4种杀虫剂对绿盲蝽的毒力及其持效性

为了评价已禁用的高毒杀虫剂甲胺磷、久效磷和目前防治盲蝽的当家杀虫剂马拉硫磷、噻虫嗪对优势种类绿盲蝽的毒力作用和持效性，采用室内浸叶法测定致死作用，通过田间喷雾后定期取样和毒力测定来评估不同药剂的持效性。致死作用测定结果表明：高毒杀虫剂甲胺磷、久效磷在常规使用剂量下，对绿盲蝽若虫的致死率大于95%。持效性测定结果表明，甲胺磷、久效磷处理对绿盲蝽若虫和成虫的致死效果显著高于马拉硫磷和噻虫嗪，且甲胺磷、久效磷的持效性长于马拉硫磷和噻虫嗪。     

几种杀虫剂对豆大蓟马的毒力测定及复配增效作用

豆大蓟马是海南冬种豇豆的重要害虫,严重影响豇豆产品质量和商品价值。本文采用离心管药膜法,测定了毒死蜱、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、吡虫啉和啶虫脒等6种杀虫剂对豆大蓟马的毒力,并测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与其它5种杀虫剂复配的增效作用及最佳配比。结果表明:供试药剂对豆大蓟马毒力(LC50)大小顺序为:甲维盐(0.000 5 g/L)阿维菌素(0.056 1 g/L)毒死蜱(0.125 3 g/L)高效氯氰菊酯(0.165 4 g/L)啶虫脒(0.228 3 g/L)吡虫啉(19.803 5 g/L);以甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与毒死蜱复配的共毒系数为776;甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与毒死蜱配比为1∶9时的共毒系数为1 733。本研究为开发豆大蓟马防治药剂和田间化学防治提供了基本资料。     

离心管药膜法测试12种杀虫剂对香蕉花蓟马的毒力

室内采用离心管药膜法,选用12种杀虫剂原药对香蕉花蓟马若、成虫进行了毒力测定。结果显示,供试药剂对香蕉花蓟马二龄若虫的毒力(LC50)大小顺序为:甲维盐(1.63 mg/L)毒死蜱(2.18 mg/L)阿维菌素(5.11 mg/L)啶虫脒(5.86 mg/L)高效氯氰菊酯(5.90 mg/L)吡虫啉(6.59 mg/L)噻虫嗪(6.72 mg/L)噻虫胺(11.49 mg/L)杀虫单(13.25 mg/L)功夫菊酯(14.56 mg/L)噻嗪酮(20.47 mg/L)吡蚜酮(55.26 mg/L);对成虫的毒力(LC50)大小顺序为:甲维盐(2.82 mg/L)毒死蜱(4.46 mg/L)啶虫脒(6.41 mg/L)吡虫啉(6.62 mg/L)阿维菌素(6.83 mg/L)噻虫嗪(7.43 mg/L)高效氯氰菊酯(9.94 mg/L)噻虫胺(15.49 mg/L)功夫菊酯(15.87 mg/L)杀虫单(17.59 mg/L)噻嗪酮(30.26 mg/L)吡蚜酮(55.47 mg/L);供试药剂对成虫的LC50值不同程度大于若虫,表明药剂对香蕉花蓟马若虫的毒力高于成虫。     

多种药剂对螺旋粉虱不同虫态的毒力测定

采用Potter喷雾法,测定30种杀虫剂对螺旋粉虱成虫与15种杀虫剂对螺旋粉虱若虫的毒力。结果表明:杀扑磷、毒死蜱、辛硫磷、溴氰菊酯、马拉硫磷等对成虫、若虫均具有较高活性。对成虫杀扑磷毒力最强,其LC50值为0.9123mg/L,毒死蜱、辛硫磷、马拉硫磷、顺式氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、敌敌畏及丙溴磷对成虫毒力均较高,其LC50值分别为1.571 4、1.673 1、2.248 2、2.5570、3.039 1、3.186 8、4.1895 mg/L。对若虫溴氰菊酯毒力最强,其LC50值为8.5276mg/L,杀扑磷、毒死蜱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯对若虫同样具有较高毒力,其LC50值分别为11.486 5、12.9503、12.973 8、13.703 6 mg/L。另通过不同龄期若虫对毒死蜱等8种杀虫剂的敏感性测定,发现1~4龄若虫对杀虫剂的敏感性随虫龄增加而降低,1龄若虫最敏感,2龄和3龄若虫的敏感性相当,4龄若虫敏感性最低。     

