近51a来乌鲁木齐河源区径流特征及对气候变化的响应

基于天山乌鲁木齐河源区1959-2009年的径流与气象记录,采用线性回归、M-K突变检验法和水量平衡模型分析了河源区气候、冰川及融水量的变化特征。研究发现:河源区冰川径流量与冰川物质平衡成负相关关系,过去51a间河源1号冰川融水径流共增加157.48×104m3,冰川融水径流量增加主要是由冰川退缩和降水量增加造成的。自20世纪90年代以后,冰川融水径流量增加显著,但整个河源区径流量却在减少,与气温升高导致蒸散能力增强、地下冰结构变化及冰川融水补给能力下降等有关。     

哈密地区冰川变化趋势分析

雪冰融水是哈密地区地表径流的一种主要方式。受全球气候变暖的影响,哈密地区的冰川处于加速融化的阶段,水资源成为哈密地区发展的主要瓶颈。通过对哈密地区冰川物质平衡、面积、厚度、冰川区水文气象等参数的观测,预测冰川水文和水资源的变化,为更好地利用好哈密地区有限的水资源,为可持续发展,提出应对措施。     

柴达木盆地河流同位素分布特征及径流变化

柴达木盆地矿产资源十分丰富,被誉为“聚宝盆”,其中源于东昆仑山北坡的河流不但是盐湖水资源的重要补给源,也是工农业发展不可替代的水资源。通过对东昆仑山北坡汇入柴达木盆地各大河流的取样,分析其同位素特征和20多年来的径流量变化。结果表明：柴达木盆地自20世纪80年代以来流域降水增加、源区雪冰融水增加、空气湿度增大,同时灌溉、水库蓄水等人为作用对河流径流造成了一定影响。引起这些变化的主要原因是受全球变暖的总体影响,伴随着降水、雪冰融水的增加,河流径流量增大的同时引起湖泊水位上升。仅从河流径流变化趋势分析,未来补给柴达木盆地的水量会增加,这对于保障柴达木循环经济试验区水资源的供给是有利的。     

近50年来新疆天山南北坡典型流域冰川与冰川水资源的变化

冰川是大自然修筑的"固体水库",在水资源的构成中占有重要地位。新疆地处内陆干旱区,是我国现代冰川面积分布最广的地区之一。冰川和冰川融水为新疆灌溉农业发展提供了可靠的水资源保障。本文根据中国冰川编目及近年来其它冰川研究成果和监测资料,对1960年以来新疆,主要是天山山区的冰川与冰川径流的变化进行了分析。分析表明,受全球气候变暖的影响,上世纪60年代以来至本世纪初,天山冰川的变化整体上以退缩为主,1963-2000年冰川面积平均减少12.5%。但受地理位置和地势条件的影响,不同流域的冰川变化存在着较大的区域性差异。随着冰川的强烈退缩和冰川融水的增加,使得近十余年来新疆天山地区大部分冰川补给河流径流量呈增加的趋势。     

新疆天山北麓奎屯河流域径流变化特征研究

奎屯河流域水资源总量为17.83×108m3,其中地表径流量为16.21×108m3,占水资源总量的90%以上。因此,研究径流补给来源及变化特征有助于掌握水资源的变化趋势,为水资源的开发利用提供可靠的依据。本文采用奎屯河流域各水文站径流系列资料,选取变差系数、年际极值比、集中度、集中期等参数,分析了奎屯河流域径流补给特性、来源、年内分配规律及年际变化特征。分析结果表明:奎屯河流域径流补给具有地带性和多样性特点,补给来源主要以冰川融水和雨水补给为主;年内分配极不均匀,集中程度高;年际变化相对稳定,变幅小,多年呈微弱增加趋势。     

托木尔峰南麓河流径流量变化特征及其对北极涛动(AO)事件的响应

由于冰雪融水很高的补给比重,本区河流径流量具有高度的季节集中性和多年径流变化的稳定性。温度变化的连续性和稳定性及其对冰雪消融的控制作用,使托木尔峰南麓以冰雪融水补给为主的河流径流量不如以降水补给为主的河流变化剧烈,1980年代中期以来增幅也明显小于以降水补给为主的河流。本区河流月径流量持续性很差,径流对气候变化具有较高的依赖性,并且对北极涛动(AO)事件具有较好的响应:强AO年较高的温度,促使了冰川消融加剧,以冰川融水补给为主的河流径流量明显增多;而弱AO年由于温度较低,冰川消融减少,河流径流量也明显减少。     

托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川流域同位素特征及径流分割研究

利用2010年8月在托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川流域采集的不同水体样品,分析了典型冰川流域的氢氧同位素变化特征,并进行了初步的径流分割研究.结果表明,青冰滩72号冰川流域河水、冰川融水、降水中δ18O和δD含量存在显著差异;根据河水、冰川融水和降水中δ18O和δD比值关系,得出托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川流域河水由冰川融水和降水组成;在夏季洪水期,进一步通过二元分割模型计算得出,冰川融水所占比率为74.8％,降水所占比率为25.2％,冰川融水是托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川流域径流的主要补给来源.     

