呼伦贝尔退化草地植被演替特征研究

由于气候环境条件的变化和人类长期不合理的草地利用方式,致使呼伦贝尔草原退化、沙漠化趋势加剧,草地的退化严重威胁着当地的生态环境,制约着畜牧业的发展。对草甸草原、典型草原和沙地植被三种草地类型的植被退化演替特征研究结果表明:随着草地退化(沙化)程度加大,群落结构与多样性逐渐丧失,草层高度、植被盖度、株丛密度、地上部生物量等,都呈现不同程度的递减趋势,草地退化过程中,群落物种组成逐渐单一,数量逐渐减少,物种组成发生显著的变化。未退化草地以禾本科植物占主导地位,随着退化程度的加大,退化指示类的菊科植物的重要地位得到提升,中度退化阶段蔷薇科植物不断增加,并占据优势地位,重度退化阶段,多以耐践踏的蔷薇科植物和小型禾草为优势种,其中重度沙化草地,多年生植物几乎全部消失,而被一年生植物替代。     

典型草原不同演替阶段群落结构与物种多样性变化

针对退化草地恢复进程及恢复过程中的合理利用问题,选取生长季围封(4至9月)收获干草,其它时间轻度放牧利用的草地为研究对象,同时选取自由放牧草地为对照,开展典型草原围封演替过程中群落结构与物种多样性变化的研究。研究结果表明:典型草原不同演替阶段群落的物种组成基本一致,但主要物种的优势地位发生了显著改变。在自由放牧草地,以星毛萎陵菜、冷蒿、糙隐子草为优势物种,采用生长季围封恢复措施后,优良牧草羊草、克氏针茅的优势地位增加,退化草地正向演替,群落的盖度、密度、地上、地下生物量及优良牧草比例增加,群落结构优化,物种多样性增加。但若围封后连续多年(13年以上)刈割利用,容易导致群落的盖度、密度、地上、地下生物量再次下降,草地发生2次逆行演替。研究认为:季节性围封的管理方式既可保证退化草地在一定程度上得到恢复,也能避免全年围封禁牧所带来的饲草资源浪费。季节性围封在我国牧区是可行的草地管理方法,但适宜的围封季节及围封后的合理利用问题(如合理的割草制度等)有待进一步研究。     

麦积山草地植物群落物种多样性及结构相似性特征

采用标准样地调查法对甘肃省麦积山风景区不同海拔和坡向草地植物群落的数量特征、物种多样性、群落结构与种群习性等特征进行了调查研究。结果表明:臭草(Foeda herba)、冰草(Agropyron)、野燕麦(Avena fatua L)和甘肃羊茅(Gansu fescue)分别为不同海拔的优势种群,优势种与次优势种多为多年生草本植物,且以菊科(Compositae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、豆科(Leguminosae)为主;不同海拔间植物群落相似性系数均在0.50~0.75之间,属于中等相似水平,海拔梯度间群落结构差异小;植物群落密度随海拔升高下降,但差异不显著,群落丰富度指数、多样性指数随海拔升高呈下降趋势,均匀性指数随海拔升高先升高后下降。     

宁夏盐池县退化草地不同利用方式下植物群落多样性与生物量的研究

以草地群落样方调查数据为基础,对3种不同利用方式下的退化草地群落进行群落结构、多样性及生物量分析对比。结果表明:禁牧对增加草地植物优势种的重要值起到了一定作用,而6区轮牧的方式使草地群落优势种恢复得较以草定畜方式好一些;不同利用方式间相似性指数反映了放牧干扰使得相似性增大,6区轮牧对草地的干扰较以草定畜小些;禁牧对增加草地群落物种多样性不明显,以草定畜样地的多样性程度较高,但这可能是草地群落恢复性较差的表现,6区轮牧相对于以草定畜的草地群落恢复性较好;禁牧对草地群落有毒植物生物量的减少起到了作用,而6区轮牧对减少有毒植物的生物量,较以草定畜效果好些,这种方式对草地的恢复较为有利。今后应注重对6区轮牧方式进行更深入的研究。     

