马铃薯抗寒种质资源分类及其利用

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)作为最重要的粮食作物之一,在全世界范围内被广泛种植,但马铃薯栽培种均不耐低温霜冻且马铃薯栽培种种内几乎没有遗传变异,在生产过程中通常遭受霜冻而导致严重减产甚至绝收。马铃薯野生种中具有丰富的抗寒种质资源,部分野生种材料耐低温霜冻能力强并且能通过短暂的冷驯化使耐低温霜冻性得到进一步提高,是改良普通栽培品种耐冻性的重要种质资源。已有研究表明至少在35个马铃薯野生种中发现有耐低温霜冻的无性系存在。在所有具有强抗寒能力野生种当中,S. commersonii和S. acaule被认为是抗寒能力最强的2个野生种,是改良马铃薯耐冻性的重要基因资源。随着近年来气候变化加剧,极端天气愈来愈频繁,引进马铃薯野生种质资源并评价其耐冻能力,挖掘植物自身的耐冻基因,解析耐冻机制,进而培育耐低温霜冻的马铃薯品种尤显必要。     

东北春大豆耐涝品种的筛选

利用361个东北大豆优异亲本材料,在辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三省8个点进行试验。在2013年自然湿涝条件下,通过分析品种在各试验点的苗情、生育期和产量差异,对参试品种进行耐涝筛选,将其分为强耐涝、耐涝、中耐涝和弱耐涝4种类型。描述了强耐涝优异品种的特征特性,为大豆耐涝育种提供亲本材料。     

马铃薯新型栽培种耐盐性鉴定与筛选

通过观察65份马铃薯新型栽培种材料和4个生产上常用的马铃薯品种的试管苗在含有不同NaHCO3浓度MS培养基上的生长状况,对其耐盐性进行初步鉴定,并对各平均株高和生物产量范围内不同耐盐性材料的分布情况进行分析。结果表明:在平均株高2￣5cm、生物产量0.5￣1.5g.瓶-1的范围内,耐盐性较好的材料分布最多且平均耐盐性最好,在这两个范围内筛选材料,效率要明显高于其它区域。经耐盐性鉴定,A4、B7等7份材料达到耐盐标准,C5、F5等25份材料达到中等耐盐标准。经最小显著差数法测验共筛选出B13、D5等15份耐盐性显著优于生产上常用品种的材料。     

大豆新品种(系)的菌核病耐病性鉴定

采用茎中可溶性色素水平测定法,对来自不同省份的95份大豆新品种(系)菌核病耐病性进行了鉴定.结果表明:参试大豆品种(系)对大豆菌核病耐病性存在着一定的差异.共有11份大豆品种(系)表现为中等耐病性,占参试材料的11.58％,其中4份耐病强度(TI)＞60％;11份中等耐性品种(系)中有8份来自东北地区,占所有中耐材料的...     

黄麻耐盐性评价及盐胁迫下的生理响应

试验采用水培法,对20份黄麻种质材料进行250 mmol/L NaCl胁迫处理,通过测定株高、茎粗、水上鲜重、水下鲜重、整株鲜重、水上干重、水下干重、整株干重,利用隶属函数法、聚类分析法确定各供试材料耐盐等级,将不同耐盐等级的材料进行0、150、250 mmol/L NaCl处理,测定其可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白以及游离脯氨酸含量。结果表明:不同黄麻种质资源间耐盐性存在显著差异,根据耐盐性综合评价值D值可将其分为3类,强耐盐材料有8份,中度耐盐材料8份,盐敏感材料4份;在NaCl胁迫下,不同耐盐等级的黄麻种质材料叶片内可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量都显著升高,而可溶性蛋白的含量显著下降,在150 mmol/L NaCl处理下,青皮大麻叶片内可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸的含量显著高于甜麻和南阳长果,可溶性蛋白的含量显著高于南阳长果,在250 mmol/L NaCl处理下,甜麻叶片内可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的含量显著高于南阳长果和青皮大麻。     

马铃薯亲本材料试管苗的耐盐性筛选

用含0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%5种NaCI浓度的修改MS培养基胁迫马铃薯品种资源脱毒试管苗的方法,鉴定和筛选了35份不同熟期马铃薯亲本材料的耐盐性,筛选结果:耐盐级别为4(即0.2%盐浓度下仍然存活)的亲本材料11份,耐盐级别为3(即0.4%盐浓度下仍然存活)的亲本材料3份,耐盐级别为2(即0.6%盐浓度下仍然存活)的亲本材料2份,耐盐级别为1(即0.8%盐浓度下仍然存活)的亲本材料3份。     