阿克苏河径流量时间变化特征及成因分析

运用多种统计方法,对1957-2003年塔里木河最大的源流--阿克苏河年径流量序列进行分析,发现阿克苏河年径流量序列呈明显的上升趋势,大致以4 a左右的周期均匀变化.年径流量作为气温上升的滞后反应,20世纪90年代以来快速增加.通过普查相关和引用积雪卫星遥感资料分析,前期山区降水和气温的年际变化是造成河水径流量稳定变化的主要原因,由气温变化导致的山区积雪融水是阿克苏河径流的重要补给来源.夏季的气温、降水的突然变化是引起径流量突然增大甚至引起洪水的主要原因.     

苏干湖湿地与奎屯诺尔湿地之间水力联系研究

选择位于柴达木西北部苏干湖盆地苏干湖湿地和奎屯诺尔湿地作为研究对象,采用氢氧同位素、地下水动态、地球物理勘探及遥感解译技术与方法,对苏干湖湿地与奎屯诺尔湿地之间的水力联系进行了研究.结果表明:(1)苏干湖湿地地下水主要接受大气降水和侧向径流补给,奎屯诺尔湿地地下水主要接受阿尔金山冰川融水通过地下径流补给;(2)苏干湖湿...     

石羊河流域径流量分布特征及对气候变化的响应——以西营河为例

利用1961-2009年石羊河流域西营河径流量和气象资料,分析了近49年来径流量变化趋势、年内分配特征及与气象因素的内在关系.结果表明:近49年来西营河径流量总体呈减少趋势,冬、夏季减幅大于秋、春季;90年代四季径流量衰减明显,特别是年、春、夏季径流出现明显突变;年径流量补给主要以汛期雨水补给为主,雨水补给比例在逐渐增加,冬季积雪融水对径流量的补给比例在减少;流域内降水量呈较小的增加趋势,但是夏季降水增幅不明显.气温呈明显升高趋势,特别是冬季气温趋势系数最大,受其影响蒸发量均呈增大趋势;径流量与6-9月降水量呈显著正相关,但与7、8月气温、蒸发呈显著负相关.分析了未来气温、降水变化在不同情形下对径流量的可能影响,表明气温对径流量的负效应占据着主导作用,汛期气温的升高且伴随着蒸发的增大使年总径流量减少,气候变暖总体不利于流域径流量的增加.     

1986-2015年干旱区敦煌绿洲景观的时空演变过程

基于遥感影像的绿洲景观定义及其特征,以敦煌绿洲为例,利用TM(Thermatic Mapper)遥感数据,提取了1986-2015年7期的绿洲分布影像.利用数理统计及景观分析模型,分析敦煌绿洲景观的面积变化、扩展的方向性、时空演变及景观格局特征.结果表明:近30 a敦煌绿洲面积增加了60.68％,扩张速度最快的时段为1995-2010年,主要表现为人工绿洲的扩张.绿洲景观主要向东北、正北及东方向扩展,外缘发生在天然绿洲及绿洲-荒漠交错带,内部主要分布在古河道的荒滩或复杂绿洲斑块之间,绿洲景观边界逐渐趋于规则.研究结果表明,研究时段内绿洲扩张建立在人工绿洲增加,天然绿洲萎缩的基础上,绿洲面积增加的同时也发生着严重的环境退化问题.     

