小麦-茸毛偃麦草异附加系Y176-3的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

为了解茸毛偃麦草（Thinopyrum intermedium ssp.trichophorum）与小麦经过杂交、回交所选育的小偃麦新种质Y176—3的遗传特性，对该系进行了抗条锈性鉴定与：分子细胞学分析。结果表明，Y176—3对当前的条锈病流行小种和新小种免疫。其根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=44，有2对随体，花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I（PMCMI）染色体构型为2n=22Ⅱ。利用C-带分析，观察到Y176-3中可能附加了一对来自茸毛偃麦草的端部有强带的短染色体。以拟鹅观草（Pseudoroegneria spicata，2n=14）DNA作探针、中国春基因组DNA为封阻进行的原位杂交结果表明。Y176-3含有2条较短的茸毛偃麦草染色体，该染色体属于St组，推测新种质Y176-3中导入的来自茸毛偃麦草的St染色体可能携带新的抗条锈病基因。     

六个八倍体小偃麦的选育和鉴定

以中间偃麦草（Elytrigia intermedia）与普通小麦品种烟农15杂交，从其杂种后代中选育出6个细胞学稳定的八倍体小偃麦山农TE183、山农TE185、山农TE188、山农TE198、山农TE256和山农TE347。这些八倍体小偃麦植株健壮、育性正常、穗大多实，高抗白粉病、务锈病等小麦病害。种子醇溶蛋白电泳分析证明，6个八倍体小偃麦醇溶蛋白图谱中均具有亲本中间偃麦草的特异带，并且山农TE183、山农TE185、山农TE198、山农TE256和山农TE347等5个八倍体小偃麦的带型基本一致，为同一类型，而山农TE188为另一类型。细胞学鉴定结果表明，6个八倍体小偃麦的根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=56，花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I（PMCMI）染色体构型为2n=28II，具有高度的细胞学稳定性。以山农TE188和山农TE198分别与中2、中3和中1、中5杂交，对其杂种F1染色体构型分析结果表明，山农TE188与中。和中2、山农TE198与中1和中5的染色体构成是不同的。综合种子醇溶蛋白电泳和细胞学分析结果，初步认为本研究选育的6个八倍体小偃麦与前人选育的中1、中2、中3、中4、中5等5个八倍体小偃麦所携带的中间偃麦草染色体组可能不完全相同。     

基于RNA-seq技术开发中间偃麦草基因组特异分子标记

中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium,2n=6x=42,JJJSJSStSt或Ee Ee EbEbStSt)是小麦遗传改良的重要近缘植物,高抗锈病、白粉病等病害,耐逆性强。开发中间偃麦草基因组特异分子标记对于加快其优异基因向普通小麦中的转移和利用具有重要意义。为建立快速准确开发中间偃麦草基因组特异分子标记的新体系,首先利用RNA-seq技术对中间偃麦草及其基因组供体二倍体长穗偃麦草、百萨偃麦草、假鹅观草的苗期叶片进行转录组测序,然后根据测序结果设计EST-SSR引物,对普通小麦、中间偃麦草及其基因组供体材料进行DNA扩增分析,从中筛选鉴定中间偃麦草基因组特异标记。结果表明,在所合成的200对ESTSSR引物中,有75对引物(37.5%)在中间偃麦草、二倍体长穗偃麦草、百萨偃麦草和假鹅观草中具有特异扩增,引物多态率较高。说明利用RNA-seq技术开发EST-SSR引物可以高效地用于筛选中间偃麦草基因组特异分子标记,这一技术体系也可应用于其他作物及其近缘物种的特异分子标记开发。     

小麦-中间偃麦草蓝粒代换系的创制与鉴定

小麦的蓝粒性状可作为表型标记用于小麦育种和遗传学研究,来自中间偃麦草的蓝粒种质材料尚鲜见报道。本研究通过八倍体小偃麦中5 (2n=8x=56, AABBDDXX)与中国春缺-四体系列材料杂交,在中5×N4BT4A和中5×N7BT7D杂交组合后代中获得了两份蓝粒材料,编号分别为Zh5-a2-1和Zh5-c13-2。利用细胞遗传学和分子标记方法对这两份蓝粒材料进行了染色体组成分析。以中间偃麦草基因组DNA为探针的GISH分析显示,这两份蓝粒材料的染色体数均为2n=42,包括40条小麦染色体和两条中间偃麦草染色体。利用重复序列探针pSc119.2和pAs1进行的FISH分析表明,Zh5-a2-1和Zh5-c13-2均为二体代换系,被代换的一对小麦染色体分别为4B和4D。通过用St、E~e和E~b基因组DNA作探针进行GISH分析,证明这两份蓝粒代换系中的中间偃麦草染色体均为St组染色体,但与中5中的中间偃麦草染色体比较发现这对St组染色体的短臂端部发生了缺失。利用二倍体长穗偃麦草E~e基因组的SNP标记分析证明,两份蓝粒代换系中的中间偃麦草染色体与长穗偃麦草的4E~e染色体同源,即Zh5-a2-1和Zh5-c13-2分别为4St(4B)和4St(4D)代换系,命名为SubZh5-4St(4B)和SubZh5-4St(4D)。同时说明,中间偃麦草的4St染色体上带有蓝粒基因。通过对450个小麦SSR标记进行筛选,获得了4个可跟踪鉴定4St染色体的特异SSR标记。研究结果可用于蓝粒小麦品种的培育和中间偃麦草蓝粒基因的遗传学研究。     

