,产素性能能稳定遗传 ,并通过了 40 0L发酵罐中试 ,表明离子注入处理是一种有潜力的微生物诱变育种新方法。     

紫外诱变筛选海洋红酵母S8的尿嘧啶缺陷型菌株

本课题组从海南天然海域筛选到一株高产类胡萝卜素的海洋红酵母菌株S8,该菌株对鱼无毒害,并与鱼共生,欲将其应用于盐诱导表达外源蛋白的海洋红酵母工程菌的构建。本研究利用紫外诱变筛选的方法处理S8菌株,通过统计其UV致死率、5-氟乳清酸致死率等筛选S8的尿嘧啶营养缺陷型突变株。研究结果表明,供试菌株通过紫外线诱变、5-氟乳清酸致死和回复突变率的实验筛选,共获得16株稳定的尿嘧啶缺陷型突变株,突变菌株在基本培养基中培养了8d仍不能生长。选择了其中的一株ST5进行了产胡萝卜素能力的测定,结果表明,在同样的培养条件下,野生型S8菌株细胞生物产量可达87.55g/L,类胡萝卜素含量可达520μg/g,突变株ST5的细胞生物产量为85.45g/L,类胡萝卜素含量为512μg/g;ST5的产胡萝卜素能力方面与野生型S8无明显差异。因此,尿嘧啶缺陷型菌株ST5可为下一步海洋红酵母工程菌的构建提供受体菌。     

厚垣普可尼亚菌航天诱变的生物学效应

为探讨厚垣普可尼亚菌航天诱变的生物学效应,对筛选得到的29个厚垣普可尼亚菌航天诱变菌株进行形态、色素、孢子形态、菌落生长速度、菌丝干重、产孢量和致病力等生物学特性检测,并测定各航天诱变菌株的耐盐性以及对苯菌灵的抗性。结果表明,厚垣普可尼亚菌航天诱变菌株各项生物学特性与原始菌株存在差异。航天诱变后的菌株菌落形态和色素与原始菌株差异明显;菌落生长速度和菌丝干重的负突变率均高于正突变率;产孢量的正突变率高于负突变率;菌株Pc-m-4、Pc-m-6、Pc-m-10、Pcm-15和Pc-m-123对南方根结线虫卵的寄生率分别为92.33%、93.67%、91.67%、90.67%和90.33%,显著高于原始菌株的寄生率(81.00%),其中,菌株Pc-m-6具有较好的苯菌灵抗性,菌株Pc-m-10对盐具有较好的耐受性。航天诱变处理对厚垣普可尼亚菌影响显著,其诱变后的优良菌株具有防治南方根结线虫的潜力。     

芽胞杆菌高产纤维素酶菌株的诱变选育与培养基优化

为获得高产纤维素酶菌株,采用紫外(UV)诱变和紫外-亚硝基胍(UV-NTG)复合诱变方法对新疆吐鲁番地区土壤中分离得到的产纤维素酶菌株芽胞杆菌C-8进行诱变筛选,并通过二次正交旋转组合试验和响应面试验对诱变筛选得到的菌株进行培养基的优化。结果表明,UV诱变菌株UV-5和UV-NTG比出发菌株C-8纤维素酶活分别提高了1.15倍和3.23倍;当发酵培养基中碳源浓度为3%、氮源浓度为1.5%、吐温-80的浓度为0.15%时,纤维素酶活达到453.20 U·m L-1,是出发菌株C-8的5.49倍和复合诱变菌株UV-NTG-10的1.7倍。本研究结果为纤维素酶的扩大发酵以及后期工业化生产提供了理论依据。     

航天搭载对硅链霉菌菌株生理生化特性的影响

研究航天搭载对硅链霉菌菌株生理生化特性的影响。通过神舟九号飞船搭载硅链霉菌进行实验,对航天诱变菌株的生理生化特性进行分析,为我国微生物肥料行业整体的技术进步奠定基础。结果表明:(1)搭载诱变菌株和CK菌株可以利用10种碳源,也可以利用10种氮源;(2)搭载诱变菌株和CK菌株都可以水解淀粉,但都不产生H2S;(3)在4～45℃条件下,搭载诱变菌株与CK菌株均可以生长,并且生长状况差异不显著;但在55℃条件下,2种菌株均不能生长;(4)搭载诱变菌株在pH=6～10条件下生长良好,而CK菌株在pH为7、8、9条件下生长良好。搭载诱变菌株和CK菌株相比较,在碳源利用、氮源利用、水解淀粉、不产生H2S和温度耐受方面均无明显差别,表现出相似性,但在耐pH方面,与CK菌株相比,搭载诱变菌株生长的pH范围更广,有更好的耐受性,显示了搭载诱变菌株具有更强的抗逆性。     