野生马铃薯抗PVY材料的鉴定与筛选

通过人工接种的方法对5类野生马铃薯材料进行了马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)的抗性鉴定和筛选。它们对PVY抗性存在明显的差异,其中Solanum stoloniferum(S.A2)×S.stenotomum(104)和S.stoloniferum(S.A5)×S.stenotomum(105)组合抗性最强,属于抗病群体,S.chacoense×S.stenotomum(103)组合属于中抗群体,S.chacoense(102)和S.demissum(101)组合属于感病群体。并从中筛选出一批抗PVY的育种材料:0级抗性材料108份,1级抗病材料56份,3级抗病材料94份。     

油菜苗期耐淹性快速筛选方法的建立及验证

为建立一种快速准确的油菜苗期耐淹性鉴定方法,对油菜种质资源进行耐淹试验.通过调查幼苗期湿害/渍害、半淹、全淹三种处理下的死苗率,发现全淹(没顶淹水)6d、排水后7d的相对死苗率可作为幼苗耐淹性鉴定指标.具体过程如下:选取饱满种子,置于铺有1层湿润滤纸的培养皿中,25℃处理36h,取正常发芽的种子均匀移栽到塑料杯里的潮湿土壤中,培养条件为光照10h 25℃、黑暗14h 20℃,生长36h;待幼苗子叶平展时,每杯留苗20株全淹6d,排水后7d调查死苗率.用此方法对50份油菜种质资源进行耐淹性鉴定,获得3个较耐淹材料和5个淹水敏感材料.与已知耐湿系数的材料相比,它们的耐淹特性在形态和生理上均得到验证,表明本文方法可行,具有快速、准确的优点.     

不同海拔条件下耐冷性粳稻品种的稻米淀粉RVA谱特性

以4个强耐冷性粳稻品种和5个弱耐冷性粳稻品种为材料,比较分析了云南高原粳稻区不同海拔条件下不同耐冷性粳稻品种的稻米淀粉RVA谱变化特征。随种植海拔的升高,弱耐冷性品种的消减值明显增大,峰值黏度和崩解值显著减小,而强耐冷性品种的峰值黏度和崩解值呈先降后升趋势,消减值则表现先升后降趋势。强耐冷性品种的稻米淀粉RVA谱特性受海拔变化的影响较弱耐冷性品种小,蒸煮食味品质表现相对稳定,但弱耐冷性品种的蒸煮食味品质随海拔升高明显呈变劣趋势。     

通过匍匐茎尖检查马铃薯染色体的方法

马铃薯属多倍体作物 ,染色体基数ｎ =12。在自然条件下 ,2ｎ =2 4 ,36 ,4 8,6 0 ,72等不同倍性的马铃薯种均有存在。在马铃薯种间杂交育种中 ,不同倍性的马铃薯种间进行杂交 ,产生的杂交后代染色体数不尽相同 ,这就有必要对这些材料进行倍性鉴定。鉴定马铃薯倍性最可靠的方法是通过根尖压片技术直接对染色体数进行检测。我们在对马铃薯种间杂交材料进行倍性鉴定过程中 ,田间取材时发现马铃薯的根系发展较快 ,已经深入土壤 ,并且根尖部分细小纤弱 ,容易折断 ,很难取到适合的根尖作为检测材料。因此我们转而取马铃薯的匍匐茎尖作为供试材料进…     

Screening the U.S. potato collection for frost hardiness

Potato is one of the most important world vegetables with respect to value of production and nutritional impact. Frost susceptibility reduces or precludes production on millions of hectares worldwide. In contrast to disease and pest problems, cultural or chemical treatments are not likely to be helpful in combating frost, so genetic improvement must be sought. Fortunately, wild relatives of the cultivated potato have been shown to exhibit frost tolerance far superior to that of cultivated species. In this research, over 2,600 accessions representing 101 species in the US potato collection at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin were visually screened after natural frosts in a uniform field in 1992. This provided a more comprehensive survey of germplasm accessions, further characterized species’ hardiness and intraspecific variation. The most hardy species wereSolanum acaule, S. albicans, S. commersonii, andS. demissum. An additional previously unreported extremely frost hardy species (Solanum paucissectum) was discovered. This information should expand the insights and germplasm options available to those intent on breeding desirable varieties with high levels of frost hardiness.     

Potential for improving freezing stress tolerance of wild potato germplasm by supplemental calcium fertilization

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of supplemental calcium fertilization on the levels of freezing tolerance in different wild potato species. For this purpose, the freezing tolerance of a broad spectrum of theSolatium taxa was evaluated with and without supplemental calcium fertilization. Previous studies have shown that there is a large variation in the calcium accumulation capabilities among species and among various accessions within species. While this study confirms such variation, no direct relationship between the leaf calcium content and the improvement in freezing tolerance was found. Nevertheless, overall 45% of the species accessions had significant higher leaf calcium content and 52% of the species accessions showed a significant drop in the frost score average at the p<0.05 level. In terms of this experiment, a drop in the frost scores meant an improvement to withstand cold. One third of the frost tolerant accessions and 41% of the frost sensitive accessions showed both, a significant increase in leaf calcium content and at the same time a significant lower average frost score. The different response observed among the accessions may suggest that even though most of the accessions are able to accumulate calcium, only some of them may have the ability to benefit from the supplemental calcium. Future breeding schemes may be able to use this information for selecting clones that would respond positively to calcium fertilization in terms of frost survival. Results of this study also suggest that calcium fertilization may be used as a rather inexpensive cultural practice for protecting potatoes from frost damage. The results of the present study also suggest that soil calcium levels should be taken into consideration when freezing tolerance of potato germplasm is being evaluated.     

