近12a三江源地区植被物候对水热的响应

基于1999—2010年SPOT VEGETATION旬值NDVI数据,结合谐波分析法与偏相关分析等方法,对三江源地区年植被物候特征值进行了确定,并分析了年际物候对不同时段水热变化的响应。结果表明:1三江源地区响应时段累积降水量和气温的增加都会使植物生长季始期推迟。2三江源地区植物生长季末期与累积降水和气温的最值偏相关系数分别为0.180 6和-0.067 8,说明响应时段累积降水量的增加会使植物生长季末期推迟,而累积气温的升高会使植物生长季末期提前,但累积气温影响相对较小。而响应时段累积降水量的增加,会使植物生长季长度延长;累积气温的升高,会使植物生长季长度缩短。3三江源地区植物生长季长度的年际变化,受生长季末期的影响较大。4三江源地区植物生长季始期主要受前一年累积气候要素影响强烈;生长季末期主要受生长季内累积降水影响强烈。生长季长度受生长季之前的累积气温的作用强烈。     

基于CRU资料的中亚地区气候特征

基于中亚地区1971-2000年的CRU资料,利用一元线性回归法,分析中亚地区30 a的气候变化特征。结果表明：土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的沙漠地区是中亚最为干旱的地区,也是气温最高的地区。塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦冬季和春季降水多,夏季和秋季降水少,气温变化幅度相对较小。哈萨克斯坦的降水呈现西多东少,且主要集中在夏季,气温变化幅度较大,且西暖东冷。中亚地区气温年较差较小。新疆与中亚五国的气候有明显差异,新疆降水主要集中在夏季的天山山区,气温增暖明显,最高和最低气温与中亚西部的变化趋势相反。     

海西东部及环青海湖地区40多年的气候变化研究

利用1961～2004年地面观测资料,分析了海西东部及环青海湖地区年、季气候变化的特征和规律。结果表明,海西东部及环青海湖40多年来年季平均气温平均增温幅度为0．3～0．6℃,平均最低和最高气温多数季节增温具有非对称性。并且20世纪90年代四季增暖最为明显。夏季和冬季降水略有增加,而过渡季节降水变化基本呈减少趋势。年均和秋、冬、春、夏四季的气温变化倾向率均为正值．分别为0．48、0．57、0．692、0．337、0．373℃／10a。冬、夏季降水变化的倾向率为0．442、4．672mm／10a;而秋、春季了水变化的倾向率为-2．304、-0．022mm／10a。冬季降水量和累计积雪量的缓慢增加容易导致该地区地表积雪的积累,极易形成雪灾或低温冻害。春季气温升高、降水减少。干旱发生的频次将增加;秋、冬季气温上升幅度比较大．将有利于病虫害的越冬、繁殖,加重病虫害对农牧业生产的危害程度。     

降水对北麓河地区多年冻土活动层水热影响分析

青藏高原降水变化影响高原生态环境的演变、干旱区水资源利用及地表工程结构的稳定性。为研究青藏高原北麓河地区降雨特征及其对活动层能量平衡的影响,以北麓河冻土工程与环境综合观测站2003至2013气象监测数据和活动层水热数据为基础,分析了北麓河地区降水特征及降水与地表水热变化的关系。结果表明:1)北麓河地区降水以5月至9月降雨为主,近10a来降水和气温呈增加趋势;2)夏季高频率、小量降雨事件有减少地表净辐射、增加地表蒸发潜热、降低土壤表层温度的作用;3)在降雨增加背景下冻土活动层含水量并未出现明显的增加趋势,地表蒸发潜热和水汽运移对活动层能量平衡作用不可忽略。     

酒泉市夏季降水和气温变化与ENSO事件的相关分析

运用主成分分析法对1951-2000年酒泉市月平均降水和气温资料进行了分析,并用X2检验的方法,对近50 a酒泉市夏季降水和气温变化与ENSO事件的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:(1)酒泉市夏季(6～8月)降水和气温对当地年降水和年气温起到决定性作用.(2)酒泉市夏季总体气候未来几年仍然将处于干旱少雨时段,降水量减少,温度升高.(3)ENSO暖事件对酒泉市夏季降水影响显著,ENSO暖事件年酒泉降水偏少占优,次年容易发生大量降水;但其与气温的相关性不明显.(4)ENSO冷事件对酒泉市夏季气温的影响接近显著水平,ENSO冷事件年酒泉市气温以偏低为主;对降水的影响不明显.     