普通小麦-中间偃麦草易位系08-738的鉴定

中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium,2n=42)具有大穗多花和抗多种病害等特性,是小麦育种的重要基因资源之一。为确定普通小麦川麦107与中间偃麦草杂交获得的遗传稳定品系08-738的染色体组成,采用形态学、细胞遗传学和SSR分子标记对其进行了鉴定。形态学分析表明,08-738具有植株较矮和小穗数较多的特点。细胞学观察表明,其染色体数目及构型为2n=42=21II。基因组原位杂交(GISH)和重复序列原位杂交(FISH)结果表明,08-738含有20对小麦染色体和1对小麦-中间偃麦草小片段易位染色体,易位位于小麦3DS的近末端,且该外源片段可能来源于中间偃麦草的Js染色体组。SSR标记分析显示,位于3DS 6-0.55-1.00之间的SSR标记xcfd141能在08-738和中间偃麦草之间扩增出一条特异条带,xcfd141可作为该中间易位片段鉴定和选择的标记。     

小麦-中间偃麦草代换系中233的分子细胞学鉴定

为了从小麦-中间偃麦草衍生后代中获得具有优良性状的新种质,利用细胞学和分子标记技术对中间偃麦草衍生系中233进行鉴定。结果表明,中233的根尖细胞染色体数为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的染色体通常配成21个二价体。以中间偃麦草基因组DNA为探针、中国春基因组DNA为封阻进行基因组原位杂交(GISH)分析发现,中233含有2条中间偃麦草染色体和40条小麦染色体,在减数分裂中期I,两条中间偃麦草染色体可以正常配对。利用D基因组特异探针pAs1进行荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析发现,中233缺少了一对小麦的2D染色体。分子标记鉴定进一步表明,中233的1对小麦2D染色体被中间偃麦草染色体所代换。说明中233是一个细胞学稳定的小麦-中间偃麦草二体代换系,初步推断其可能携带有中间偃麦草的优异基因。     

利用细胞学和RAPD技术鉴定抗条锈病小滨麦易位系

为了了解来自八倍体小滨麦与普通小麦杂种后代的小滨麦种质系山农0096的染色体构型和抗锈性,在农艺性状综合评价的基础上,对该系进行了细胞学和RAPD鉴定。结果表明,山农0096对条锈病免疫,其根尖细胞染色体数为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期 (PMCMI)染色体构型为2n=21 ;与小麦亲本的杂种F1PMCMI染色体构型平均值为2n=19 1 ;100个多聚体核苷酸随机引物中,有3个引物在山农0096中扩增出滨麦草的特异DNA带,它们分别记为S241250、S38750、S42640,初步确定山农0096是一个小滨麦易位系。     

小麦-滨麦2D/2Ns异代换系DM2411的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

为进一步挖掘利用滨麦优异基因,并丰富小麦遗传种质资源,利用形态学、细胞遗传学、基因组原位杂交(Genomic in situ hybridization,GISH)、EST-STS分子标记、SSR分子标记等技术,对从八倍体小滨麦M842-16和硬粒小麦D4286杂交F_7代材料中筛选出的1个遗传稳定的小滨麦异代换系DM2411进行了鉴定。细胞遗传学观察表明,DM2411的染色体主要构型为2n=42=21Ⅱ,遗传稳定。根尖体细胞和花粉母细胞的原位杂交研究表明,DM2411含有1对滨麦Ns基因组。SSR分析表明,DM2411可能缺失了小麦2D染色体。EST分析表明,DM2411可能含有滨麦2Ns染色体。形态学调查表明,DM2411的株高极显著降低。     

兼抗白粉病和条锈病的八倍体小偃麦的鉴定

为了选育兼抗小麦白粉病和条锈病的桥梁种质材料,对从中间偃麦草与普通小麦品种烟农15杂交后代中选育的3个小偃麦材料山农TE0537、TE0524和山农TE0543进行了形态学、细胞学和白粉病、条锈病抗性鉴定.结果表明,山农TE0537农艺性状较好,其主要性状介于双亲之间,对白粉病免疫,高抗条锈病,具有高度的细胞学稳定性,其根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=56,PMC MI染色体构型为2n=28II;山农TE0524和山农TE0543对白粉病、条锈病均表现为高抗,根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=55,PMC MI平均染色体构型分剐为2n=2.32Ⅰ 26.22Ⅱ 0.06Ⅳ和2n=1.20Ⅰ 26.90Ⅱ,在细胞学上尚不稳定.研究表明,3个小偃麦材料是小麦白粉病和条锈病的良好抗源,在小麦白粉病和条锈病的遗传改良中具有重要利用价值.     

高产强筋小麦新品种—科农2009

正科农2009是以小偃6号与黑麦品种German White远缘杂交获得的1BL-1RS易位系材料148为母本,以八倍体小偃麦BE-1为父本,经过杂交、回交、辐射诱变,与普通小麦科农1095进一步回交选育的小麦-黑麦-偃麦草三属杂交新品种。该品种于2011-2014年参加河北省冀中南优质组冬小麦预备、区域和生产试验,2015年通过河北省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为冀审麦2015004号,审定名为科农2009。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.