豆大蓟马的生物学特性研究

豆大蓟马[Megalurothrips usitatus(Bagnall)]是海南豇豆的重要害虫,是影响豇豆质量安全的主要因素。通过室内试验,对豆大蓟马的发育速率、有效积温、产卵量和成虫寿命等生物学特性进行研究。结果表明:在15~35℃温度范围内,豆大蓟马的世代发育历期为10.57~46.29 d,其中卵期为2.72~8.71 d,若虫期为3.54~16.24 d,预蛹期为0.76~3.62 d,蛹期为2.02~8.74 d,产卵前期为1.00~9.16 d;各虫态发育速率与温度呈二次回归关系,且呈显著相关;卵、若虫、预蛹及蛹期的发育起点温度分别为6.18、9.80、9.37、8.83℃,有效积温依次为76.55、76.77、17.06、46.73日·度,完成世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为9.35℃和238.87日·度;温度对豆大蓟马的存活率影响显著;成虫寿命随着温度的升高而缩短,15℃下平均寿命为63.24 d,35℃下平均寿命为11.20 d;30℃时产卵量最高,平均产卵232.78粒/雌,分别是15℃和35℃下的3.84倍和8.87倍。本研究结果为进一步开展豆大蓟马的科学防控提供了基础资料。     

防治水稻白背飞虱高毒农药替代药剂的室内筛选及对吡虫啉的抗性风险评估

 为筛选高毒农药的替代药剂,采用稻茎浸渍法测定了7类共21种杀虫剂对2006年和2007年采自南京市江浦地区的白背飞虱种群3龄若虫的毒力。结果表明,噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、噻嗪酮对白背飞虱3龄若虫的毒力最高(LC50=004~026 mg/L);烯啶虫胺、丁烯氟虫腈、吡蚜酮、啶虫咪、氯噻啉、毒死蜱、氟虫腈等也有较高的毒力(LC50＜4.50 mg/L）;异丙威、敌敌畏虽然触杀毒力稍低(LC50＞19.85 mg/L),但两者在生产上仍广泛应用,所以把以上12种药剂作为田间药效试验的推荐品种;同时还比较了该地区白背飞虱种群对供试药剂敏感性的年度间差异,其中对毒死蜱、异丙威、丁硫克百威、速灭威这4种药剂的敏感性下降了66.7%~71.4%。对2006年南京江浦种群用吡虫啉连续筛选15代的结果表明,1~15代抗性上升433倍,抗性现实遗传力为0.2295,存在抗性风险。另外,还讨论了白背飞虱的综合防治。     

杀虫剂对茶园3种常见刺吸式口器害虫的室内毒力评价

小贯小绿叶蝉(Empoasca onukii Matsuda)、黑刺粉虱(Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaintance)和茶蚜(Toxoptera aurantii Boyer)是茶园常见的刺吸式口器害虫,严重影响茶叶的产量和品质,化学防治是其重要的防治措施。本研究测定了10类16种杀虫剂对3种害虫若虫的室内毒力,旨在筛选出高效药剂,为其防治提供参考和依据。室内毒力测定结果显示,唑虫酰胺、甲维盐、茚虫威和虫螨腈对小贯小绿叶蝉的毒力最高,LC_(50)分别为0.23、0.52、0.94、5.24 mg·L~(-1);溴氰虫酰胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺、噻虫胺和螺虫乙酯4种药剂对黑刺粉虱若虫的活性高,药后24 h的LC_(50)值分别为0.15、0.26、0.41、0.66 mg·L~(-1);除了呋虫胺和茚虫威,其他14种杀虫剂均对茶蚜若虫具有较高毒力,24 h的LC_(50)值均在10 mg·L~(-1)以下。本研究结果对根据害虫种类有针对性地选择药剂进行防治,促进茶园农药减施有重要意义。     