呼伦贝尔草甸草原不同退化程度羊草群落指标研究

本试验对放牧干扰下不同退化程度呼伦贝尔草甸草原羊草群落进行研究。结果发现,随着退化程度的增加,群落的平均高度、地上生物量及植物群落α多样性指数均表现出降低的趋势。各物种的重要值变化幅度很大,建群种羊草的重要值在重度退化区高于轻度退化区。随着退化程度的增加,羊草群落伴生种的重要值降低,一些耐践踏、适口性差的物种增加,一、二年生植物的重要值也呈现出增加的趋势。通过研究表明,可用群落的平均高度和地上生物量、物种α多样性指数和重要值作为放牧干扰下确定不同退化程度的植物群落学指标。     

围栏封育对新疆山地退化草原植物群落特征的影响

围栏封育作为一种有效的退化草原管理措施,近年来在我国退化草原恢复中得到极为广泛的应用。以新疆巴里坤县退化温性荒漠草原为研究对象,通过连续4 a围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被调查资料,对比分析围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被群落组成和地上生物量的动态特征。结果表明:(1)通过围栏封育措施,退化草原的物种多样性和群落生态优势度与自由放牧样地相比略有提高,群落均匀度略有降低,但通过t检验,差异均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。(2)随着封育措施的实施,总体上草原群落优势种为沙生针茅和伊犁绢蒿,反映出西部内陆半干旱地区温性荒漠草原特有的特征;自由放牧样地,沙生针茅和伊犁绢蒿在群落中的优势地位发生变化。(3)围栏封育措施提高了植物群落的平均高度、地上生物量。随着围封时间的延长,群落地上生物量增加,且显著高于自由放牧区,然而4 a围栏封育并不能使温性荒漠草原产草量达到最高水平,也不能使植物群落的多样性指标与自由放牧样地形成显著差异。     

风蚀沙化对草原植被生物多样性的影响——以呼伦贝尔草原为例

通过对呼伦贝尔草地沙化过程中不同演替阶段植被物种组成和生物多样性研究,结果表明:草地沙化,灌丛化明显,群落结构趋干简单化;群落α多样性急剧下降,其中物种丰富度、多样性、均匀性,严重沙化草地分别比潜在沙化草地减少59.4%、54.0%和31.4%,而生态优势度增加44.9%,说明草地沙化后,群落物种数减少,优势种更加突出...     

沙质草地植物群落及土壤质地对补播和翻耕措施的响应

选取3个翻耕模式(深翻、浅翻及免耕),以未补播的原生沙质草地为对照(CK),分析不同模式下禾-豆混播草地土壤颗粒组成、植物群落结构特征及数量特征,研究退化沙质草地土壤质地及植物群落对翻耕和补播措施的响应。结果表明:深翻、浅翻、免耕及CK对应的草地群落物种丰富度分别为9、9、5种和8种,机械扰动和补播牧草降低了游击型克隆植物的繁殖与扩展能力,提高了补播牧草在群落中的优势度,深翻处理下多年生禾本科及豆科牧草优势度最为明显,翻耕及补播后草地植物群落物种多样性和均匀度明显增大,生态优势度与物种多样性变化趋势正好相反,其中浅翻处理下补播草地群落物种多样性和均匀度最高,游击型克隆植物提高了原生草地生态优势度;补播草地群落地上生物量大小表现为:深翻(348.39 g·m~(-2))浅翻(285.77 g·m~(-2))免耕(242.08 g·m~(-2))CK(141.83 g·m~(-2)),且与原生草地存在极显著性差异(P0.01);补播草地土壤颗粒组成主要以50~250μm的细沙粒为主,深翻、浅翻及补播牧草显著提高了0~20 cm土层土壤黏粉粒含量和土壤颗粒体积分形维数(P0.01),土壤质地改善效果明显,土壤整体稳定性明显提高。     