De-hardening in contrasting cultivars of timothy and perennial ryegrass during winter and spring

Scenarios of climate changes indicate longer and more frequent spells of mild weather during winter in northern latitudes. De-hardening in perennial grasses could increase the risk of frost kill. In this study, the resistance to de-hardening of different grass species and cultivars was examined, and whether the resistance changes during winter or between years, was tested. In Experiment 1, two cultivars of timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) and perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) of contrasting winter hardiness were grown under ambient winter conditions, transferred from the field in January and April 2006 to the laboratory for 9 d with controlled de-hardening conditions of 3°C, 9°C and 15°C. The timothy cultivars were tested at 3°C, 6°C and 9°C in a similar experiment (Experiment 2) in January 2007. De-hardening, measured as decrease in frost tolerance (LT₅₀), was less in timothy than in perennial ryegrass and increased with increasing temperatures. The northern winter-hardy cultivar Engmo of timothy de-hardened more rapidly than the less-hardy cultivar Grindstad, but had higher initial frost tolerance in both experiments, whereas there was less difference between cultivars of perennial ryegrass in Experiment 1. Cultivar Grindstad of timothy lost all hardiness in early spring at all temperatures, whereas cultivar Engmo maintained some hardiness at 3°C. Cultivar Engmo de-hardened at a lower rate in 2007 than in 2006, in spite of similar frost tolerance at the start of de-hardening treatment in both years. This indicates that the rate of de-hardening was controlled by factors additional to the initial frost tolerance and that autumn weather conditions might be important for the resistance to de-hardening.     

Co-current introgression of economically important traits in a potato-breeding program

Wild potato species contain many traits of economic importance. Late blight (LB) resistance and cold chipping are traits desired in potato cultivars. These traits could be co-currently introgressed if they occurred together in wild potato species. Our research objectives were (1) to determine if variation for cold chipping exists between potato species, accessions within species, and plants within accessions all having foliar LB resistance, and (2) to identify wild potato genotypes combining LB resistance and cold chipping. Materials include 665 genotypes from 43 LB-resistant accessions of 12 potato species having Endosperm Balance Numbers (EBN) of 1, 2, and 4, and 59 LB-resistant genotypes retained from these accessions for breeding. Potato chips were made from greenhouse-grown tubers following storage at 4 C for 6 months. Chip color was scored 1–10, ≤ 4 is acceptable by industry standards. Most of the variation for chip color was due to differences between species. Species ranged in the percentage of acceptably chipping genotypes (0% – 67%) with nine of 12 species having cold-chipping genotypes. Appreciable variation was present within accessions as well. The best chipping accessions wereS. verrucosum plant introduction (PI) 161173 – 4.33 / 0.67 (mean / proportion acceptable genotypes),S. stoloniferum PI 250510 -4.36 / 0.64,S. pinnatisectum PI 347766 -4.65 / 0.35 and 275233 -4.73 / 0.44, andS. megistacrolobum PI 195210 -5.14 / 0.29. Eleven 1EBN genotypes fromS. pinnatisectum andS. trifidum and five 2EBN genotypes fromS. verrucosum, S. fendleri,S. stoloniferum, andS. microdontum were identified that combined LB resistance and cold chipping. Co-current introgression would require fewer breeding cycles than other breeding methods to identify hybrid genotypes possessing both traits.     

Resistance to potato viruses M,S, X and the spindle tuber virus in tuber-bearingSolanum species

On two separate occasions, some available accessions of tuber-bearingSolanum species were tested for resistance to potato viruses. Challenge inoculations were made mechanically with infective sap; and assessment was by sub-inoculation to differential host plants, supplemented by serological tests. In 1956–57, four accessions remained free from potato virus S (PVS), and nine remained free from PVM. In 1968–70, one or more clones of 11 accessions showed resistance to PVS—one of them,S. megistacrolobum, a diploid, apparently being hypersensitive. Resistance to PVX was found in seven accessions, and to PVM in two. There appeared to be resistance to the potato spindley tuber virus in five accessions.     