新烟碱类及其他稻田杀虫剂对褐飞虱的室内药效评价

【目的】系统评价市场上常用杀虫剂对褐飞虱不同虫态的作用特性,为选择对口药剂进行防治提供依据。【方法】采用稻苗浸渍法,在室内条件下测定了9种新烟碱类药剂和10种其他类型杀虫剂对褐飞虱不同虫态的杀虫活性、速效性和持效性。【结果】1)杀虫活性:不同杀虫剂活性存在显著差异。其中,烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺、毒死蜱、氟啶虫胺腈、呋虫胺和环氧虫啶活性最好,其次为哒嗪硫磷、乙基多杀菌素、吡蚜酮、异丙威,阿维菌素;其余药剂中噻虫嗪、甲维盐、氟啶虫酰胺对2~3龄若虫有一定活性而对4~5龄虫活性差,噻嗪酮、吡虫啉、噻虫啉、啶虫脒、氯噻啉对两种虫态的活性均较差。2)速效性:毒死蜱、哒嗪硫磷的速效性最好,异丙威、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺等次之,吡蚜酮最差。3)持效性:吡蚜酮、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺、环氧虫啶持效期>15d,其中吡蚜酮最好,药后0、5和10 d连续3批接的试虫死亡率无显著差异。4)成虫:呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺、环氧虫啶、毒死蜱、异丙威、吡蚜酮对雌雄成虫均有效,类似于若虫。5)卵:毒死蜱、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺和噻虫胺对卵及孵化的若虫均有效;吡蚜酮、环氧虫啶、异丙威等无明显杀卵活性,但吡蚜酮对孵化若虫有较好的杀虫活性。【结论】19种药剂中,适于褐飞虱防治的有吡蚜酮、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺、噻虫胺、环氧虫啶、氟啶虫胺腈、毒死蜱、哒嗪硫磷、异丙威共9种。其中,吡蚜酮持效性最佳且对卵之外各虫态活性较好,但速效性最差。呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺和环氧虫啶等的速效性、持效性均较突出,且前三者对各虫态均有效。氟啶虫胺腈杀虫活性和速效性均好,但持效性差于新烟碱类。毒死蜱和哒嗪硫磷可单独或在防治其他害虫时兼防治褐飞虱,其中毒死蜱速效性最好,适合于大虫量时快速压低虫量。异丙威杀虫活性弱于新烟碱类,但速效性强于新烟碱类药剂,适合与吡蚜酮等混用或复配。此外,用于鳞翅目害虫防治的乙基多杀菌素、阿维菌素、甲维盐对褐飞虱有一定活性,适合防治其他害虫时兼治褐飞虱。而其余药剂如吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、噻虫嗪等7种药剂不适用于褐飞虱的防治。     

新烟碱类及其他稻田杀虫剂对褐飞虱的室内药效评价

【目的】 系统评价市场上常用杀虫剂对褐飞虱不同虫态的作用特性,为选择对口药剂进行防治提供依据。【方法】 采用稻苗浸渍法,在室内条件下测定了9种新烟碱类药剂和10种其他类型杀虫剂对褐飞虱不同虫态的杀虫活性、速效性和持效性。【结果】 1)杀虫活性：不同杀虫剂活性存在显著差异。其中,烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺、毒死蜱、氟啶虫胺腈、呋虫胺和环氧虫啶活性最好,其次为哒嗪硫磷、乙基多杀菌素、吡蚜酮、异丙威,阿维菌素;其余药剂中噻虫嗪、甲维盐、氟啶虫酰胺对2~3龄若虫有一定活性而对4~5龄虫活性差,噻嗪酮、吡虫啉、噻虫啉、啶虫脒、氯噻啉对两种虫态的活性均较差。2)速效性：毒死蜱、哒嗪硫磷的速效性最好,异丙威、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺等次之,吡蚜酮最差。3)持效性：吡蚜酮、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺、环氧虫啶持效期>15 d,其中吡蚜酮最好,药后0、5和10 d连续3批接的试虫死亡率无显著差异。4)成虫：呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺、环氧虫啶、毒死蜱、异丙威、吡蚜酮对雌雄成虫均有效,类似于若虫。5)卵：毒死蜱、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺和噻虫胺对卵及孵化的若虫均有效;吡蚜酮、环氧虫啶、异丙威等无明显杀卵活性,但吡蚜酮对孵化若虫有较好的杀虫活性。【结论】 19种药剂中,适于褐飞虱防治的有吡蚜酮、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺、噻虫胺、环氧虫啶、氟啶虫胺腈、毒死蜱、哒嗪硫磷、异丙威共9种。其中,吡蚜酮持效性最佳且对卵之外各虫态活性较好,但速效性最差。呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺和环氧虫啶等的速效性、持效性均较突出,且前三者对各虫态均有效。氟啶虫胺腈杀虫活性和速效性均好,但持效性差于新烟碱类。毒死蜱和哒嗪硫磷可单独或在防治其他害虫时兼防治褐飞虱,其中毒死蜱速效性最好,适合于大虫量时快速压低虫量。异丙威杀虫活性弱于新烟碱类,但速效性强于新烟碱类药剂,适合与吡蚜酮等混用或复配。此外,用于鳞翅目害虫防治的乙基多杀菌素、阿维菌素、甲维盐对褐飞虱有一定活性,适合防治其他害虫时兼治褐飞虱。而其余药剂如吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、噻虫嗪等7种药剂不适用于褐飞虱的防治。     

