大豆产量相关性状间的遗传相关分析

利用5个大豆品种配制的10个组合作为研究材料,运用朱军(1997)提出的包括加性、显性、上位、加性×环境、显性×环境、上位×环境效应的混合模型方法分析大豆产量相关性状的遗传效应及遗传参数。结果表明,大豆株高、节数、荚数和单株粒重的加性效应,节数、荚数和粒数的显性效应,株高和节数上位效应,株高和粒重的加性环境效应,5个产量相关性状的显性×环境效应,株高、荚数、粒数和粒重的上位×环境效应达到显著水平;株高和主茎节数、主茎节数和单株荚数、单株荚数和单株粒数、株高和单株粒重、主茎节数和单株粒重、单株荚数和单株粒重、单株粒数和单株粒重等成对性状间的表型相关系数和遗传相关系数均为显著的正相关,表明这些成对性状可以协同改良。     

大豆主要农艺性状的遗传分析

大豆农艺性状和产量性状属数量性状遗传,本研究以不完全双列杂交组合为材料,以朱军(1997)提出的混合模型方法分析大豆形态和产量性状的加性、显性和上位遗传效应.结果表明,大豆的株高、节数、粒重、粒数及总荚数等性状受基因显性效应影响,且显性方差比率最大;节数、单株产量、百粒重等性状受加性效应的影响,但作用较小;株高和单株粒数也受到上位效应的影响,但作用较小.各形态性状的广义遗传率较高,但狭义遗传率却较低.单株产量与株高、粒数、总荚数呈极显著正相关,与百粒重呈负相关.在各遗传分量中,各相关系数以显性相关系数为主.     

套作大豆农艺性状与产量的关系研究

通过模拟"玉米-大豆"带状套作,分析了133份大豆材料的农艺性状与产量的关系。结果表明:参试大豆材料表型性状的变异系数为6.44%~52.49%,各性状平均遗传多样性指数达到1.929 3,说明参试大豆材料存在比较丰富的表型多样性。相关分析表明,产量与主茎节数、有效分枝数、单株荚数、每荚粒数、分枝粒重、分枝粒重占比、营养生长期、生育期呈极显著正相关关系。多元线性逐步回归得到7个与产量呈极显著的农艺性状,正效应因子排序为:每荚粒数分枝粒重百粒重主茎节数单株荚数营养生长期,负效应因子为株高。对这7个农艺性状的通径分析表明,综合效应排名为:分枝粒重单株荚数主茎节数营养生长期每荚粒数株高百粒重。根据主成分得分并借助权重计算的综合得分把133份大豆材料聚类成4类,其中第Ⅳ类大豆分枝数、单株荚数、每荚粒数和主茎节数较多,营养生长期和生育期较长,株高适中,百粒重较小,底荚较高,适宜在套作模式中推广。     

大豆主要生育性状与产量间的关系分析

生育期、株高、分枝数、主茎节数、单株荚数、百粒重等性状是大豆主要生育性状.通过对生育期、株高、分枝数、主茎节数、单株荚数、百粒重等性状的相关分析和灰色关联度分析,结果表明,分枝数、单株荚数是影响产量的关键因素.     

果蔗间种菜用大豆的主要性状表现及其相关性分析

在果蔗间种条件下,考察13个菜用大豆的全生育期、株高、主茎节数、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、鲜百粒重、标准荚率、单粒荚率、瘪荚率和单株产量等性状表现,并进行相关性分析。结果表明:不同菜用大豆农艺性状存在差异,其中95C-10、桂鲜豆1号等5个品种单株产量较好;单株产量与主茎节数、单株荚数、标准荚、多粒荚呈显著正相关。因此,在果蔗间种菜用大豆时,要增加产量,应选主茎节数、单株荚数、标准荚和粒数较多的品种。     

泸县田坎大豆地方品种数量性状的遗传变异及相关分析

泸县４３个田坎大豆地方唾骂的２９个数量性状的基因型间差异极显著,单株秕荚数,秕荚率、三粒荚型百分主,分枝荚数,百粒重等性状的ＧＣＶ值〉３０％;百粒重,单荚粒数及三粒荚型百分率的广义遗传力〉９０％,单株产量与单株有效荚数,单株粒数,单荚粒数及百粒重,株高及茎粗与单荚粒数及百粒重,单株有效分枝数及主茎结荚节数与单株有效荚数及单株粒数均呈极显著正相关。     

山东间作大豆产量与主要农艺性状关联分析

为明确间作大豆的性状表现,筛选适宜间作的高产、稳产性大豆品种,本研究在玉米大豆间作模式下,对50份大豆材料在两年的产量与11个主要农艺性状进行相关性及灰色关联度分析,并采用GGE双标图法进行品种适应性及稳产性分析。结果表明：50份材料的主要农艺及产量性状的变异系数在6.87%~77.32%,广义遗传力为0.62~0.97,且生育期、营养生长期、百粒重等9个性状的广义遗传力均大于0.8;相关性分析表明,单株产量与茎粗(0.75**)、生育期(0.76**)呈极显著正相关,其次为株高、主茎节数、分枝数、底荚高、营养生长期、百粒重、单株荚数、单株粒数;灰色关联度分析表明,单株产量与各农艺性状的关联顺序为茎粗>生育期>营养生长期>单株荚数>百粒重>底荚高>单株粒数>分枝数>主茎节数>株高>生殖生长期;GGE双标图法表明汾豆79、中作J7018和皖豆30为适宜间作的高产、稳产性较好的品种。     

秋大豆主要产量性状的遗传相关和通径分析

利用来自南方六省的7个秋大豆新品种,选用7个产量性状进行了遗传、相关和通径分析。结果表明,秋大豆株高、单株荚数和粒数的遗传变异较丰富;株高、主茎节数、单株荚数和粒数与单株产量有极显著正遗传相关;单株荚数、每荚粒数和百粒重对单株产量表现为较大的正向直接作用,且以单株类数最大,株高、主茎节数、单株粒数主要通过单株荚数的间接正效应影响单株产量。     

春大豆不同播季的生态特性比较

研究结果表明:春大豆秋播各性状的测量值变小,变异率依次为单株粒数>单株粒重和分枝荚数>分枝数>结荚节数>株高>单株荚数>每荚粒数>主茎节数>茎粗>主茎荚数>百粒重;亲本来源不同的组别间,以及亲本来源相同的不同株系间,上述性状的变异率存在较大差异;出苗至开花日平均温度直接影响单株产量,而且还通过株高、单株荚数和粒数间接影响单株产量。     

黑龙江省大豆主栽品种主要性状灰色关联度分析

为了寻求对黑龙江省三江平原地区大豆产量影响较大的主要农艺性状,从而为龙江地区大豆育种工作提供理论依据.应用灰色关联度分析方法,分析黑龙江省大豆品种主要性状对其产量的影响.结果表明:产量与主要性状的关联度大小依次为单株粒数＞单株荚数＞结荚层数＞有效分枝＞株高＞主茎节数＞百粒重＞单株粒重＞底荚高度,对黑龙江省大豆产量影响最大的是单株粒数,影响较大的是单株荚数、结荚层数,影响中等的是有效分枝＞株高＞主茎节数＞百粒重,影响较小的是单株粒重和底荚高度.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.