Impacts of temperature and precipitation on runoff in the Tarim River during the past 50 years

The relationship between climate change and water resources in the Tarim River was analyzed by combining the temperature,precipitation and streamflow data from 1957 to 2007 from the four headstreams of the Tarim River (Aksu,Hotan,Yarkant and Kaidu rivers) in the study area.The long-term trend of the hydrological time series including temperature,precipitation and streamflow were studied using correlation analysis and partial correlations analysis.Holt double exponential smoothing was used to fit the trends between streamflow and the two climatic factors of Aksu River,Hotan River and Yarkant River.The streamflow of the main stream was forecasted by Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA) modeling by the method of time series analysis.The results show that the temperature experienced a trend of monotonic rising.The precipitation and runoff of the four headstreams of the Tarim River increased,while the inflow to the headstreams increased and the inflow into the Tarim River decreased.Changes of temperature and precipitation had a significant impact on runoff into the four headstreams of the Tarim River: the precipitation had a positive impact on water flow in the Aksu River,Hotan River and Kaidu River,while the temperature had a positive impact on water flow in the Yarkant River.The results of Holt double exponential smoothing showed that the correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable was relatively close after the model was fitted to the headstreams,of which only the runoff and temperature values of Hotan River showed a significant negative correlation.The forecasts by the ARIMA model for 50 years of annual runoff at the Allar station followed the pattern of the measured data for the same years.The short-term forecasts beyond the observed series adequately captured the pattern in the data and showed a decreasing tendency in the Tarim River flow of 3.07% every ten years.The results showed that global warming accelerated the water recharge process of the headstreams.The special hydrological characteristics of the arid area determined the significant association between streamflow and the two climatic factors studied.Strong glacier retreat is likely to bring a series of flood disasters within the study area.     

新疆石河子绿洲耕地变化及驱动力研究

运用定性与定量相结合的方法,分析了导致玛纳斯河流域耕地变化的原因.结果表明:玛纳斯河流域在过去的20年耕地数量呈现出缓慢增加的趋势,不同地貌部位增加速度表现为:三角洲＞冲积扇＞冲积平原.其变化除了受社会经济、人口影响外,水资源开发利用程度是促进耕地发展的主要因素.不同地貌部位耕地变化一方面依赖于水资源的开采利用程度,另一方面在于由盐碱危害引起的耕地弃耕复垦现象.     

Spatiotemporal changes of eco-environmental quality based on remote sensing-based ecological index in the Hotan Oasis,Xinjiang

The rapid economic development that the Hotan Oasis in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China has undergone in recent years may face some challenges in its ecological environment.Therefore,an analysis of the spatiotemporal changes in ecological environment of the Hotan Oasis is important for its sustainable development.First,we constructed an improved remote sensing-based ecological index(RSEI)in 1990,1995,2000,2005,2010,2015 and 2020 on the Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform and implemented change detection for their spatial distribution.Second,we performed a spatial autocorrelation analysis on RSEI distribution map and used land-use and land-cover change(LUCC)data to analyze the reasons of RSEI changes.Finally,we investigated the applicability of improved RSEI to arid area.The results showed that mean of RSEI rose from 0.41 to 0.50,showing a slight upward trend.During the 30-a period,2.66% of the regions improved significantly,10.74% improved moderately and 32.21% improved slightly,respectively.The global Moran's I were 0.891,0.889,0.847 and 0.777 for 1990,2000,2010 and 2020,respectively,and the local indicators of spatial autocorrelation(LISA)distribution map showed that the high-high cluster was mainly distributed in the central part of the Hotan Oasis,and the low-low cluster was mainly distributed in the outer edge of the oasis.RSEI at the periphery of the oasis changes from low to high with time,with the fragmentation of RSEI distribution within the oasis increasing.Its distribution and changes are predominantly driven by anthropologic factors,including the expansion of artificial oasis into the desert,the replacement of desert ecosystems by farmland ecosystems,and the increase in the distribution of impervious surfaces.The improved RSEI can reflect the eco-environmental quality effectively of the oasis in arid area with relatively high applicability.The high efficiency exhibited with this approach makes it convenient for rapid,high frequency and macroscopic monitoring of eco-environmental quality in study area.     

且末平原绿洲空间规模动态变化

绿洲是干旱区人类主要活动场所。绿洲规模的多少,直接影响绿洲稳定性和区域经济的发展速度。运用定性定量分析相结合方法,利用实地调查,统计资料和且末绿洲研究靶区的1970,1990和2000年3个不同时期的遥感数据进行解译,分类与统计处理,揭示了且末绿洲30多年来的动态变化趋势,并从自然和人为因素探讨绿洲规模动态变化的原因和驱动力。结果表明:整个绿洲历年以来是扩张的趋势;这种绿洲扩张从绿洲空间规模和人口增长方面明显的表现出来。研究靶区,从1970年到1990年绿洲～交错带～荒漠之间的转变比较突出;绿洲面积从2.46%增加到19.54%,交错带面积从22.19%减少到6.15%,水域和沙漠的变化不太大。从1990年到2000年绿洲面积从19.54%减少到7.02%,交错带面积从6.15%增加到12.94%,水域面积缩小,沙漠面积扩大。研究靶区所出现的这种巨变充分的说明,这里人类活动和自然条件因素对周边生态环境的响应程度。     