新烟碱类及其他稻田杀虫剂对褐飞虱的室内药效评价

【目的】系统评价市场上常用杀虫剂对褐飞虱不同虫态的作用特性，为选择对口药剂进行防治提供依据。【方法】采用稻苗浸渍法，在室内条件下测定了9种新烟碱类药剂和10种其他类型杀虫剂对褐飞虱不同虫态的杀虫活性、速效性和持效性。【结果】1)杀虫活性：不同杀虫剂活性存在显著差异。其中，烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺、毒死蜱、氟啶虫胺腈、呋虫胺和环氧虫啶活性最好，其次为哒嗪硫磷、乙基多杀菌素、吡蚜酮、异丙威，阿维菌素；其余药剂中噻虫嗪、甲维盐、氟啶虫酰胺对2~3龄若虫有一定活性而对4~5龄虫活性差，噻嗪酮、吡虫啉、噻虫啉、啶虫脒、氯噻啉对两种虫态的活性均较差。2)速效性：毒死蜱、哒嗪硫磷的速效性最好，异丙威、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺等次之，吡蚜酮最差。3)持效性：吡蚜酮、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺、环氧虫啶持效期>15 d，其中吡蚜酮最好，药后0、5和10 d连续3批接的试虫死亡率无显著差异。4)成虫：呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺、环氧虫啶、毒死蜱、异丙威、吡蚜酮对雌雄成虫均有效，类似于若虫。5)卵：毒死蜱、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺和噻虫胺对卵及孵化的若虫均有效；吡蚜酮、环氧虫啶、异丙威等无明显杀卵活性，但吡蚜酮对孵化若虫有较好的杀虫活性。【结论】19种药剂中，适于褐飞虱防治的有吡蚜酮、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺、噻虫胺、环氧虫啶、氟啶虫胺腈、毒死蜱、哒嗪硫磷、异丙威共9种。其中，吡蚜酮持效性最佳且对卵之外各虫态活性较好，但速效性最差。呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺和环氧虫啶等的速效性、持效性均较突出，且前三者对各虫态均有效。氟啶虫胺腈杀虫活性和速效性均好，但持效性差于新烟碱类。毒死蜱和哒嗪硫磷可单独或在防治其他害虫时兼防治褐飞虱，其中毒死蜱速效性最好，适合于大虫量时快速压低虫量。异丙威杀虫活性弱于新烟碱类，但速效性强于新烟碱类药剂，适合与吡蚜酮等混用或复配。此外，用于鳞翅目害虫防治的乙基多杀菌素、阿维菌素、甲维盐对褐飞虱有一定活性，适合防治其他害虫时兼治褐飞虱。而其余药剂如吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、噻虫嗪等7种药剂不适用于褐飞虱的防治。     

茶棍蓟马（Dendrothrips minowai Priesner）触角感器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜技术观测了茶棍蓟马若虫、蛹、雌雄成虫触角感器的类型、分布及超微结构。结果表明,各种虫态的茶棍蓟马触角上共存在9种感器：Böhm氏鬃毛（BB）、钟形感器（SCa）、锥形乳头状感器（BMS）、刺形感器（SCh）、锥形感器（SB）、腔锥形感器（SCo）、腔形感器（SCav）、耳形感器（SA）和特殊结构感器（US）。其中,刺形感器分3种亚型,锥形感器分4种亚型。若虫、蛹、雌、雄成虫的触角感器在触角上的种类和分布有较大的差异,雌虫上具8种感器,无锥形乳头状感器;雄虫上着生7种,缺少锥形乳头状感器和腔形感器;若虫上感器种类有8种,无耳形感器,独具锥形乳头状感器;蛹的感器类型及数量最少,只有2种,即刺形感器和锥形感器。     