放牧模式对高山草地蝗虫群落生物多样性的影响及其作用机制

为明确不同放牧模式对高山草地蝗虫群落生物多样性的影响及其作用机制,本研究调查牛放牧、羊放牧、牛羊混合放牧和休牧4种模式下高山草地植物群落特征、蝗虫群落组成和数量,分析蝗虫群落生物多样性特征,利用冗余分析方法分析植物群落与蝗虫群落的相关性,采用结构方程模型分析放牧模式对蝗虫群落的影响路径。结果显示,与休牧相比,牛放牧、羊放牧、牛羊混合放牧模式显著影响高山草地植物群落高度、植物群落覆盖度和禾本科牧草高度,但对植物群落生物多样性影响不显著。4种放牧模式下共捕获蝗虫13种,不同放牧模式下,高山草地的生物指示种不同。与休牧模式相比,牛放牧、羊放牧、牛羊混合放牧模式显著影响高山草地Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数;在牛放牧、羊放牧和牛羊混合放牧模式下,高山草地蝗虫群落Shannon-Wiener指数分别为0.36、0.35和0.29,高山草地蝗虫群落Simpson优势度指数分别为0.45、0.45和0.35,高山草地蝗虫群落Pielou均匀度指数分别为0.33、0.33和0.24。高山草地植物群落高度、覆盖度和禾本科牧草高度与红翅皱膝蝗Angaracris rhodopa、鼓翅皱膝蝗A.barabensis、青海痂蝗Bryodema miramae等呈负相关,与狭翅雏蝗Chorthippus dubius呈正相关。结构方程模型分析表明不同高山草地放牧模式主要通过改变植物群落高度间接影响蝗虫群落生物多样性。     

不同干扰对高寒草原群落物种多样性和生物量的影响

通过对新疆巴音布鲁克高寒草原天然草地进行灌溉、围栏(2年、7年、13年)和自由放牧处理,探讨不同干扰类型对草地植物多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明:灌溉使草地植物群落的高度、盖度和地上、地下生物量达到较高的水平,物种多样性也有一定程度的增加;而在自由放牧制度下,由于干扰过于剧烈,草地已呈退化趋势,物种多样性和生物量均较低;在围栏草地中,随着围封年限的增加,群落高度、盖度、地上、地下生物量逐渐增加,物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数呈现先增加后减小的趋势。在5种干扰类型中,物种丰富度、Shannon-W iener指数(H′)的排列顺序为:放牧草地<围栏2年草地<灌溉草地<围栏13年草地<围栏7年草地;P ielou均匀度指数的排列顺序为:围栏2年<放牧<灌溉<围栏13年<围栏7年;地上生物量的变化趋势为:放牧草地<围栏2年草地<围栏7年草地<围栏13年草地<灌溉草地;地下生物量的变化趋势为:放牧草地<围栏2年草地<灌溉草地<围栏7年草地<围栏13年草地。     

Water utilization of typical plant communities in desert steppe,China

Water is a limiting factor in the restoration and construction of desert steppe. Exploring plant water sources is necessary to understand soil-plant interactions and species coexistence; however, water sources of major plant communities within the desert steppe of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the water uptake of plants in four typical communities: Agropyron mongolicum Keng.; Sophora alopecuroids Linn.; Stipa breviflora Griseb., and Achnatherum splendens (Trin.) Nevski communities. Stable isotopes δD and δ¹⁸O in the xylem of plant and soil water at different soil depths were analyzed. An IsoSource model was used to determine the soil depths from which plants obtained water. Results showed that A. mongolicum community obtained water predominantly from 0-20 and 40-80 cm depth, S. alopecuroids community from 0-20 cm depth, S. breviflora community from 0-40 cm depth, and A. splendens community from 0-20 and 80-140 cm depths. S. alopecuroides had a wider range of soil depths for water extraction, i.e., utilizing different water sources depending on habitat, and the plasticity of its water uptake pattern determined its role in different communities. Water source of plants relayed heavily on the distribution of their roots. Competition for soil water exists between different plant life forms in the sierozem habitat (A. mongolicum, S. alopecuroids, and S. breviflora communities), and in the sandy soil habitat (A. splendens community). The use of soil water by A. splendens community is more spatially differentiated, and shrubs and herbs can coexist stably. Under the pattern of extended drought period in the future, sierozem habitat may be more favorable for the formation of a dominant monoculture community type of perennial fibrous plants. In aeolian sandy soil habitat, A. splendens had a strong competitive advantage, and the growth of shallow-rooted plants was easily suppressed.     

典型黄土残塬沟壑区啮齿动物群落分布格局及其时空动态

为研究典型黄土残塬沟壑区啮齿动物群落的分布格局及其对环境变化的响应，于1990—2020年对山西省隰县林草区、沟底作物区、塬面作物区和塬面果园区4种不同样区的啮齿动物群落进行调查，分析不同时间段啮齿动物的群落结构、多样性特征和空间生态位。结果显示，研究期间隰县啮齿动物整体密度呈高—低—高的趋势，由1990—1994年的12.71%逐步下降到2005—2009年的3.39%，之后又上升至2015—2020年的7.83%；作物区的啮齿动物群落多样性特征与林草区、塬面果园区的多样性特征有显著差异，而沟底作物区和塬面作物区的啮齿动物群落多样性特征无显著差异；不同啮齿动物间的Pianka空间生态位重叠指数显示啮齿动物对环境资源的需求和利用有一定的差异性。表明生境类型会影响啮齿动物群落的分布格局，而环境的变化是导致其格局变化的重要因素。     

Reproduction potential of Nigerian Meloidogyne spp. and the response of six commercial watermelon cultivars to predominant species

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The reproduction potential of nine single-species Meloidogyne populations and 16 mixed-species communities, recovered from watermelon rhizospheres in...     