Temporal and spatial variations of net primary productivity and its response to groundwater of a typical oasis in the Tarim Basin,China

Net primary productivity (NPP) of the vegetation in an oasis can reflect the productivity capacity of a plant community under natural environmental conditions. Owing to the extreme arid climate conditions and scarce precipitation in the arid oasis regions, groundwater plays a key role in restricting the development of the vegetation. The Qira Oasis is located on the southern margin of the Taklimakan Desert (Tarim Basin, China) that is one of the most vulnerable regions regarding vegetation growth and water scarcity in the world. Based on remote sensing images of the Qira Oasis and daily meteorological data measured by the ground stations during the period 2006-2019, this study analyzed the temporal and spatial patterns of NPP in the oasis as well as its relation with the variation of groundwater depth using a modified Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model. At the spatial scale, NPP of the vegetation decreased from the interior of the Qira Oasis to the margin; at the temporal scale, NPP of the vegetation in the oasis fluctuated significantly (ranging from 29.80 to 50.07 g C/(m²•month)) but generally showed an increasing trend, with the average increase rate of 0.07 g C/(m²•month). The regions with decreasing NPP occupied 64% of the total area of the oasis. During the study period, NPP of both farmland and grassland showed an increasing trend, while that of forest showed a decreasing trend. The depth of groundwater was deep in the south of the oasis and shallow in the north, showing a gradual increasing trend from south to north. Groundwater, as one of the key factors in the surface change and evolution of the arid oasis, determines the succession direction of the vegetation in the Qira Oasis. With the increase of groundwater depth, grassland coverage and vegetation NPP decreased. During the period 2008-2015, with the recovery of groundwater level, NPP values of all types of vegetation with different coverages increased. This study will provide a scientific basis for the rational utilization and sustainable management of groundwater resources in the oasis.     

额济纳绿洲的生态退化过程与生态保育对策分析

利用长期的统计、水文和遥感数据对额济纳绿洲生态系统退化的驱动因素及环境影响、植被恢复过程等进行了综合分析,并对干旱绿洲的生态保育对策进行了探讨。结果表明：额济纳绿洲生态退化的主要原因之一是黑河流域水土资源的过度开发利用,调水对额济纳绿洲的恢复起到了决定性作用。统筹流域内的水土资源开发利用是干旱绿洲生态保育的必要途径。     

莫索湾绿洲的建立与梭梭荒漠的动态研究

本文就古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的梭梭荒漠、在本世纪５０年代后期开发以来发生的变化，分析绿洲形成过程、依存条件及其与荒漠关系，并对绿洲界外区的生态地位、发生原因和其对策进行剖析。     

且末绿洲生态安全及其维护

且末绿洲地处塔里木盆地东南缘生态脆弱区,气候极端干旱,降水稀少,蒸发剧烈。且末绿洲得益于车尔臣河浇灌,形成历史悠久的灌溉农业。近年来,由于人口剧增、大量开荒、水资源的不合理利用、土壤盐渍化以及自身的自然灾害严重地困扰着且末绿洲及其经济的可持续发展。文中根据且末绿洲实地考察、历年统计资料及生态环境特点分析的基础上,对该区域生态安全面临的挑战作了充分剖析,探讨了且末绿洲可持续发展的方向及可行的途径。     

影响新疆南部地区环境变化的因素分析

借助前人研究成果和环境监测资料,分析新疆南部（以下简称南疆）地区近年来存在的主要生态与环境问题及其影响因素。结果表明：影响南疆环境变化的有自然因素和人为因素。自然因素主要是南疆呈现气温上升、降水增加和风沙天气减弱的趋势;人为因素主要表现为,人口持续增加、过度的水土开发以及城市化和工业化进程加速对环境的压力。合理的水土资源开发会对环境产生积极影响,即改善局部地带的小气候,减少干旱、土地荒漠化和风沙灾害,提高人工绿洲生态系统的服务功能等。无论是自然因素的变化,还是人为因素的干扰,对南疆生态系统的发展都存在着利与弊的双重作用。