稻蓟马危害转Bt基因水稻克螟稻2号研究初报

 用卷叶率、为害级别和严重度3个指标评价了克螟稻2号及其亲本秀水11对稻蓟马的抗感性。结果表明,克螟稻2号较秀水11在3种指标上存在着极显著的差异,克螟稻2号较感虫;两品种上单位叶面积成虫数量差异均不显著,而卵量和若虫数量的差异显著;说明高密度的稻蓟马若虫将对克螟稻2号为害更严重。     

5种杀虫剂对木槿曼粉蚧的室内毒力测定

木槿曼粉蚧是我国南方大豆上的新害虫,为探讨其化学防控技术,在试验室条件下采用浸叶法测定了毒死蜱、氧乐果、杀扑磷、阿维菌素和啶虫脒对木槿曼粉蚧各龄若虫及雌成虫的毒力。结果显示:不同虫态的木槿曼粉蚧对供试药剂的敏感度有所差异。毒死蜱对木槿曼粉蚧1龄、3龄若虫的防治效果最好,LC50分别为0.111 9和0.568 1mg·L~(-1)。杀扑磷对2龄若虫的防治效果最好,LC50值为0.212 6 mg·L~(-1)。阿维菌素对雌成虫的防治效果最好,LC50值为11.426 2 mg·L~(-1)。化学防治木槿曼粉蚧的最佳时期是1龄若虫期,总体防治效果最好的是毒死蜱和杀扑磷。     

Field evaluation of selected botanicals and commercial synthetic insecticides against Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations and predators in onion field plots

The effectiveness of three botanical insecticides (neem, datura and bitter apple), and three new chemistry synthetic insecticides (acephate, spirotetramat and spinetoram) against onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) was evaluated in experimental field plots at university of Sargodha, Pakistan. The influence of these botanical and chemical insecticides on natural predators and crop yield was simultaneously investigated. All the botanicals and chemical insecticides tested caused significant reductions (45–70%) in thrips populations; the botanicals gave more than 60% control of thrips, while among chemical insecticides, acephate was found to be the most effective followed by spirotetramat and spinetoram, respectively, and these insecticides gave better control than the botanicals. The adverse effects of the botanicals on predator populations were negligible compared to the chemical insecticides. All chemical treatments resulted in a significantly higher yield compared to the untreated control. The botanicals and chemical insecticides became less effective by 7 days after treatment. Therefore, it is recommended that treatment with botanical or chemical insecticides should be repeated weekly consecutively at least three times to keep thrips populations below economic injury levels until crop maturity.     

甘肃武威市凉州玉米产区截形叶螨对3种杀螨剂的敏感性测定

截形叶螨(Tetranychus truncatus Ehara)是我国玉米生产上的一种重要的害螨。目前对截形叶螨的防治主要依赖化学农药。本研究通过室内浸液法测定截形叶螨成螨、若螨对3种不同作用机制的杀螨剂乙唑螨腈、联苯肼酯和螺螨酯的敏感性。结果表明,乙唑螨腈的毒力最强,对雌成螨和若螨24 h的LC50分别为0.033 mg/L、0.070 mg/L;联苯肼酯的毒力最低,对雌成螨和若螨24 h的LC50分别为0.685 mg/L、0.210 mg/L。3种杀螨剂对产卵量的影响均显著。乙唑螨腈可作为田间防治截形叶螨的最佳备选药剂。     

连作晚稻前期施药种类和时间对褐飞虱种群动态的影响

 田间试验研究了连晚前期施药种类和时间对褐飞虱种群动态的影响。结果表明施药后褐飞虱种群数量均有不同程度下降，但对褐飞虱主害代的控制作用与使用的农药种类和时间有密切的关系，而农药对褐飞虱的控制作用随种群的发展而下降。施药区褐飞虱种群增长倍数较对照区显著提高，其主要原因是农药对天敌尤其是对微蛛和黑肩绿盲蝽的杀伤作用。引起褐飞虱种群增长倍数提高的主要时期在四代成、若虫高峰期至五代卵高峰期，即施药后2～3周内。在各种供试药剂中，施用三唑磷的小区明显出现再增猖獗现象．根据以上结果，讨论了改善褐飞虱化学防治的途径。     

