中国白茶茶树品种利用现状与展望

白茶是原产于我国福建省的特色茶叶之一,白茶对我国茶产业发展具有重要作用.我国茶树种质资源丰富,在漫长的进化过程中,结合人工选育,筛选出适合制作白茶的茶树品种众多.同时,越来越多的省份开始生产加工白茶产品,其原料茶树品种不同,生产加工成的白茶茶叶品质也风格各异.本文在调研我国白茶主产区白茶茶树品种利用情况的基础上,分析福...     

福建省白茶品种遗传多样性分析

福建省茶树资源丰富,适合制作白茶的茶树品种众多.本研究利用SSR分子标记研究福建省适制白茶品种的遗传多样性.首先对6个常用白茶品种做多样性分析,发现品种间的遗传距离与地理距离呈明显的正相关,其中亲缘关系最近的是福鼎大白茶与福鼎大毫茶,最远的是福建水仙.然后对18个适合制作白茶的品种做聚类图,发现18个品种可聚成8个类群,亲缘关系近的品种主要集中在a(福云系列品种)、b(来源于福鼎市品种)、g(铁观音与黄棪杂交种)3个类群,剩余品种之间的遗传距离都较远,其中遗传距离最远的品种仍然是福建水仙.通过分析参试品种的相似系数和聚类图,可清楚地了解福建省白茶品种的遗传背景和亲缘关系.     

浅谈福鼎白茶及老白茶的特点

中国传统六大茶类中的白茶是微发酵茶的一种。中国茶叶流通协会(CTMA)数据显示,白茶年生产总量接连多年维持约15%的增长(2013年-2016年),是目前国内市场相对热销的茶叶品种。同时陈年白茶(老白茶)是消费者购买的主要白茶产品,也是大部分厂家主推的产品。中国白茶发源地之一的福鼎,其白茶的产量约占中国总产量的50%,是白茶的重要产区。因此正确认识和了解福鼎白茶,特别是福鼎老白茶对消费者和从事白茶相关行业人员是十分必要的。     

浅析花香白茶品质特征及工艺提升

宁德市自2013年开始以高香型茶树品种制作花香白茶,获消费者青睐。文章通过分析宁德市第八届茶王赛上选送的花香白茶品质,总结出提高花香白茶品质的技术要点。     

松溪白茶产史寻迹

福建松溪县产茶历史悠久,属北苑贡茶延伸产区。白茶民间药膳等用途追溯史更早,同建茶起源。贸易用的白茶从邻县建阳吉坑一带传入,先传工艺,用当地菜茶品种制成的白茶称"小白",俗称"白仔"。后引入水仙与政和大白茶品种制成白茶,亦称"白仔",但通常将水仙制的称"水仙白",政和大白茶制的称"大白"。"白仔"各花色产品史上曾极其兴盛。1949年后,松溪白茶又经历跌宕起伏,形成"小白""九龙白"差异化特色产品发展格局。     

建阳白茶初考

建阳白茶又称水吉白茶是福建传统名茶。其主要产品有寿眉、贡眉、白牡丹和白亳银针。外销市场主要是港澳和东南亚等地。近年出口250吨左右,每吨均价约3600美元。白茶的创始起源专家学者多有论述,笔者根据多年调查所得,作此初考,敬请指教。 一、白茶创始时间与人物 白茶最早是清朝乾隆三十七年至四十七年(1772～1782年),由肖乌奴的高祖创制的。 据白茶创始人的第五代传人,1990年74岁的肖乌奴和同村同年人饶太荣两位老茶农反映,白茶是肖苏伯(肖乌奴的曾祖父)和肖占高的父辈创始的。肖苏伯年青时即曾贩运白茶到广州。     

浅述九龙大白茶沉浮史

福建省优良茶树品种九龙大白茶,1963年发现于松溪县郑墩镇双源村。《中国茶叶》1980年第4期曾以《松溪县的一个茶树新品种》为题首次报道该品种,1998年九龙大白茶经审定为省优品种。历经半个世纪的沧桑与沉浮,九龙大白茶终于在国内白茶市场竞争加剧的背景下,以其优异的品性表现脱颖而出。     

试论政和白茶品质特征与政和县自然环境条件的关系

政和县是我国白茶主产区,是政和大白茶树品种和政和白茶原产地.政和白茶以政和白毫银针、政和白牡丹花色产品为主,主要采用政和大白茶新梢加工而成.政和白茶生产历史悠久,至迟始自宋徽宗年间,政和县进贡白毫银针,并因此而得县名.目前,政和县拥有茶园面积5333hm2,产茶8000t,其中白茶1500t,占全省传统白茶总量的70%以上,产品90%销往海外.政和白茶因质优而畅销,政和白茶更得益于得天独厚的自然、地理、环境条件,加上精湛的加工工艺,成就其风格非凡的品质特征.     

白茶加工工艺

本文介绍了白茶的生产概况，对比福鼎白茶的不同产地特征和所产白茶的品质差异，列举了白茶的产区分类与国家标准分类的不同，并详细阐述了白茶传统制作工艺的技术要点，旨在为更多的茶友提供理论学习的基础。     

白茶、白叶茶与白毛茶

<正>目前,在茶叶市场上有白茶、政和白茶、福鼎白茶、黄金白茶(台湾)、安吉白茶、景宁白茶、徽州白茶、靖安白茶(江西)、天目湖白茶(江苏)、乐昌白毛茶、凌云白毛茶、汝城白毛茶等名称的茶叶产品,容易引起混乱。所以有必要了解白茶、白叶茶(黄叶茶)、白毛茶之间的区别。1白茶、白叶茶(黄叶茶)和白毛茶概念     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.