Solanum commersonii cytoplasm does not improve freezing tolerance in substitution backcross hybrids with frost-sensitive potato species

Solanum commersonii Dun. (cmm) is the most frost hardy wild potato species known, being able to tolerate an acute freezing episode to about -5 C and further acclimate to tolerate ?10 C after being exposed to chilling temperatures for several days. Breeding with this species to incorporate its frost-hardiness traits can be accomplished by standard sexual hybridization or protoplast fusion. These methods can result in hybrids that vary in contribution of the cmm plastome. To test the effect of cmm cytoplasm, cytoplasmic substitution backcross hybrids were made with three very frost-sensitive species,S. brachistotrichum, S. cardiophyllum, andS. pinnatisectum, by usingS. commersonii as the female to make an F₁, then performing repeated backcross (BC) using the sensitive species as males. Relative freezing tolerance (RFT) of all genotypes was assessed by measurement of ion leakage of excised terminal leaflets subjected to a controlled ice nucleation and simulated freeze-thaw stress. Even against the background of these very sensitive species’ genomes, the cmm cytoplasm of substitution hybrids promoted insignificant improvement in frost hardiness or ability to acclimate. We conclude that either (1) cmm cytoplasm does not contribute to frost hardiness, or (2) if cmm cytoplasmic frost hardiness genes do exist, they must be epistatic to (depend on the presence of) nuclear hardiness genes for expression.     

Evaluation of wildSolanum species for resistance to the US-8 genotype ofPhytophthora infestans utilizing a fine-screening technique

Greenhouse assays were carried out to characterizeSolanum accessions previously reported to be late blight resistant and to identify individuals within the accessions with high levels of resistance to late blight. Foliage of wildSolanum species accessions or hybrid cultivated potato x wild species (diploid or tetraploid) from Mexico, Russia, or South America was inoculated withPhytophthora infestans (US-8) and was scored for severity of foliar symptoms at 7 and 14 days after inoculation (DAI). Mexican accessions (S. brachycarpum,S. pinnatisectum,S. guerreroense, andS.fendleri) were significantly more resistant (1.1% infection at 14 DAI) than either Russian (59.1% infection at 14 DAI) or South American (53.4% infection at 14 DAI) accessions. Moreover, the genotypes within the Mexican accessions tended to be more uniformly resistant whereas genotypes within the Russian and South American accessions tended to segregate for resistance. The more resistant genotypes of Russian and South American accessions (176/546) were retested, and 56 genotypes were identified as having potential for use in potato breeding programs for resistance to late blight. Fifty percent of the selected genotypes were fromS. microdontum accessions PI498124, PI595510, and PI595511. The potential of these species for incorporation into breeding programs for late blight resistance is discussed.     

A Stringent and Broad Screen of Solanum spp. tolerance Against Erwinia Bacteria Using a Petiole Test

Blackleg and stem rot caused by coliform bacteria belonging to Dickeya spp. and Pectobacterium spp. (both referred to as Erwinia in this paper) are a problem for potato growers worldwide and no sources of high tolerance are currently present in the cultivated S. tuberosum gene pool. To find sources of tolerance, 532 genotypes from 340 accessions, covering most of the known potato species, were assayed with P. wasabiae, P. carotovorum and D. ‘solani’ species in a petiole test. This petiole test was optimized later on using well responding genotypes from the broad screen. Based on the obtained data, the best developmental stage for cell wall degradation tests was identified to be the 4th-6th youngest leaf. Under the stringent biotic and climatic screening conditions used, only three genotypes were regarded as tolerant against all tested Erwinia species. These genotypes all belonged to the series Yungasensa, this series can be readily crossed with cultivated potato and is considered as a genetic source to upgrade the Erwinia tolerance level of cultivated potato.     

Potato germplasm collecting expedition to Chile, 1989, and utility of the Chilean species

A joint Chilean, United States potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm collecting expedition was conducted in Chile between January 21–March 30, 1989. The trip resulted in collections ofSolanum brevidens (50 accessions),S. etuberosum (28 accessions),S. maglia (3 accessions) and indigenous primitive landraces ofS. tuberosum (24 accessions). Comments are presented on the habitats, distribution, and potential and realized breeding value of these species.     

Distribution of the 241 bp deletion of chloroplast DNA in wild potato species

The common potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum) has T-type chloroplast DNA characterized by a 241 bp deletion. To explore the maternal ancestry of the common potato, a total of 566 accessions of 35 wild species, collected mostly from central Bolivia to northern Argentina, were determined for presence or absence of the deletion by a simple PCR assay using primers flanking the deleted region of chloroplast DNA. Sixteen out of 80 accessions ofS. tarijense, S. berthaultii, andS. neorossii showed a shorter PCR amplified fragment. Sequencing of these fragments revealed that the same 241 bp was deleted at the same position in these accessions. This strongly suggests that the deletion event had occurred in wild species.