花蕾注射防治香蕉黄胸蓟马的药剂筛选及田间防效

香蕉黄胸蓟马是为害香蕉最主要的害虫之一,目前急缺高效的防治方法。近年来应用的花蕾注射法为控制香蕉黄胸蓟马提供了一种全新的精准施药方式,但适用该方法的药剂筛选鲜有报道。为了获得适用于此方法的高效低毒的杀虫剂,本文采用花蕾注射法在田间筛选了22种化学农药对香蕉黄胸蓟马的防效,结果表明,在推荐剂量下,吡虫啉、螺虫乙酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、溴氰虫酰胺、阿维菌素、虫螨腈等6种杀虫剂对香蕉黄胸蓟马的防治效果最高,处理后28 d的防治效果分别为99.80%、99.67%、99.48%、99.61%、99.33%和98.96%;同时,研究还发现吡虫啉与溴氰虫酰胺具有一定的协同增效作用,当其制剂用量分别在0.5 mL/L+0.5 mL/L和0.5 mL/L+0.25 mL/L时增效作用明显,防治效果分别为98.75%和95.81%,优于单剂的防治效果。本研究结果表明,吡虫啉、螺虫乙酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、溴氰虫酰胺、阿维菌素、虫螨腈用于花蕾注射防治香蕉黄胸蓟马高效、可行,另外,吡虫啉与溴氰虫酰胺复配使用可以更有效地减少蓟马防治中的农药用量。     

Effects of spiracle-blocking insecticides and microbial insecticides on the predator mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis (reuter) (heteroptera: miridae)

Spiracle-blocking insecticides and microbial insecticides are widely used for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Japan while Nesidiocoris tenuis is used for the control of thrips and whiteflies in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. However, the effects of the insecticides mentioned above on N. tenuis were unclear. This study investigated the effects of five spiracle-blocking insecticides and two microbial insecticides on the nymphs and adults ofN. tenuis. Propylene glycol fatty acid monoester was slightly harmful to both the nymphs and adults. Hydroxypropyl starch was slightly harmful to the nymphs, while sodium oleate was slightly harmful to the adults. Decanoyloctanoylglycerol and hydrogenated starch hydrolysate were not harmful to either the nymphs or adults. Beauveria bassiana was extremely harmful to the adults and was moderately harmful to the nymphs. Lecanicillium muscarium was slightly harmful to the adults. Therefore, decanoyloctanoylglycerol and hydrogenated starch hydrolysate can be used in combination with N. tenuis to establish an IPM program.     

Seasonal timing of neonicotinoid and organophosphate trunk injections to optimize the management of avocado thrips in California avocado groves

The timing of trunk injections of the organophosphate, acephate, and two systemic neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and dinotefuran, was evaluated in field trials for the management of avocado thrips. Following treatments, leaves were sampled over a 6-month period to determine the period of efficacy for each insecticide. The efficacy of acephate was determined using bioassays. Imidacloprid and dinotefuran residues in leaves were quantified by ELISA to determine the window of efficacy for these treatments based on previously determined biological dose response data. In addition, residues in fruit were quantified to determine whether trunk injection of insecticides might present a greater risk for contaminating fruit than traditional application methods. The timing of trunk injection treatments significantly impacted the uptake of imidacloprid and dinotefuran, with mid- and late-leaf flush periods proving more effective in terms of rate of uptake and degree of persistence at threshold levels. Acephate was mobilized very rapidly and gave good control of thrips in bioassays; however, residues of acephate, and its insecticidal metabolite methamidophos, were detected in the fruit for up to 4 weeks after injection. Imidacloprid was most effective when injected during the mid-flush period, which allowed levels to establish within the trees over a period of time when thrips would be actively feeding on young leaf tissue. The establishment of dinotefuran in trees was very rapid following trunk injection. However, its use was compromised by the inability of the chemical to reach effective concentrations for thrips control. Residues of dinotefuran were detected in fruit sampled from one tree, but the levels were below typical MRLs for other crops treated with this insecticide. Imidacloprid was not detected in any fruit sampled from trees in which imidacloprid had established in leaf tissue at concentrations that were toxic to avocado thrips. Overall, trunk injection of imidacloprid could be a viable option for avocado thrips control. However, residues of acephate in fruit may preclude its use because of the requirement for increased pre-harvest intervals. Dinotefuran injections may also be useful due to the rapid uptake and establishment within the canopy; however, it will be necessary to determine whether higher doses of dinotefuran can deliver the required levels of insecticide necessary for thrips control, without contaminating the fruit with residues.