三江源地表反照率时空变化及其与气候因子的关系

基于2001-2010年的MODIS地表反照率产品(MCD43A3),分析三江源地区地表反照率的空间格局和变化规律,并结合该地区14个气象站点的气温和降水数据,探讨地表反照率与气候因子的相关关系。结果表明：三江源地区地表反照率在空间上呈西高东低的分布特征,与该地区高程变化的趋势基本一致;10 a 间平均地表反照率为0.209,集中分布在0.15~0.25。从年际变化来看,研究区地表反照率整体呈增加趋势,但变化不显著;地表反照率的季节变化较为明显,从冬季到夏季逐渐减小,从夏季到冬季逐渐增加,低值时段为6-9月,变化近似于“U”字形。温度和降水能够通过影响植物的生长和土壤表层含水量进而影响地表反照率;在季节尺度上,地表反照率受春季和秋季气候条件的影响最为显著,二者存在显著的负相关关系,而在冬夏两季地表反照率与气候因子在空间上具有正相关和负相关共存的现象。     

近30 a青海省植被变化及其气候驱动因子分析

基于1982—2013年GIMMS NDVI 3g数据集及青海省50个国家气象观测站同期气象资料,利用趋势分析、相关分析方法,对青海省植被覆盖时空变化特征及其驱动因子进行分析。结果表明:(1)受气候及地形地貌影响,青海省植被覆盖空间差异明显,总体呈现从东南向西北递减趋势。(2)近30 a,青海省气温、降水呈上升趋势,气候由冷干向暖湿化转变。植被覆盖呈现整体升高,局部退化趋势。植被的年代际变化显示,青海省植被覆盖在近30 a呈现增加—减小—再增加的趋势。(3)青海省生长季(4—9月)植被受气温和降水共同影响,除个别站点外,全省NDVI与气温和降水均呈显著正相关关系,与降水相比,NDVI与气温的相关性更强,气温是影响青海省植被变化的主要气候因子。     

准噶尔盆地地表反照率时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

地表反照率变化影响地表辐射收支与能量平衡,从而对区域和全球气候产生影响。以准噶尔盆地为研究对象,利用MODIS卫星遥感数据产品MOD09A1反演地表短波反照率,结合气象数据和植被指数分析准噶尔盆地2001—2018年荒漠草地地表反照率时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:准噶尔盆地地表反照率空间分布地域差异明显,地表反照率年均值为0.303,整体呈东北高、西南低的特点;其年际变化速率呈减少趋势,平均每年为1.4×10^-4,减少面积约占总面积的52.8%;四季空间分布变化明显,春、夏、秋三季空间分布相似,冬季值最高(0.551),夏季最低(0.203)。准噶尔盆地东北缘的阿尔泰山地表反照率年内变化较为剧烈;生长季归一化植被指数(NDVI)值大小为:夏季>秋季>春季。准噶尔盆地整体地表反照率与NDVI呈负相关,大部分区域与平均气温呈负相关,与降水呈正相关,且相关性大小依次为气温>NDVI>降水。MODIS反演结果与地面实测值之间存在显著的相关性(R²=0.8908,P<0.01),均方根误差为0.014。为了解准噶尔盆地陆面特征,客观评价全球气候变化下干旱区陆面变化及其正负反馈响应机制提供一定的理论依据。     

黑河中游西墩滩荒漠植物生长对水分变化响应研究

土地荒漠化是当前十大环境问题之一,对人类的生存和发展构成了严重威胁。为了分析荒漠化防治中植物生长与水分变化的关系,在黑河流域中游荒漠区建立试验站长期定位监测,已取得了土壤水、地下水、降水等水分数据和生物量、盖度等植物生长数据,并采用特征参数算法、相关和多元回归方法,分析了植物生长和水分的年内、年际变化特征及相关回归模型。结果表明:1)2006-2014年际变化上,土壤水和降水变化较剧烈,地下水位变化较缓和。植物盖度变化呈波动性略有增大趋势,而生物量、降水、土壤水、地下水位变化呈波动性略有降低趋势,但变化都不明显。2)在植物生长季的3-11月份期间,土壤各层含水率变化步调基本一致,植物平均生物量和盖度变化步调基本一致,降水量、地下水埋深变化步调基本一致,年内变化幅度从大到小依次为降水>地下水位>土壤水>生物量>盖度。3)植物平均生物量与平均盖度、地下水埋深、降水量的回归模型为B=1.895C-0.033D+0.834P+44.369(R~2=0.796,P<005),通过模型可预测生物量变差的79.6%,准确率可达67.4%。本研究可为荒漠化防治中的水资源管理以及退耕还林、天然林保护、黑河流域综合治理等工程对水资源影响的评估等提供科技支撑和参考数据。     

基于统计降尺度方法的高寒山区未来气候变化预估

高寒山区未来气候变化预估,对于了解该区域未来水资源的变化和指导区域水资源的合理开发利用具有重要意义。基于实测气象站点数据、实测水文站点数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和全球气候模式Had CM3数据,采用统计降尺度方法预估了高寒山区未来(2020—2099年)气候变化情况。结果表明:1率定的SDSM统计降尺度模型能够较好地反映降水与气温的变化趋势;2协合拉站未来降水总体上呈减少趋势(尤其是7—8月),但在不同排放情景下波动变化较复杂;3协合拉站未来气温持续升高,尤其以2070s(2070—2079年)后较明显,升高幅度最大发生在8月;4未来该区域降水的减少及气温的升高将影响冰川与积雪的储量,加速高寒山区冰川与积雪的消融量,影响以冰雪融水补给为主河流的水资源量,进而影响区域社会经济的发展,加剧不同用水部门的矛盾。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.