绿僵菌航天诱变菌株的DNA变异性分析

昆虫病原真菌绿僵菌M2189菌株经航天搭载诱变后,分离得到200多个单孢菌株。以9个随机引物对47个诱变菌株进行PCR扩增,获得了38个位点的共1381条DNA片段。统计分析表明,47个诱变菌株在DNA水平上发生了不同程度的变异,变异系数在0.062~0.406之间,平均为0.176,>0.3的有3个菌株。由聚类分析可将47个诱变菌株划分为14个组群,组间变异率小于0.2,与原始菌株相比变异系数接近的诱变菌株无规律地分散在不同组群中,说明航天诱变导致DNA变异的位点和频率是随机的、分散的,并无特定位点。航天诱变为选育生物防治优良菌株提供了新途径。     

同步辐射软X射线Nk对产L-乳酸米根霉的诱变效应

采用同步辐射软X射线Nk对米根霉AS 3.3461菌株进行辐射诱变,研究其对米根霉致死、菌落形态、种子培养以及发酵培养等特性方面的影响。结果表明,致死率曲线呈现为典型的马鞍型曲线,辐射剂量为0.72 kGy时菌株致死率最低;软X射线Nk辐照对米根霉菌落形态有一定影响;种子培养特性和发酵培养特性的诱变前后对比表明,种子延滞期缩短了3h,突变株N-15的L-乳酸产量提高了25.6%,LDH活性提高了95.8%,ADH的活性降低了77.7%。     

利用常压室温等离子体诱变选育工厂化金针菇新菌株

为确定金针菇常压室温等离子体处理的诱变致死率，创制工厂化金针菇新种质，本研究以上研1号菌株作为亲本，收集其孢子进行常压室温等离子体诱变后，采用多孢自交技术获得新菌株，再经工厂化小试初筛和中试复筛，最终获得新种质。结果表明，从108个突变自交菌株中获得出芽快且整齐、产量高、商品性状优良(菌盖厚实、菌柄较粗)的金针菇新品种上研A130，该品种为白色，菌盖呈球形、内扣，菌柄基部绒毛少，子实体干品中必需氨基酸总含量为2.57×10⁴ mg·kg^-1。工厂化栽培条件下，菌丝培养温度为20℃，子实体生长发育温度为4～18℃，瓶栽菌丝培养周期为22 d，子实体生育时间为26 d，平均单瓶产量为每瓶456.41 g。本研究结合新型诱变技术和传统选育方法，提高了亲本的突变率，为筛选具有目标性状的工厂化金针菇新菌株提供了数据支撑，对金针菇产业持续发展具有实践价值。     

同步辐射软X射线Nk对产L-乳酸米根霉的诱变效应

采用同步辐射软X射线Nk对米根霉AS 3.3461菌株进行辐射诱变,研究其对米根霉致死、菌落形态、种子培养以及发酵培养等特性方面的影响。结果表明,致死率曲线呈现为典型的马鞍型曲线,辐射剂量为0.72 kGy时菌株致死率最低;软X射线Nk辐照对米根霉菌落形态有一定影响;种子培养特性和发酵培养特性的诱变前后对比表明,种子延滞期缩短了3h,突变株N-15的L-乳酸产量提高了25.6%,LDH活性提高了95.8%,ADH的活性降低了77.7%。     

氮离子束注入诱变筛选万隆霉素高产菌株的研究

为获得万隆霉素高产菌株,用氮离子束注入万隆霉素产生菌进行诱变处理,并用链霉素抗性筛选法和抑菌圈筛选法进行突变株的筛选。结果表明:通过能量为20keV、剂量为90×2.6×1013N+/cm2的氮离子束注入处理万隆霉素产生菌的分生孢子,筛选出万隆霉素高产菌株WN939,其摇瓶发酵产素水平较出发菌株提高了82.10%。经5代传代培养,其产素水平稳定。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.