宁夏平原沟渠边坡植物群落多样性的影响因子分析

沟渠边坡是物种传播的廊道之一,在物种传播与演替进程中起重要的作用。采用主分量分析和PCA排序的方法,对宁夏平原沟渠边坡的优势植物群落与其环境影响因子进行了定量分析。结果表明：宁夏平原沟渠边坡植物群落的主要影响因子是土壤水分和土壤有机质,且土壤盐分与植物群落的优势度和生物多样性之间有Y2=0.516-0.005X1+0.506X2的关系,可以根据此模型对宁夏平原沟渠湿地的土壤盐分和植物种群多样性及生态优势度做出具体的数学解释。同时表明,沟渠边坡水分梯度和土壤养分是决定其植物分布的主要影响因素。沟渠作为干旱半干旱区绿洲的重要水利设施,从获取最大用水效率、减少水分损失角度,可以高效地通过植物群落控水控肥;而从沟渠强化水文生态效益的角度,则可以提高沟渠湿地的水文循环效率。     

石羊河中下游河岸带植被对地下水位变化的响应

通过对石羊河中下游河岸带的地下水位定位观测及植被和土壤水盐含量调查发现：河岸带地下水位与河床横向间距呈正相关;在长流水河段的河岸带,以植被类型、物种丰富度和植被盖度与河床间距的关系,判断河流影响地下水位距河床的范围约为130 m,但对于河岸带植被作用距河床横向间距可达500 m。在断流河段,距古河床0~200 m区间内分布河岸植物种。虽然石羊河下游断流,但河流地貌影响地下水位,有利于植物生长。调查区域内有5个植被型,12个群系和29个群丛,河岸带发育隐域植被类型。当地下水位≤2 m时,沼泽草甸发育;当地下水位3~6 m时,以芦苇、赖草和骆驼蓬为建群种的盐化草甸发育;地下水位≤14 m时,则柽柳灌丛繁茂。石羊河的径流量丰欠影响河岸带地下水位变化,河岸带植被组成、结构和分布响应地下水位埋深。
     

中国特有种-奇台沙拐枣(Calligonum klementzii)群落特征及其异地建植模式初探

对奇台沙拐枣(Calligonum klementzii)自然植物群落特征进行了调查分析,依据自然植物群落特征对异地重建模式进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)自然群落特征数量指标中,优势度、重要值、多度、频度、高度、生活型、生长型是决定重建群落特征的主要参考指标。(2)奇台沙拐枣重建植物群落理论最小种植面积为2286-2857m2;主要物种数为10种,其中小乔木2种,灌木3种,草本5种;重建群落优势种奇台沙拐枣、梭梭(Haloxylon mmodendron)、羽状三芒草(Aristida pennata)最小物种保存数分别为96-120株、40-80株、120-240株;种群年龄结构按自然群落模式配置。     

重庆市郊不同种植制度菜地昆虫群落结构研究

文章报道了1990年6月—1991年5月对重庆市郊13种不同种植制度菜地昆虫群落的调查研究结果。凋查中发现47种昆虫,按发生数量、时间和为害程度,可将害虫区分为3类。优势害虫主要是珠砂叶螨、菜缢管蚜、小菜蛾和菊潜叶蝇。各种菜地昆虫群落的多样性有所不同,但具有共同趋势,即昆虫目的多样性[H(O)]大于目内科的多样性[Ho(F)],又大于科内种的多样性[H_F(S)];均匀度都低,优势种十分突出,模糊聚类分析表明,13种菜地昆虫群落可划分为5个亚群落,各亚群落在蔬菜种类、换茬方式以及昆虫组成上各有特点。     

Saline soil enzyme activities of four plant communities in Sangong River basin of Xinjiang,China

Soil enzyme activity plays an important role in the conversion of soil organic carbon into inorganic carbon,which is significant for the global carbon cycle.In this study,we investigated the soil enzyme activities of two ligninolytic enzymes(peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase)and five non-ligninolytic enzymes(α-1,4-glucosidase(AG);β-1,4-glucosidase(BG);N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase(NAG);β-D-cellobiosidase(CBH);andβ-xylosidase(BXYL))in four plant communities of the Sangong River basin in Fukang,North Xinjiang,China.The four typical plant communities were dominated by Haloxylon ammodendron,Reaumuria soongonica,Salsola passerina,and Tamarix rarmosissima,respectively,with saline soils of varied alkalinity.The results showed that the soil peroxidase activity decreased seasonally.The activities of the five non-ligninolytic enzymes decreased with increasing soil depths,while those of the two ligninolytic enzymes did not show such a trend.In the four plant communities,BG had the highest activity among the five non-ligninolytic enzymes,and the activities of the two ligninolytic enzymes were higher than those of the four non-ligninolytic ones(AG,NAG,CBH,and BXYL).The community of H.ammodendron displayed the highest activity with respect to the two ligninolytic enzymes in most cases,but no significant differences were found among the four plant communities.The geometric mean of soil enzyme activities of the four plant communities was validated through an independently performed principal component analysis(PCA),which indicated that different plant communities had different soil enzyme activities.The correlation analysis showed that soil polyphenol oxidase activity was significantly positively correlated with the activities of the five non-ligninolytic enzymes.The soil pH value was positively correlated with the activities of all soil enzymes except peroxidase.Soil microbial carbon content also showed a significant positive correlation(P0.01)with the activities of all soil enzymes except polyphenol oxidase.The results suggested that the H.ammodendron community has the highest ability to utilize soil organic carbon,and glucoside could be the most extensively utilized non-ligninolytic carbon source in the saline soil of arid areas in Xinjiang.     

塔里木河下游绿色走廊生态环境与前景

本文通过对塔木河下游绿色走廊生态环境现状调查，分析了走廊地下水状况，对绿色走廊进行了三段划分，依次为繁茂带、散生带和恶变带。对于绿色走廊发展前景，从塔河下游来水情况以及水资源管理利用入手对比论证，提出了针对三段情况不同的整治方案和对策。     

Succession of soil bacterial and fungal communities of Caragana korshinskii plantation in a typical agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China over a 50-a period

Bacterial and fungal communities play critical roles in reestablishing vegetation structure, function and biodiversity in ecosystem restoration in arid and semi-arid areas. However, the long-term successional changes in bacterial and fungal communities that occur with artificial vegetation development are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the successional changes in bacterial and fungal communities in Caragana korshinskii Kom. plantation over a period of 50 a (6, 12, 18, 40 and 50 a) and their relationships with key soil environmental factors in a typical agro-pastoral ecotone, northern China. The results showed that bacterial and fungal diversities (α- and β-diversity) were significantly affected by plantation age; moreover, the change in fungal community was more evident than that in bacterial community. Soil samples from 12 a plantation had the highest (P<0.05) bacterial and fungal α-diversity (i.e., abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and Chao1 index) at 0-10 cm depth compared with other samples. However, soil samples from plantation at the late recovery stage (40-50 a) had the highest α-diversity at 10-20 cm depth. Soil bacterial community was not significantly affected by plantation age at the genus level; but, soil fungal community was significantly affected at the genus level. Overall, Mortierella and Chaetomium were the dominant genera at natural recovery stage (0 a); Inocybe was the dominant genus at the early recovery stage (6-12 a); Inocybe and Mortierella were the dominant genera at the mid-recovery stage (12-40 a); And Mortierella, Cladosporium and Humicola were the dominant genera at the late recovery stage (40-50 a). Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that β-glucosidase activity, total nitrogen and soil organic carbon were closely associated with bacterial community composition, while alkaline phosphatase, urease activity and total nitrogen were associated with fungal community composition, indicating that changes in enzyme activity and soil nutrients were the most important determinants of dominant genera. Furthermore, pathogenic microorganisms (Cladosporium and Humicola) were dominant in soils from 40-50 a plantation, which may affect plant growth, resulting in the decline of C. korshinskii plantation. Overall, the findings of this study improve the understanding of ecological patterns of bacterial and fungal communities in artificial vegetation and provide an important scientific basis for comprehensive ecological restoration management in arid and semi-arid areas.